吲哚菁绿造影在巨大动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨吲哚菁绿造影(ICGA)在颅内巨大动脉瘤(GIA)手术中的作用.方法 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科自2007年3月至2009年10月行瘤体夹闭和(或)切除术治疗GIA患者57例(61个动脉瘤),术中瘤体夹闭前、后分别进行ICGA并做比较,术后行DSA或CTA检查观察有无瘤体残留,载瘤动脉是否畅通,并与术中瘤体夹闭后ICGA结果对比分析.结果 57例患者共行ICGA 128次,夹闭切除动脉瘤61个,ICGA可实时显示术野内血流循环,清晰显示动脉瘤、载瘤动脉和穿支血管.通过对比夹闭前、后的ICGA影像,4例患者追加或调整瘤夹后,ICGA显示无瘤体残留,无载瘤动脉和穿支血管闭塞,术后DSA与夹闭后ICGA显示一致.结论 ICGA做为术中血管成像技术的一种,对术中确认GIA与周围血管的关系、监测瘤颈是否残留和载瘤动脉及穿支动脉是否畅通具有重要意义.     

椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的影像诊断与血管内治疗

目的总结椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的影像学诊断和血管内治疗经验。方法回顾性分析18例椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的磁共振成像和血管造影影像学特点和血管内治疗经过。结果影像特点为MR内膜瓣与壁间血肿,DSA珠线征,双腔征等。12例支架治疗中4例单纯支架后造影复查不显影,8例支架联合弹簧圈栓塞7例造影复查不显影;6例载瘤动脉闭塞4例造影复查不显影,全部病人临床随访症状消失。15例DSA复查随访,夹层动脉瘤不显影,无复发。结论DSA及MR检查对椎动脉夹层动脉瘤具有诊断价值;血管内治疗如支架技术（单纯置入或联合弹簧圈栓塞）以及载瘤动脉闭塞是椎动脉夹层动脉瘤安全、有效的选择。     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例(13个动脉瘤),包裹2例(2个动脉瘤),术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月(平均5个月),均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

MR imaging of a false carotid aneurysm

Two months after a gunshot wound to the head of a 12-year-old boy, MR imaging outlined an asymptomatic false aneurysm of the carotid artery. The scan's ability to image in multiple planes with noninvasive visualization of pulsatile vessel flow suggests its use for follow-up examinations of traumatic injuries to the head or neck.     

Delayed rupture of pre-existing cerebral aneurysm in a young patient with minor head trauma.

An intracranial saccular aneurysm is not commonly diagnosed in a patient with head injury. We present a patient with a history of minor head trauma and a CT scan of the brain revealing minimal subarachnoid hemorrhage 17 days prior to admission, complaining of severe headache, dysarthria and focal right limb seizures 3 hours prior to admission. A traumatic aneurysm was suspected based on clinical history and radiological findings including hematoma in the falx region on a CT scan of the brain and an aneurysm of the pericallosal artery on magnetic resonance angiography and four-vessel cerebral angiography. However, at craniotomy, an intracranial non-traumatic saccular aneurysm at the bifurcation of the pericallosal artery was found. The patient recovered fully after successful clipping the aneurysm.     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例（13个动脉瘤）,包裹2例（2个动脉瘤）,术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月（平均5个月）,均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤5例分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤的临床特征,以此鉴别创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。方法对我院近三年来收治的5例颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,总结其临床特征。结果 4例患者入院后急诊经CTA检查证实为颅内动脉瘤破裂出血,其中前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤l例;1例患者为动脉瘤再次破裂后行CTA检查示颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤。急诊开颅血肿清除及动脉瘤夹闭术2例,动脉瘤夹闭术1例,血管内介入栓塞治疗术1例,药物保守治疗1例。恢复良好3例,重残1例,死亡l例。结论对伴有颅脑外伤史的蛛网膜下腔出血应注意考虑颅内动脉瘤破裂的可能,以便采取积极合理的治疗方案。     

Traumatic aneurysm of the callosomarginal artery.

Intracranial aneurysms are rare complications of head injury. The primary goals in the management of patients harbouring these lesions are early identification and intervention to prevent bleeding or rebleeding. The authors present a case of traumatic false aneurysm of the callosomarginal artery which was diagnosed following head injury and managed successfully with a good outcome.     

颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中荧光造影"假阴性"原因探讨

目的 探讨吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中"假阴性"的原因及处理措施.方法 回顾分析2008年11月-2011年10月7例颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影"阴性"患者手术治疗经过,分析术中吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影在显示动脉瘤夹闭完全性方面的局限性及应对原则.结果 7例患者均于术中吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影显示"阴性".但在剪开或刺破动脉瘤瘤体后出现少量渗血.经迅速清理瘤颈渗血并调整动脉瘤瘤夹位置,渗血消失.结论 吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影是术中监测动脉瘤是否夹闭完全的重要方法.但具有一定局限性,瘤颈较宽、瘤颈血栓形成或血管壁粥样硬化,以及蛛网膜分离不完全等情况均可能导致"假阴性"结果.因此,对于术中夹闭动脉瘤后吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影"阴性"的患者,仍需配合其他监测方法,进一步确认动脉瘤夹闭情况.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后假性动脉瘤形成的实验和临床研究

