彩色多普勒超声诊断累及肝脏的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症

目的探讨遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症患者累及肝脏时的彩色多普勒超声表现.方法用二维及彩色多普勒超声观察6例经临床明确诊断的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症患者的肝脏及肝内外血管的走行及分布.结果 6例患者均表现为肝固有动脉纡曲扩张伴血流速度增快,5例同时伴有肝内动脉纡曲扩张;2例发现肝内动脉-静脉瘘,3例发现肝内动脉-门脉瘘;2例合并有肝硬化,其中1例同时合并有血管瘤.结论肝内外动脉纡曲扩张伴血流速度增快为累及肝脏的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症的主要超声特点,彩色多普勒超声在此病的筛查、诊断及追踪观察等方面具有重要作用.     

肿瘤性肝灌注异常现象在肝癌中的影像学表现

目的明确肿瘤性肝灌注异常(HPD)在肝细胞癌患者中的发生率、影像学形态特征以及与动-门脉瘘、门脉癌栓之间的关系,探讨其可能发生机制。方法对780例肝细胞癌患者中出现肿瘤性肝灌注异常50例的临床资料、双期CT表现、动态MR增强及肝动脉造影进行回顾性分析,肿瘤性灌注异常的影像诊断标准为:CT、MR增强动脉期表现为病灶周围肝实质楔形或不规则形一过性强化,门静脉期恢复正常,肝动脉造影表现为动脉期病灶周围肝实质一过性染色,门静脉期恢复正常。结果780例肝细胞癌中出现肿瘤性灌注异常50例(6.4%),伴发门脉癌栓者HPD的发生率较不伴发门脉癌栓者高(P<0.01);伴发动-门脉瘘者较不伴者高(P<0.01)。结论肿瘤性灌注异常现象的出现与伴发肝癌动-门脉瘘、门脉癌栓有关。     

探讨彩色多普勒超声在TIPSS术后随访中的作用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在监测经颈内静脉肝内门体静脉分流术后支架内并发症的作用.方法回顾分析46例行经颈内静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunts,TIPSS)的肝硬化患者 ,共82例次超声检查,检查内容包括支架内有无血流及多普勒信号,支架内最高流速(Vmax ),门脉分支血流方向.结果彩色多普勒超声诊断支架狭窄的敏感性和特异性分别为82.6%(19/ 23)、93.2%(41/44),诊断闭塞的敏感性和特异性分别为100%(12/12)、95.7%(67/ 70).所有82例次超声检查均观察门脉分支的血流方向,支架通畅时45.5%(20/44)出现离肝血流,而在支架狭窄或闭塞时,10.5%(4/38)出现离肝血流.所有超声检查均与X- 线造影对照.结论彩色多普勒超声在判断支架功能时具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可作为TIPSS术后随访的首选方法.     

Nontumorous vascular malformations in the liver: color Doppler ultrasonographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate color Doppler and spectral wave characteristics of nontumorous vascular malformations in the liver. METHODS: From September 1995 to January 2001, 32 cases of vascular malformations were identified by means of color Doppler ultrasonography and spectral wave analysis. Computed tomography, angiography, or both were performed in all cases. RESULTS: Five arterioportal and 14 portovenous malformations, 1 arteriovenous malformation, and 4 portoportal and 8 venovenous shunts were detected. Associations with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome in 6 cases and with cirrhotic liver in 12 cases were found Fourteen patients were liver disease free. In 3 cases, interventional procedures were necessary to reduce portal hypertension or cardiac dysfunction. The incidence of finding vascular malformations in 12,000 patients was 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Nontumorous vascular malformations are rare disorders in the liver. They may appear in patients with healthy livers and in patients with portal hypertension. Color Doppler ultrasonography and spectral wave analysis are capable of showing and differentiating different types of hepatic vascular malformations.     

