早期肠内营养预防应激性溃疡的临床研究

目的研究早期肠内营养对应激性溃疡的预防作用。方法将2005年2月至2006年2月温州医学院附属第一医院收治的38例危重患者随机分为3组。第1组:抑酸药物加早期肠内营养组(发病24 h内给予肠内营养)13例;第2组:抑酸药物加延迟肠内营养组(发病72 h后给予肠内营养)13例;第3组:单纯应用抑酸药物预防组(鼻饲或静脉应用奥美拉唑)12例。于发病后5 d、2周分别行胃镜检查,观察溃疡的发生情况,同时测定胃黏膜中前列腺素E-2(PGE-2)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果第1组患者的溃疡发生率及溃疡指数较其它2组患者低(P<0.01),而溃疡抑制率较其它2组高(P<0.01),2周后溃疡愈合率亦较其它2组高(P<0.05);第2组患者溃疡发生率、溃疡指数低于对照组,但差异无显著性,而溃疡愈合率高于对照组(P<0.05),第1组患者胃黏膜中的PGE-2浓度较其它2组明显增高,而MDA较其它2组明显降低,差异有显著性。第2组患者胃黏膜中的PGE-2浓度亦较第3组高,而MDA较后者低,差异有显著性。结论应用抑酸药物同时给予早期肠内营养治疗可能对应激性溃疡的发生有一定的预防作用。肠内营养可能通过调节胃黏膜中PGE-2和MDA等物质的含量起作用。     

早期肠内营养预防脑出血术后应激性溃疡的临床研究

目的探讨早期肠内营养对脑出血术后应激性溃疡的预防作用。方法将108例脑出血术后昏迷患者随机分为早期肠内营养组(EEN组)和延迟肠内营养组(DEN组),各54例。EEN组患者在脑出血术后24 h内给予肠内营养,DEN组患者72 h内给予静脉营养,72 h后无消化道出血方给予肠内营养,观察并比较两组患者应激性溃疡的发生率。结果 EEN组应激性溃疡的发生率低于DEN组(P0.05)。结论对脑出血术后昏迷患者给予早期肠内营养可减少应激性溃疡的发生,改善疾病预后。     

早期肠道营养联合奥美拉唑预防重型颅脑损伤并发应激性溃疡出血的效果

目的分析早期肠道营养联合奥美拉唑预防重症颅脑损伤并发应激性溃疡出血的效果。方法选择我院2005年8月—2011年12月重症颅脑损伤并发应激性溃疡出血的患者138例,将其随机分为单用早期肠内营养组、单用奥美拉唑组和奥美拉唑联合早期肠内营养组,比较各组应激性溃疡出血的发生率。结果奥美拉唑联合早期肠内营养组应激性溃疡出血发生率为4.3%,单用早期肠内营养组发生率为10.9%,单用奥美拉唑组发生率为8.7%,奥美拉唑联合早期肠内营养组应激性溃疡出血发生率低于单用早期肠内营养组和单用奥美拉唑组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期给予肠道营养,同时应用奥美拉唑可以治疗和预防应激性溃疡出血。     

大面积烧伤并发应激性溃疡出血患者行早期胃肠营养的预防作用

目的探讨早期胃肠营养预防大面积烧伤并发应激性溃疡出血的临床疗效。方法将102例大面积烧伤患者随机分为两组,每组51例。对照组给予抑酸药物埃索美拉唑治疗,观察组在使用埃索美拉唑治疗的基础上给予早期胃肠营养支持,对比两组治疗前后胃液p H值的变化情况、应激性溃疡出血发生率等。结果治疗后第4天、第7天观察组胃液p H值高于对照组(P0.05);观察组应激性溃疡出血发生率为11.8%,远低于对照组的27.5%,差异显著(P0.05)。结论对大面积烧伤患者行早期胃肠营养支持可对其胃肠道黏膜起到一定保护作用,能有效预防应激性溃疡出血的发生,对改善患者预后,提高其生活质量具有重要意义。     

早期肠内营养对预防COPD机械通气患者应激性溃疡的效果观察

目的探讨早期肠内营养对预防COPD机械通气患者应激性溃疡出血的临床效果。方法 72例COPD机械通气患者随机分成实验组（早期肠内营养组）和对照组（肠外营养组）,每组36例。实验组机械通气24 h内即行肠内营养支持;对照组早期给予全胃肠外营养,7 d后再逐渐过度至肠内营养。比较两组患者的消化道出血及胃液pH值变化情况。结果实验组上消化道出血发生率明显少于对照组（P〈0.05）,两组患者胃液pH值在营养支持第1天时无显著性差异,第3天、5及7天实验组胃液pH值均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论早期肠内营养可中和患者的胃酸,升高胃液pH值,能有效预防COPD机械通气患者应激性溃疡的发生。     