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后在其破口周围可以形成假性动脉瘤,对其应早期诊断尽快治疗,防止再出血,提高治愈率,降低死残率。方法通过用兔建立的假性动脉瘤与真性动脉瘤合并假性动脉瘤的动物模型,探讨假性动脉瘤形成的机理,并结合临床在治疗颅内动脉瘤破裂出血早期、DSA造影影像分析及GDC血管内栓塞动脉瘤时所见的情况进行分析。结果用创伤与显微外科相结合的方法,可以成功建立假性动脉瘤,其形成过程分为动脉瘤破裂出血期、假性动脉瘤形成前期、假性动脉瘤形成期及假性动脉瘤增大破裂出血期四个阶段。颅内动脉瘤破裂出血早期行DSA血管造影时可见其影像形态不规则呈哑铃状、双腔与瘤囊顶鼓出小泡等表现,血管内栓塞治疗可见(1)GDC只能进入靠近载瘤动脉的瘤腔,并将其栓塞,完全不进入远离载瘤动脉的瘤腔,栓塞后透视下见未充填GDC的瘤腔内有造影剂滞留,栓塞后造影见动脉瘤完全闭塞,随访造影见动脉瘤完全消失;(2)GDC完全填塞靠近载瘤动脉的瘤腔,部分填塞远离载瘤动脉的瘤腔,栓塞后造影见动脉瘤完全消失,随访造影动脉瘤消失;(3)GDC将靠近与远离载瘤动脉的两个瘤腔完全填塞,栓塞后造影见动脉瘤完全闭塞,随访造影见动脉瘤消失。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后,在其破口周围可以形成假性动脉瘤,对伴有假性动脉瘤的颅内     

False aneurysm of cavernous carotid artery and carotid cavernous fistula: complications following transsphenoidal surgery

We present two cases of carotid injury during transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. While in one of the cases it resulted in the formation of a false aneurysm of cavernous carotid artery, in the other patient, a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) formed. The false aneurysm was managed by surgical trapping and the patient had an uneventful recovery. The CCF was initially managed with balloon embolization. The balloon got deflated and resulted in a false aneurysm with persistent CCF. This was occluded with Guglielmi Detachable Coils (GDC). The management options are discussed and relevant literature is reviewed. We emphasize the importance of an early cerebral angiography to know the status of the injured carotid artery and formation of false aneurysm / fistula.     

Endovascular treatment of a "blister-like" aneurysm of the internal carotid artery

BACKGROUND: "Blister-like" aneurysms of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery have recently been recognized as having unique pathological and clinical features. Little is known regarding their optimal treatment modality. METHODS: We report a case of a "blister-like" aneurysm of the internal carotid artery treated with Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old man presented with a Hunt & Hess grade II subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed tomography revealed diffuse subarachnoid blood. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a broad-based bulge on the medial wall of the right distal internal carotid artery. The patient was taken to the operating room and underwent a right pterional craniotomy and wrapping of this unclippable aneurysm. On postoperative day 11, he developed signs of vasospasm, and repeat angiography showed remarkable growth of the aneurysm. The aneurysm was believed to be amenable to endovascular therapy and was treated by GDC embolization. The patient recovered well and remained neurologically intact on follow-up examinations. Repeat cerebral angiography was performed three and nine months following his initial presentation and revealed a significant aneurysm neck remnant. This neck remnant was treated by repeat GDC embolization 13 months following his subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: "Blister-like" aneurysms of the internal carotid artery are important to recognize and are difficult to manage using traditional surgical approaches. Early repeated cerebral angiography is indicated and, where appropriate, endovascular therapy should be considered in the management of these patients.     

Safety,efficacy, and cost of intraoperative indocyanine green angiography compared to intraoperative catheter angiography in cerebral aneurysm surgery

Intraoperative angiography in cerebrovascular neurosurgery can drive the repositioning or addition of aneurysm clips. Our institution has switched from a strategy of intraoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) universally, to a strategy of indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography with DSA on an as-needed basis. We retrospectively evaluated whether the rates of perioperative stroke, unexpected postoperative aneurysm residual, or parent vessel stenosis differed in 100 patients from each era (2002, “DSA era”; 2007, “ICG era”). The clip repositioning rate for neck residual or parent vessel stenosis did not differ significantly between the two eras. There were no differences in the rate of perioperative stroke or rate of false-negative studies. The per-patient cost of intraoperative imaging within the DSA era was significantly higher than in the ICG era. The replacement of routine intraoperative DSA with ICG videoangiography and selective intraoperative DSA in cerebrovascular aneurysm surgery is safe and effective.     