Sonographic classification of testicular tumors by tissue harmonic imaging: experience of 58 cases

Purpose

To evaluate the relationship between our proposed sonographic classification of testicular tumors by tissue harmonic imaging and histological type.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 58 testicular tumors and tumor-like lesions [seminomatous germ cell tumor (SGCT): 28; non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT): 16; lymphoid and hematopoietic tumor (LHT): 7; Leydig cell tumor: 1; epidermal cyst: 2; and tumor of paratesticular structure (TPS): 4]. We divided a sonographic image into six types for morphological criteria and three types for color Doppler criteria. We examined the relationship between the sonographic classification and histological type.

Results

For morphological criteria, there were 21 cases of Type I (36%), 15 Type II (26%), 9 Type III (15%), five Type IV (9%), five Type V (9%), and three Type VI (5%). For color Doppler criteria, there were 47 cases classified as hypervascular (81%), eight as hypovascular (14%), and three as avascular (5%). Most of the SGCTs were divided into types I and II; the NSGCTs into types III, IV, and V; the LHTs into only type II; and the TPSs into type VI.

Conclusion

We established a sonographic classification of testicular tumors with various histological types. This sonographic classification is potentially useful for estimating the histological type of testicular tumors.

     

Retroperitoneal malignant mesenchymoma: imaging findings in five cases

. Background: To describe computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), ultrasonographic (US), and angiographic findings of retroperitoneal malignant mesenchymoma with emphasis on CT findings. Methods: Five CT, four US, four angiography, and two MR studies were obtained in five patients with pathologically proven retroperitoneal malignant mesenchymoma. Results: Tumors were larger than 10 cm (n = 4), well-cimcumscribed and heterogeneous (n = 4), and with massive intratumorous calcifications (n = 3) on plain CT or US. Tumors showed heterogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT scans (n = 4) and moderate hypervascularity with heterogeneous staining on angiography (n = 3). Tumors were essentially hypointense on T1-weighted MR images (n = 2) and heterogeneous hyperintense on T2-weighted MR images (n = 2). Plain CT showed a fat-dense structure in a tumor in one patient. Conclusions: The radiologic findings of large expansile heterogeneous masses in the retroperitoneum, especially with massive calcifications, were considered to be typical of malignant mesenchymomas.      

B-flow imaging of vascular structure for the diagnosis of liver tumor

Purpose

B-flow is a non-Doppler-based technology for visualizing blood flow and has a high spatial resolution. The aim of this study is to evaluate the blood flow information of liver tumors using B-flow in comparison with color Doppler sonography (CDS).

Methods

Seventy-nine patients with 82 hepatic nodules were studied using B-flow and CDS. The study group included 45 HCC nodules, 23 liver metastasis nodules, four intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC), and 13 hemangiomas. The visualized vascularity and morphological findings of the hepatic tumor vessel were evaluated.

Results

B-flow showed multiple vessels in 48 nodules (58.5 %) and a single vessel in 13 nodules (15.9 %). CDS showed multiple vessels in 44 nodules (53.7 %) and a single vessel in 23 nodules (28.0 %). Multivariate analysis showed basket pattern was significant for HCC (OR 49.263; p = 0.0002), and penetrating vessel was significant for liver metastasis or ICC (OR 14.545; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

B-flow detects hepatic tumor blood flow with sensitivity as high as that of CDS. Vascular structure information obtained using B-flow could be potentially used to diagnose liver tumors.     

肝内非新生血管畸形的超声影像学诊断

目的探讨肝内非新生血管畸形(NIVS)的超声影像学特征。方法回顾性分析19例经增强CT三维血管重建确诊的NIVS的超声影像学表现,总结其各类型的二维超声、彩色多普勒超声及超声造影特征。结果本组NIVS的主要类型有:肝动脉—肝静脉瘘4例、肝动脉—门静脉瘘3例、门静脉—肝静脉瘘12例。二维超声显示病灶均呈混合回声;彩色多普勒超声显示肝动脉—肝静脉瘘病灶引流的肝静脉分支内血流速度增高,出现"动脉样"频谱改变;门静脉—肝静脉瘘累及的肝静脉分支内三相波形消失,呈现"门静脉样"连续性血流频谱;肝动脉—门静脉瘘受累的门静脉分支内为离肝血流,频谱呈反向"动脉样"。进一步行超声造影检查显示出血流时相。结论科学分析NIVS的超声影像学特征性表现,可发现和正确判别NIVS类型,有助于该病的临床诊断及随访。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue in the evaluation of postoperative complications in pediatric liver transplant recipients

Purpose

To evaluate the utility of contrast-enhanced sonography in the study of pediatric liver transplant recipients and its potential impact in reducing the need for invasive diagnostic procedures.

