新型生物标志物对脓毒症急性肾损伤的诊断价值比较

目的 比较中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、尿肾损伤分子-1(KIM-1)和血半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制蛋白C(Cystatin C)对脓毒症急性肾损伤(AKI)的诊断价值.方法 采用随机对照前瞻性研究方法,选择自2011-01 ～2012-06入住绍兴市人民医院ICU的73例脓毒症患者.所有患者入院后分别测定血清NGAL (sNGAL)、血清Cystatin C(sCystatin C)、血清肌酐(sCr)、尿NGAL(uNGAL)、尿KIM-1(uKIM-1),计算APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分,随访记录28 d病死率.依据AKIN定义的AKI诊断标准判断患者是否发生AKI,将患者分为AKI组和非AKI组.绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),计算各指标预测脓毒症肾损伤的曲线下面积(AUC),比较不同来源的三种新型生物标志物对脓毒症AKI的诊断效能.计量资料采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验,计数资料比较采用x2检验.结果 73例脓毒症患者中,非AKI组38例,AKI组35例,AKI组的APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、sCr及28 d病死率均高于非AKI组(P分别＜0.05和＜0.01).sNGAL、sCystatin C、uNGAL、uKIM-1均与脓毒症AKI相关,AKI组各项检测指标均高于非AKI组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各项指标的ROC曲线分析,uNGAL的AUC(0.933)最大,以118.5 ng/mL为截断值,其敏感度为92.6％,特异度为89.4％.结论 sNGAL、sCystatin C、uNGAL、uKIM-1均能预测脓毒症AKI的发生,其中uNGAL准确度最高.uNGAL可作为脓毒症AKI患者的早期诊断标志物.     

重症急性肾损伤患儿尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白和尿白细胞介素18联合检测的临床价值

目的 探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(uNGAL)和尿白细胞介素18 (uIL-18)联合检测对危重症儿童急性肾损伤(AKI)的早期诊断价值和判断病情严重程度及预后中的作用.方法 选取2012年5月至2013年12月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心儿科重症监护室的重症AKI患儿37例(重症AKI组)、重症非AKI患儿22例(重症非AKI组),以及来院健康体检的0～ 14岁儿童30名(健康对照组)为研究对象.检测分析观察对象的uNGAL和uIL-18变化,以及与内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)的关系.结果 重症AKI组uNGAL(156.88 ±59.67) μg/L、uIL-18 (3.95±1.08) μg/L水平较重症非AKI组[(26.38±12.01)、(0.24 ±0.15) μg/L]以及健康对照组[(20.08 ±8.03)、(0.17 ±0.13)ug/L]明显升高(F值分别为125.69、302.97,P均＜0.01).重症AKI患儿AKI诊断前2d的uNGAL和uIL-18的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.882(95％ CI为0.787～0.977,P＜0.05)和0.840(95％ CI为0.729 ～ 0.951,P＜0.05);AKI诊断前1 d uNGAL和uIL-18的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.867(95％ CI为0.766 ～0.968,P＜0.05)和0.873(95％ CI为0.767 ～ 0.979,P＜0.05).AKI诊断前1 d,两者与Ccr呈负相关(r=-0.578,P＜0.05,r=-0.480,P＜0.05).AKI诊断当天,两者与Ccr呈负相关(r=-0.434,P＜0.05,r=-0.660,P＜0.05).结论 uNGAL和uIL-18联合检测可作为重症患儿发生AKI早期诊断和判断短期预后的标志物.     

脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者生物学标志物检测及其与肾动脉阻力指数的关系

目的探讨脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者生物学标志物检测及其与肾动脉阻力指数(RRI)的关系。方法回顾性选取2018年1月至2018年12月中国石油天然气集团公司中心医院ICU收治的脓毒症患者128例,根据患者是否被诊断为急性肾损伤(AKI)将患者分为单纯脓毒症组(n=78)及合并AKI组(n=50)。于患者诊断前48 h、诊断前24 h、0 h、诊断后24 h、诊断后48 h收集患者尿液及血液,测定两组尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、血清胱抑素C(Cys C)、白血病介素-18(IL-18),并应用多普勒超声检测患者肾动脉阻力指数(RRI)。采用Pearson单因素分析脓毒症AKI患者生物学标志物与RRI的关系,多元回归模型分析影响脓毒症AKI患者的RRI的危险因素。结果尿毒症AKI组患者诊断前48 h、诊断前24 h、0 h、诊断后24 h、诊断后48 h尿液中NGAL、L-FABP、BUN、Scr、Cys C、IL-18水平显著高于单纯尿毒症组(P 0.05)。经Pearson单因素分析可知,脓毒症AKI患者入院时尿液中NGAL、L-FABP、Cys C、BUN、Scr、IL-18与RRI呈正相关(P0.05)。经多元回归模型分析可知,NGAL、L-FABP、Cys C、IL-18与脓毒症合并AKI患者RRI具有独立相关性。结论尿液中NGAL、L-FABP及血清Cys C、IL-18与脓毒症AKI患者肾动脉阻力指数有密切的关系,可作为脓毒症患者早期肾损伤的评价指标。     

血清胱抑素-C联合尿白细胞介素-18对急性肾损伤早期诊断作用

目的 研究血清胱抑素-C(serum eystatin C,sCys C)与尿白细胞介素-18(urinary interleukin 18,uIL-18)的变化对ICU重症患者发生急性肾损伤(AKI)早期预测作用.方法 根据纳入标准选择我院ICU收治的危重症患者为研究对象,每天收集血、尿标本,持续1周.ELISA法检测尿液标本中uIL-18含量,免疫比浊法测量sCys C含量.根据测量结果分为4组:A组(uIL-18>100 pg/mL)、B组(sCys C>1.5 ms/L)、C组(uIL-18>100 pg/mL和sCys C>1.5ms/L)和D组(IL-18≤100 pg/mL和sCys C≤1.5 mg/L),观察各组AKI发病率.结果 一周内AKI的发病率A、B、C 3组与D组比较差异有统计学意义.用ROC曲线来分析sCys C和uIL-18对AKI的预测作用,sCys C、uIL-18、sCys C联合uIL-18的曲线下面积分别为0.587(P>0.05)、0.793(P<0.05)、0.850(P<0.05).结论 sCys C、uIL-18及sCys C联合uIL-18对ICU中AKI均有早期诊断作用,二者联合诊断AKI优于单一指标.     

Ⅰ型心肾综合征患者血清脑钠肽、胱抑素C、肾损伤分子水平及与急性肾损伤的相关性和预测价值CSCD

目的探究Ⅰ型心肾综合征(cardiorenal syndrome,CRS)患者血清脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、胱抑素C(cystatin c,CysC)及肾损伤分子(kidney injury molecule-1,KIM-1)水平,与急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的相关性和预测价值。方法选取2017年3月~2020年3月南阳市中心医院收治的急性心力衰竭患者211例。其中,合并AKI 89例为观察组,未出现AKI 122例为对照组。根据肾损伤严重程度,将观察组分为轻度组(28例),中度组(46例),重度组(15例)3个亚组。分别检测各组血清BNP、CysC、KIM-1水平。采用Pearson相关分析血清BNP、CysC、KIM-1水平和AKI的相关性。使用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估血清BNP、CysC、KIM-1对Ⅰ型CRS AKI的预测价值。结果观察组血清BNP[(1124.36±765.61)ng/L]、CysC[(1.81±0.59)mg/L]及KIM-1[(157.89±16.59)ng/L]水平均高于对照组[(816.56±631.25)ng/L,(0.92±0.08)mg/L,(136.52±13.43)ng/L](t=3.195,16.470,10.328,P=0.001,<0.001,<0.001)。观察组中,重度组、中度组血清BNP[(1453.65±668.92)ng/L,(1135.13±459.31)ng/L]、CysC[(2.37±0.63)mg/L,(1.86±0.51)]mg/L及KIM-1[(179.86±17.12)ng/L,(158.21±15.56)ng/L]水平与轻度组[(930.26±356.45)ng/L,(1.43±0.46)mg/L,(145.58±14.27)ng/L],3组间存在统计学差异(F=1.956,12.546,12.165,P=0.034,0.009,0.011)。Pearson分析结果显示血清BNP、CysC及KIM-1水平与血清肌酐(Scr)之间均呈正相关(r=0.713,r=0.727,r=0.715,P均<0.001)。ROC曲线分析结果显示血清BNP预测Ⅰ型CRS AKI的AUC为0.716(95%CI:0.603~0.830,P=0.001);血清CysC预测Ⅰ型CRS AKI的AUC为0.792(95%CI:0.698~0.897,P<0.001);血清KIM-1预测Ⅰ型CRS AKI的AUC为0.749(95%CI:0.641~0.857,P<0.001);联合指标预测Ⅰ型CRS AKI的AUC为0.880(95%CI:0.804~0.955,P<0.001)。结论Ⅰ型CRS患者血清BNP、CysC、KIM-1水平均升高。血清BNP、CysC、KIM-1水平均与病情严重程度密切相关,可以作为反映Ⅰ型CRS病情程度的指标。血清BNP、CysC、KIM-1联合对Ⅰ型CRS AKI的预测具有重要的价值。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗治疗对脓毒症急性肾损伤患者尿ALR、NHE3及血IL-18水平的影响