重症脑卒中并发应激性溃疡出血采用早期胃肠道营养联合雷尼替丁预防

目的观察重症脑卒中患者并发临床应激性溃疡使用早期胃肠道营养联合雷尼替丁预防的临床效果。方法选取2017年8月至2018年8月经青海大学附属医院确诊为脑卒中的患者120例,随机分为对照组和观察组各60例;两组患者联合治疗前均采用临床常规治疗,观察组在常规基础治疗上使用雷尼替丁治疗联合早期胃肠道干预,对照组在常规治疗上加以早期胃肠道干预;观察并比较两组治疗后临床并发症等情况。检测两组第1～2次胃镜检查的生长抑制素(SS)、胃泌素(GAS)、前列腺素(PGE)-2及1 w后胃酸强度等指标。结果观察组治疗1 w后胃酸pH及夜间胃内pH等指标均显著优于对照组(P0.05);观察组与对照组胃镜第1次检查PGE-2、GAS及SS明显低于第2次检查(P0.05),但观察组PGE-2及GAS第1次检查明显优于对照组。观察组应激性溃疡出血率明显优于对照组;对照组病死率明显高于观察组(P0.05);观察组出血时间明显高于对照组(P0.05),但对照组住院天数明显短于观察组(P0.05)。观察组头痛、失眠及肝肾功能异常等指标明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论早期胃肠营养联合雷尼替丁治疗重症脑卒中并发应激溃疡性出血具有显著疗效,降低了临床并发症发生率。     

奥美拉唑联合康复新液治疗颅脑损伤并应激性溃疡的疗效观察

目的探讨早期干预治疗对预防颅脑损伤所致应激性溃疡的临床价值。方法选择91例颅脑外伤患者,分为观察组(45例)和对照组(46例),两组均针对颅脑外伤进行相应处理及抑酸治疗,观察组同时加用康复新液加强胃黏膜的防御及修复治疗。比较两组应激性溃疡的发生率。结果观察组应激性溃疡的发生率为15.56%,对照组为43.48%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论联合早期干预对预防重度颅脑外伤应激性溃疡的发生较单纯抑酸治疗疗效明确。     

早期干预对预防脑卒中后应激性溃疡出血的作用

目的探讨早期应用抑酸荆对急性脑卒中后应激性溃疡出血的预防作用。方法急性脑卒中病人184例随机分成两组，治疗组（奥美拉唑）和对照组（无药物预防）。测定不同时间胃液pH值，观察两组病人应激性溃疡出血的发生率、病死率。结果入院时两组病人pH值均无差异．应用奥美拉唑后治疗组DH值显著升高，治疗组溃疡出血发生率为8．5％，病死率为3．8％．明显低于对照组的25．6％和11．5％（P〈0．05）。结论早期干预可以降低急性脑卒中后应激性溃疡出血的发生率和病死率。     

老年危重病人早期不同营养支持模式对预后的影响

目的探讨老年危重病人选择不同的营养支持模式对患者的营养状况、并发症及预后的影响。方法将157例入住重症监护病房(ICU)的老年患者随机分为肠内营养(EN)组,肠外营养(PN)组,肠内营养联合肠外营养(EN+PN)组。三组均在入住ICU 24～48 h内给予营养支持,持续时间均>7 d。观察并记录三组病例入住ICU时间、营养状况(均为营养支持第7天时)、撤离呼吸机时间及各种并发症的发生率。结果 EN组较PN组腹胀、应激性溃疡、高血糖、肝功损害、呼吸机相关肺炎、心衰的发生率显著减少(P<0.05),但营养状况差,撤离呼吸机时间及ICU入住时间略长(均P<0.05)。而EN+PN组较EN组、PN组并发症少,营养状态好,撤离呼吸机及ICU入住时间均减少,且原发病的好转率明显高于单纯EN组和PN组(P<0.05)。结论老年危重病人早期(<48 h)给予肠内营养联合肠外营养更符合生理状态,有更好的代谢效应,可以显著改善老年患者的营养状态及预后,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用。     

早期肠内营养联合肠屏障保护剂治疗急性重症胰腺炎64例

目的:探讨早期肠内营养联合肠屏障保护剂在急性重症胰腺炎治疗中的应用价值.方法:将64例SAP患者随机分三组,A组予常规治疗,B组在常规治疗基础上通过鼻空肠管给予早期肠内营养,C组通过鼻空肠管给予早期肠内营养并加用肠屏障保护剂.观察患者症状、体征、WBC、CRP、血淀粉酶恢复正常时间,其体质量及血清白蛋白变化情况以及对比其总住院费用、平均每天的住院费用及住院时间.结果:B组在症状、体症、WBC、CRP、血淀粉酶恢复时间以及住院时间、住院费用均明显优于A组(P<0.05).C组在CRP及白细胞数恢复时间上更是优于B组,但平均每天住院费用三组没有明显差异性(P>0.05).结论:在SAP治疗中应用鼻空肠管进行早期肠内营养联合肠屏障保护剂,可以改善SAP患者的营养状况,加快症状恢复,缩短病程,减少医疗费用.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.