Materials and methods

From October 2002 to December 2003 we performed routine color Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound studies on 30 pediatric patients who had undergone liver transplantation. Findings indicative of complications were confirmed with invasive studies (angiography, computed tomography, and PTC).

Results

Contrast-enhanced sonography correctly identified four of the five cases of hepatic artery thrombosis and all those involving the portal (n = 6) and hepatic vein (n = 3) thrombosis. It failed to identify one case of hepatic artery thrombosis characterized by collateral circulation arising from the phrenic artery and the single case of hepatic artery stenosis. The latter was more evident on color Doppler, which revealed a typical tardus parvus waveform. The use of contrast offered no significant advantages in the study of biliary complications although it did provide better visualization of bile leaks.

Conclusions

Contrast-enhanced sonography improves diagnostic confidence and reduces the need for more invasive imaging studies in the postoperative follow-up of pediatric liver transplant recipients.     

Splenic artery aneurysm: value of color Doppler and the limitation of gray-scale ultrasonography

Background: To reevaluate the advantages and limitations of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of splenic artery (Sp-A) aneurysm. Methods: We reviewed the gray-scale and color Doppler sonograms of five cases with Sp-A aneurysm (four patients with portal hypertension and one patient without portal hypertension). Color Doppler sonography was performed in all five patients, and power Doppler sonography was performed in three. Results: Gray-scale sonography failed to detect the aneurysm in four of five cases because of a surrounding splenorenal (Sp-R) shunt in three patients and marked calcification of the aneurysmal wall in one patient. Pulsed Doppler sonography showed a slightly turbulent pulsatile flow along the aneurysmal wall, which immediately led to the diagnosis in four cases, including the three cases with Sp-R shunt. In one case, color Doppler sonography failed to detect the aneurysm because of a markedly calcified aneurysmal wall, although power Doppler sonography could visualize the aneurysm. Conclusions: Gray-scale sonography is not a useful diagnostic tool for Sp-A aneurysm. Clinicians should use color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of the splenic hilus in patients with Sp-R shunt to find a small Sp-A aneurysm. The addition of power Doppler sonography is helpful in visualizing calcified Sp-A aneurysms.     

胎儿肝脏血管瘤的产前超声影像学特征及预后

【目的】探讨胎儿肝脏血管瘤的产前超声影像学特征及预后。【方法】回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年10月在本院产前超声检查发现的胎儿肝脏实性肿块且产后证实为肝脏血管瘤的患者15例,分析产前超声影像学特征,并追踪其预后。【结果】15例病例中13例产前超声提示胎儿肝内血管瘤,2例误诊为肝母细胞瘤(其中1例引产、1例活产分娩),产前超声诊断正确率为86.7%(13/15)、误诊率为13.3%(2/15);15例中2例为高回声、1例为等回声、5例为低回声、7例为混合回声;15例中13例活产分娩、2例引产,13例活产婴儿经彩色多普勒超声或增强CT扫描或MRI检查证实为肝血管瘤,2例引产胎儿在孕妇知情同意的前提下经尸体解剖及病理检查证实为肝血管瘤。13例活产婴儿均采取保守治疗,治疗期间行彩色多普勒超声随访观察6~36个月,均预后良好。【结论】胎儿肝脏血管瘤的边界、内部回声、血流信号等有一定特点,但是缺乏特异性,产前超声对胎儿肝脏血管瘤的诊断有一定价值,肝血管瘤患儿经保守治疗预后良好。     

彩超诊断肝移植术后肝动脉血栓和狭窄的价值

目的:探讨彩超对肝移植术后肝动脉血栓和狭窄的诊断价值。方法:彩超检查135例肝移植术后患者的肝实质回声、肝动脉血流、肝动脉阻力指数、收缩期加速度时间、频谱流速曲线形态。结果:彩超发现肝动脉血栓7例。4例出现肝内单发或多发低回声区,6 例显示肝门或肝内无动脉血流,1例表现为肝动脉阻力指数降低和收缩期加速度时间延长,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉阻力指数降低和收缩期加速度时间延长。结论:彩超对肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的检测具有重要价值。     

Fading hepatic hemangiomas on multiphasic CT

Purpose

To describe fading hemangiomas [substantially lower attenuation (>30?HU) than vascular pool in the portal venous phase (PVP)] and to determine their incidence and characteristics on multiphasic CT.