目的观察脓毒症急性肾损伤治疗中连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的应用效果及对患者血白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、尿Na/H交换体亚型3(NHE3)、肝再生增强因子(ALR)水平的影响。方法前瞻性选取2015年1月至2019年11月长江大学附属仙桃市第一人民医院收治的95例脓毒症急性肾损伤患者,按照随机平行分组法将其分为两组:对照组(n=47)和研究组(n=48)。对照组采用常规抗脓毒症治疗,研究组在常规抗脓毒症的基础上采用CRRT治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后脓毒症指标(降钙素原、中性粒细胞比率、白细胞计数)、IL-18、NHE3、ALR与治疗后ICU住院时间、心血管事件发生率、尿量恢复时间。结果治疗后,研究组患者的降钙素原、中性粒细胞比率、白细胞计数、IL-18、NHE3、ALR、ICU住院时间、心血管事件发生率、尿量恢复时间依次为(8.14±1.95) ng/m L、(88.03±3.14)%、(16.52±2.04)×109/L、(43.08±6.14) ng/L、(124.82±15.45) pg/m L、(159.14±25.46) pg/m L、(9.27±3.41) d、10.42%、(7.86±2.61) d,对照组依次为(4.15±1.62) ng/m L、(78.42±3.35)%、(12.97±2.31)×109/L、(60.11±7.52) ng/L、(200.67±13.93) pg/m L、(220.76±27.08) pg/m L、(13.08±5.95) d、29.79%、(10.95±3.82) d。与对照组相比,研究组患者的治疗后降钙素原、中性粒细胞比率、白细胞计数、IL-18、NHE3、ALR水平与心血管事件发生率明显更低,且ICU住院时间、尿量恢复时间更短,差异均具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论脓毒症急性肾损伤治疗中CRRT的应用效果显著,可有效抑制脓毒症急性肾损伤进程,降低IL-18、NHE3、ALR水平,还可减少心血管事件,促使其快速康复。     

血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2、胱抑素C和白细胞介素-6与急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损程度及短期预后的关系

目的 分析脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)、胱抑素C(Cys C)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)与急性脑梗死患者神经功能缺损程度及短期预后。方法 采用回顾性研究方法,选取2017年1月至2018年12月沧州市人民医院收治的100例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)及同期体检的健康人群100名(对照组)。采集两组受检者外周血标本,检测血清Lp-PLA2、Cys C、IL-6表达。并根据急性脑梗死患者神经缺损程度,分为轻度组44例,中度组49例,重度组7例,同时按照患者3个月后预后结果分为良好组84例,不良组16例。比较不同组别脑梗死患者Lp-PLA2、Cys C、IL-6的表达水平。结果 脑梗死组患者血清Lp-PLA2、Cys C、IL-6表达分别为(165.51±22.51)μg/L、(1.82±0.15) mg/L、(185.25±25.78) ng/L,均明显高于对照组[(89.56±14.78)μg/L、(0.68±0.10) mg/L、(95.52±11.24) ng/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。重度组患者血清Lp-PLA2、Cys C、IL-6表达分别为(20...     

CysC、β_2-MG、U-mAlb检测在糖尿病早期肾损伤诊断中的应用

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)、β_2微球蛋白(β_2-MG)和尿微量清蛋白(U-mAlb)检测在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者早期肾损伤诊断中的价值。方法入选对象排除血尿酸(Sur)、血尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(SCr)检测异常及尿蛋白阳性患者,共收集205例T2DM患者(T2DM组)及96例健康体检者(对照组)。入选对象进行糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、CysC、β_2-MG和U-mAlb水平检测,并将T2DM组根据HbA1c水平分为血糖控制较差组、血糖控制一般组、血糖控制良好组,比较各组间β_2-MG、CysC、U-mAlb的差异。结果 T2DM组HbA1c、β_2-MG、CysC及U-mAlb分别为(9.52±2.96)%、(3.06±1.31)mg/L、(1.32±0.83)mg/L、(31.35±30.46)mg/L,对照组分别为(5.01±0.95)%、(0.98±0.22)mg/L、(0.95±0.18)mg/L、(10.45±1.88)mg/L;T2DM组HbA1c、β_2-MG、CysC及U-mAlb水平显著高于对照组(P0.001)。随着HbA1c水平的升高,血糖控制良好组、血糖控制一般组、血糖控制较差组β_2-MG、CysC、U-mAlb水平及其阳性率逐渐增加(P0.05)。结论 CysC、β_2-MG、U-mAlb可反映T2DM患者早期肾损伤,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Cys C联合NGAL在急性肾损伤中的评估价值

目的:探讨Cys C联合NGAL在急性肾损伤(AKI)中的评估价值。方法:2011-09-2016-04选择在我院ICU病房进行诊治的39例急性肾损伤患者作为AKI组,同期选择来自我院体检中心进行体检并证实身体健康的正常人39例作为对照组,2组都进行常规肾功能指标、胱抑素C(Cys C)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)检测与相关性分析。结果:AKI组的尿蛋白定量、血清肌酐与尿素氮值都明显高于对照组(P0.05)。AKI组的Cys C与NGAL含量分别为(1.15±0.31)mg/L和(25.92±6.29)μg/ml,都明显高于对照组的(0.78±0.29)mg/L和(1.94±0.72)μg/ml(P0.05)。在AKI组中,Spearman相关分析显示Cys C与NGAL存在明显的正相关性(r=0.442,P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,NGAL与肌酐水平关系密切(P0.05),CysC则与尿蛋白定量量关系密切(P0.05)。结论:Cys C在NGAL在AKI患者中呈现高表达状况,可从一定程度反映AKI患者的病情,从而有利于指导治疗与评估预后。     

血必净对泌尿系统结石患者经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术后肾损伤标志物和IL-6、IL-18、CRP水平的影响

目的探讨血必净对泌尿系统结石患者经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术(MPCNL)后肾损伤标志物和白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-18(IL-18)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的影响。方法选取2015年2月至2017年3月该院择期行MPCNL术泌尿系统结石患者110例,随机分为观察组、对照组各55例,术后对照组常规治疗,观察组另静脉滴注血必净注射液,均治疗2周,记录两组手术一般情况,对比两组临床疗效及治疗前后血肌酐(Scr)、肌酐清除率(GFR)、肾损伤因子-1(KIM-1)与血清IL-6、IL-18、CRP水平,并观察术后并发症与不良反应。结果观察组住院时间、白细胞复常时间、拔除肾造瘘管时间短于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗有效率83.64%明显高于对照组65.45%(P0.05);观察组治疗后Scr(45.21±0.77)μmol/L、KIM-1(3.20±0.11)μg/L及血清IL-6(0.45±0.13)ng/mL、IL-18(0.30±0.12)ng/mL、CRP(0.10±0.03)mg/L低于对照组,而GFR(120.48±1.56)mL/min明显高于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率1.82%明显低于对照组12.73%(P0.05),两组不良反应发生率5.45%、3.64%比较差异无统计白细胞复常时间学意义(P0.05)。结论血必净可明显改善泌尿系统结石患者MPCNL术后肾损伤标志物和IL-6、IL-18、CRP水平,降低术后相关并发症,不会增加药物不良反应,值得在临床推广应用。     