Methods

The study population composed of 168 hemangiomas (≥5?mm) in 114 consecutive patients which were imaged on multiphasic CT and also proved by diagnostic findings on MRI. The size of hemangiomas and CT attenuation number of the enhancing area within the hemangioma, liver parenchyma, and portal vein were measured on both arterial phase (AP) and PVP images. The rapidity of enhancement (slow, <50%; rapid, 50%–99%; flash-filler, 100% filling in the AP) and association with arterioportal shunting (APS) were also determined by two independent reviewers. Imaging features were compared between fading and non-fading hemangiomas using Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results

Of 168 hemangiomas, the enhancing area of 27 hemangiomas (16%, 27/168) showed substantially lower attenuation than that of PV (fading) in the PVP. When the attenuation difference was compared with the rapidity of enhancement, flash-fillers showed lower attenuation than PV in the PVP more frequently than both slow-fillers (P?P?P?=?0.032). Although APS was more frequent in fading hemangiomas (55.6%, 15/27) than that of non-fading hemangiomas (37.6%, 53/141), there was no statistically significant difference (P?=?0.086).

Conclusions

Sixteen percentage (27/168) of the hemangiomas in our study showed substantially lower attenuation than the portal vein in the PVP CT and this was more frequent in flash-fillers (52%, 14/27). The knowledge that fading does not preclude the diagnosis of hemangioma as well as of its high incidence in flash-fillers is important, as flash-filling hemangiomas with fading may cause a diagnostic challenge in patients suspected to have hypervascular malignancy.     

Color and power Doppler sonography of liver hemangiomas: a dream unfulfilled?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether color Doppler or power Doppler sonography can aid in the diagnosis of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas. METHODS: We imaged 25 hepatic cavernous hemangiomas in 17 patients with gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler sonography. Five malignant lesions were also imaged in the same manner for reference. Hemangiomas had been previously diagnosed by biopsy in 8 patients (15 lesions) and by CT, MRI, and/or tagged red blood cell scanning in 9 patients (10 lesions). RESULTS: Of the 25 hemangiomas, color or power Doppler imaging showed no internal blood flow in 23. Of these 23 lesions, 11 showed a peripheral flow pattern believed to represent flow in displaced blood vessels. This pattern was better visualized with power Doppler imaging in 3 lesions and equally well visualized with color and power Doppler imaging in 8 lesions. Two hemangiomas that had unusual central fibrosis with large vessels in 1 patient showed diffusely increased blood flow on power Doppler study. All 5 malignant lesions showed flow in peripheral vessels, and 1 showed internal vascularity as well. CONCLUSIONS: Neither color nor power Doppler imaging improved the capability of sonography for making a specific diagnosis of benign hepatic cavernous hemangioma.     

High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation assisted using color Doppler imaging for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas

Purpose

We evaluated the usefulness of color Doppler flow imaging to compensate for the inadequate resolution of the ultrasound (US) monitoring during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and methods

US-guided HIFU ablation assisted using color Doppler flow imaging was performed in 11 patients with small HCC (<3 lesions, <3 cm in diameter). The HIFU system (Chongqing Haifu Tech) was used under US guidance. Color Doppler sonographic studies were performed using an HIFU 6150S US imaging unit system and a 2.7-MHz electronic convex probe.

Results

The color Doppler images were used because of the influence of multi-reflections and the emergence of hyperecho. In 1 of the 11 patients, multi-reflections were responsible for the poor visualization of the tumor. In 10 cases, the tumor was poorly visualized because of the emergence of a hyperecho. In these cases, the ability to identify the original tumor location on the monitor by referencing the color Doppler images of the portal vein and the hepatic vein was very useful. HIFU treatments were successfully performed in all 11 patients with the assistance of color Doppler imaging.