Injury to the head and face in patients with cervical spine injury

The charts of 81 patients with acute cervical spine fracture and/or subluxation were reviewed to determine the incidence of injury to the soft tissue and bone of the head or face in these patients. Motor vehicle accidents accounted for over 69% of these injuries. Only 33 patients had concomitant soft tissue injury to the head or face, and only five had facial and/or skull fractures. Injuries of the skull and face do not usually accompany cervical fractures, and our findings do not support the restriction of post-traumatic cervical spine radiography in the emergency department to patients with obvious head or facial trauma.     

Identification of Intra-abdominal Injuries in Children Hospitalized Following Blunt Torso Trauma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of the ED physical examination and laboratory analysis in screening hospitalized pediatric blunt trauma patients for intra-abdominal injuries (IAIs). METHODS: The authors reviewed the records of all patients aged <15 years who sustained blunt traumatic injury and were admitted to a Level 1 trauma center over a four-year period. Patients were considered high-risk for IAI if they had any of the following at ED presentation: decreased level of consciousness (GCS < 15), abdominal pain, tenderness on abdominal examination, or gross hematuria. Patients without any of these findings were considered moderate risk for LAI. The authors compared moderate-risk patients with and without IAIs with regard to physical examination and laboratory findings obtained in the ED. RESULTS: Of 1,040 children with blunt trauma, 559 (54%) were high-risk and 481 (46%) were moderate-risk for IAI. 126 (23%) of the high-risk and 22 (4.6%) of the moderate-risk patients had IAIs. Among moderate-risk patients with and without IAIs, those with IAIs were more likely to have abdominal abrasions (5/22 vs 34/459, p = 0.008), an abnormal chest examination (11/22 vs 86/457, p = 0.01), higher mean serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (604 U/L vs 77 U/L, p < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (276 U/L vs 39 U/L, p = 0.002), higher mean white blood cell (WBC) counts (16.3 K/mm3 vs 12.8 K/mm3, p < 0.001), and a higher prevalence of >5 RBCs/hpf on urinalysis (7/22 vs 54/427, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between moderate-risk patients with and without IAIs in initial serum concentrations of amylase, initial hematocrit, drop in hematocrit >5 percentage points in the ED, or initial serum bicarbonate concentrations. CONCLUSION: In children hospitalized for blunt torso trauma who are at moderate risk for IAI, ED findings of abdominal abrasions, an abnormal chest examination, and microscopic hematuria as well as elevated levels of AST and ALT, and elevated WBC count are associated with IAI.     

Chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain

OBJECTIVE: This is a review of current concepts of chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain. In this article, I will emphasize the physiological and sociological aspects of these disorders. BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain has not been well understood. Some have emphasized the organic factors and others the psychogenic aspects of these conditions. Only in recent years have this dichotomy been integrated with sociocultural concepts. METHODS: The history of chronic post-traumatic head and neck pain is reviewed. Paradoxes are discussed, ie, the great differences in prevalence around the world, the inconsistent relationship of symptoms to degree of trauma, the curious phenomena of structural disease without symptoms, and symptoms without structural disease. The organic and pathophysiologic factors are reviewed, then those factors that modulate pain in these conditions are discussed. CONCLUSION: Chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain is rarely either organic or psychogenic. Rather physiological, social, and cultural factors play major roles in modulating pain and either perpetuate or ameliorate these chronic pain conditions.     