Conclusion

Color Doppler imaging is useful for the treatment of HCC using HIFU, compensating for the occasionally poor visualization provided by B-mode conventional US imaging.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断新生儿心下型肺静脉异位引流

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图在心下型肺静脉异位引流诊断中的价值。方法 患者为３例出生６天、７天及２５天的新生儿。采用Ｈｐ Ｓｏｎｏｓ５５００型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率１２ＭＨｚ,经胸行二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流图检测。结果 心下型肺静脉异位引流的超声心图特征为左房明显小,房水平右向左分流,其后方见肺总静脉、与左房无交通,追踪其瞳向右下穿过膈肌、于肝右叶后方入门静脉或肝静脉。剑下主动脉短     

彩色多普勒对肝癌肝动脉栓塞前后门静脉血流动力学的研究

本文应用彩色多普勒对２３例原发性肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）患者肝动脉栓塞术（ＴＡＥ）前后门静脉的血流动力学变化进行了研究。结果为：①ＴＡＥ后门静脉血流速度及血流量均较栓塞前增加，而门静脉的内径无明显改变；②ＴＡＥ可使因动静脉瘘造成的门静脉离肝血流变为向肝血流。上述结果表明：门静脉血流动力学的定量分析对ＴＡＥ治疗的预后提供了重要资料，并对决定是否进一步ＴＡＥ治疗具有指导作用。另外，对ＴＡＥ后门静脉血流量减…     

Relationship between sonographic and pathologic findings in epidermal inclusion cysts

PURPOSE: We evaluated the sonographic findings in epidermal inclusion cysts and related them to the pathologic findings. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the sonograms and pathology specimens of 24 patients with pathologically proven epidermal inclusion cysts. We evaluated the lesions for shape, size, internal echogenicity, posterior sound enhancement, and presence of color Doppler signals. We classified the masses into 5 sonographic types according to their internal echogenicity. The relationship between the sonographic types and the pathologic findings was examined. RESULTS: The masses were ovoid or spherical in 17 cases (71%), lobulated in 5 (21%), and tubular in 2 (8%). The longest diameter ranged from 1 to 6 cm (mean, 3.1 cm). Twenty-three cases (96%) were associated with posterior sound enhancement. Color Doppler signals were absent in 20 cases, but some vascularity was noted in 4 ruptured epidermal cysts, in areas of granulation tissue. The most common sonographic type was a hypoechoic lesion with scattered echogenic reflectors (10 cases). Sonographic findings were related to the lamellation of keratin debris and the granulation tissue secondary to rupture. Most cases with a lobulated configuration (4 of 5) or color Doppler signals (4 of 4) were ruptured cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Epidermal inclusion cysts most often appeared sonographically as a hypoechoic mass containing variable echogenic foci without color Doppler signals. Ruptured epidermal cysts, however, may have lobulated contours and show color Doppler signals, mimicking a solid mass.     

弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘的超声诊断价值

目的探讨弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘的声像图特点和超声诊断价值。方法分析6例弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘患者超声检查结果,并与血管造影结果对照,总结二维及多普勒超声特征。结果弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘的特征性超声表现为：彩色多普勒见门静脉系统血流与伴行的肝动脉方向相反,有搏动,肝动脉血流较门静脉血流显示清晰;频谱多普勒显示门静脉血流反向,频谱为动脉型。以上改变广泛存在于肝脏各叶。肝脏二维声像图表现无特征性改变。结论超声检查是首选的弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘影像学筛查及诊断方法。     

Color Doppler sonography of vascular malformations of the liver

Nine cases of intrahepatic vascular malformations diagnosed using color Doppler sonography are described. These consisted of six cases of intrahepatic portal-hepatic venous shunts and three cases of arteriovenous fistulas. Among these is a case of multiple intrahepatic portal-systemic shunts. The sonographic findings and theories explaining the formation of vascular malformations in the liver are discussed.