Myocardial contusion in blunt chest trauma: A ten-year review

A retrospective review was undertaken of 169 patients admitted to an Intensive Therapy Unit with a major chest injury to determine the incidence, clinical features and outcome of patients with myocardial contusion. This injury occurred in 29 (17%) patients, of whom 24 (83%) had significant cardiovascular complications and five died as a direct result of the injury. The interval between injury and diagnosis was 3.2±2.3 days (mean±SD) from injury and in six patients the diagnosis was made only at necropsy. Increased awarenness of myocardial contusion is required for earlier diagnosis and prevention of complications.     

预制破片致兔胸部爆炸伤的实验研究

目的：研究预制破片铝制雷管致兔胸部爆炸伤的伤情特点及规律，为制定胸部爆炸伤的救治原则提供实验依据。方法：用电启动方式引爆预制破片铝制雷管，将32只家兔置于距雷管5，8，10，12，15cm处，致伤前后常规观察生命体征及破片，冲击波对胸壁，肺脏和周围组织脏器的损伤情况，结果：伤后即刻死亡率为46．9％，各组死亡率有明显差异，冲击波主要靶器官为肺脏，破片伤发生率为62．5％，以盲管伤为主，常合并肋骨折及肋间血管损伤，心肌挫伤，肝脾，胃肠破裂。结论：胸部爆炸伤伤情复杂，死亡率高，伤后易致以肺功能衰竭（ARDS）为主的多脏器功能衰竭，破片伤致失血性休克和冲击伤致急性肺功能损伤是伤后早期死亡的主要原因。     

不同时相下颌面部破片+冲击波复合伤特点研究

目的　研究爆炸破片及冲击波在不同时相下作用于颌面部时的损伤特点并探讨其致伤机制。方法　利用颌面部高速破片 冲击波复合致伤模型模拟爆炸伤 ,由同步系统控制不同致伤时相。按不同时相将重庆当地成年犬 15只随机分为 3组 ,A组为破片先与冲击波到达目标 ,B组为二者同时到达 ,C组为冲击波先于破片到达。破片对犬咬肌区致伤 ,记录致伤参数 ,观察动物伤情特点。结果　在其它致伤条件相同时 ,B组致伤冲击波为双波峰形态。致伤后A组颌面部皮肤与肌肉分离明显 ,污染严重 ,创面最大 ,B组次之 ,C组最小。B组局部组织坏死及挫伤范围均较其它两组明显 ,并有心、肺、脑等脏器的损伤。结论　颌面部爆炸伤伤情严重 ,高速破片与冲击波具有协同致伤作用 ,不同组织对冲击波的反应不同是局部伤情不同的原因     

The Effect of Concussion History on Lower Extremity Injury Risk in College Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

IntroductionCollegiate athletes who suffer a concussion may possess prolonged impairments even after clearance for return-to-participation, which may place them at an increased risk of lower extremity injury.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury following a concussion in collegiate athletes.MethodsA literature search was performed using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus. The following search terms were used to identify relevant articles, [“concussion” OR “brain injury” OR “mild traumatic brain injury” OR “mTBI”] AND [“lower extremity injury” OR “musculoskeletal injury”]. Articles were included if they were published between January 2000 and July 2021 and examined collegiate athletes’ risk of sustaining a lower extremity musculoskeletal injury following a concussion. Methodological quality of included studies was performed with a modified Downs and Black Checklist. The primary outcome of interest was the risk of sustaining a lower extremity musculoskeletal injury following a concussion. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted in which a summative relative risk (RR) for sustaining a lower extremity injury in athletes with and without a history of concussion was calculated.ResultsSeven studies met the eligibility criteria to be included in the systematic review. There were 348 athletes in the concussion group and 482 control athletes in the included studies. Most of the studies were of good or excellent quality. Five of the seven studies were able to be included in the meta-analysis. College athletes who suffered a concussion possessed a 58% greater risk of sustaining a lower extremity musculoskeletal injury than those who did not have a history of a concussion (RR = 1.58[1.30, 1.93]).ConclusionsLower extremity injury risk is potentially increased in college athletes following a concussion compared to those without a history of a concussion. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanism behind this increased risk. Clinical assessments throughout the concussion return-to-play protocol may need to be improved in order to detect lingering impairments caused by concussions.Level of Evidence1