Traumatic aneurysm of the peripheral cerebral artery]

Two cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reported. Case 1. A 6-year-old girl was severely injured on her head by automobile accident. Plain skull films showed depressed fracture in the left frontal region. Left common carotid angiogram 25 days after the injury revealed small aneurysm of a cortical branch of the anterior cerebral artery. Cranioplasty and removal of the aneurysm was performed. Postoperative course of this patient was uneventful. Case 2. A 4-year-old girl fell downstaris and struck her left temporal region. On admission, she was unconscious and plain skull films showed multiple linear fractures. No aneurysm was demonstrated in the right common carotid angiogram immediately after the head trauma. Since her general condition gradually improved, she discharged 23 days after the head trauma. 63 days after the injury, she developed sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting, and status epilepticus. Right common carotid angiogram showed a large aneurysm arising from a branch of right pericallosal artery at the free edge of the falx. Parent artery of the aneurysm was clipped. Postoperatively, the patient made uneventful recovery. 60 reported cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reviewed and analyzed in etiology, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment and pathogenesis.     

3D-CTA诊断和治疗颅内动脉瘤的可行性探讨

目的探讨三维CT血管成像(3D-CTA)取代DSA,作为颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗依据的可能性。方法42例患者行3D-CTA与DSA检查,两者对照研究并以术中发现为准评估图像质量。结果本组动脉瘤35个,3D-CTA准确检出32个,DSA准确检出34个,两者检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在小动脉瘤诊断上3D-CTA尚不及DSA;根据术中发现,3D-CTA在瘤壁钙化、载瘤动脉的显示、瘤周解剖标志等方面,明显优于DSA(P<0.05)。结论随着CT机及软件的更新,3D-CTA可能取代DSA成为颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗的首选。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析开颅夹闭术治疗的2例颅内复杂动脉瘤的临床资料。夹闭动脉瘤前,先行STA-MCA分流术。结果 1例破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示右侧颈内动脉后交通段巨大动脉瘤（责任动脉瘤）+左侧颈内动脉后交通段镜像动脉瘤,伴双侧胚胎型大脑后动脉,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤孤立术。1例未破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示MCA分叉部大型动脉瘤位,MCA M2段下干粗大,上干纤细,上干起始部均成为瘤颈的一部分,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤夹闭术。2例术后均无明显神经功能障碍,CTA示动脉瘤不显影、吻合口通畅,CTP显示脑灌注良好;术后6个月,改良Rankin量表评分0分1例,1分1例。结论 STA-MCA分流术能够延长安全临时阻断的时间,在动脉瘤孤立和载瘤动脉闭塞后提供保护性血流,在理想情况下双支STA分流术还可以提供高流量血流,替代复杂的桡动脉或大隐静脉分流术,简化手术操作。这项技术有利于提高颅内复杂动脉瘤的治愈率,降低手术并发症的发生率。     

手术切除大脑中动脉巨大夹层动脉瘤一例报告及文献复习

目的探讨大脑中动脉夹层动脉瘤的临床特点和治疗方法。方法结合文献复习，回顾性分析1例表现为巨大占位性病变合并同侧大脑前动脉A1段闭塞的大脑中动脉夹层动脉瘤的手术切除的病例资料。结果经MRI、MRA、CT、DSA等检查及细致的术前评估，对夹层动脉瘤进行孤立切除，术后患患恢复良好，视力视野损害明显改善，未出现新的神经功能障碍。结论多数大脑中动脉夹层动脉瘤可行动脉瘤孤立切除（必要时需血管重建）等手术治疗，以避免出血、梗塞或占位效应导致的神经功能障碍。     

Extradural vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm causing subarachnoid haemorrhage

The authors report the case of a 37-year-old man who presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) after rupture of an extradural vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm. The patient underwent a left lateral suboccipital craniotomy with removal of the medial part of the occipital condyle and the fusiform dilatation was coated. The angiograms 3 months after surgery showed aneurysm resolution and normal vessel calibre. To the authors' knowledge, it is the second reported case of extracranial vertebral aneurysm of its kind presenting as SAH. The result after surgery in this case indicates that coating of a dissecting aneurysm of the extracranial portion of the vertebral artery (VA) is a valid alternative surgical technique for the prevention of rebleeding.     

兔颈总动脉侧壁型动脉瘤模型的建立

目的 建立类似人颅内动脉瘤特点的兔颈总动脉侧壁型动脉瘤模型.方法 切取兔左颈总动脉约8mm,经弹性蛋白酶和胶原酶处理后,采用端侧吻合法将其吻合到右颈总动脉,建立侧壁型动脉瘤20只.术后分别行彩色多普勒检查、DSA和动脉瘤壁病理检查.结果 本组建立兔颈部囊状动脉瘤模型20只,术后健康成活18只,动脉瘤自发破裂导致死亡2只.DSA显示:动脉瘤与载瘤动脉通畅16只,动脉瘤腔自发性完全闭塞2只;造模成功率为80％.彩色多普勒发现:动脉瘤模型建立后即刻平均直径为(2.57±0.20) mm,2周后平均直径为(3.14±0.20) mm,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);且载瘤动脉血流速度较动脉瘤内血流速度快.病理检查显示:动脉瘤模型的动脉壁内弹力层和中弹力层基本消失.结论 经弹性蛋白酶和胶原酶处理的兔颈总动脉侧壁型动脉瘤模型,在形态结构、组织结构、自然发展史及血流动力学特点上与人颅内动脉瘤相似,是模拟人颅内动脉瘤的最佳模型之一.     

Electrophysiological influence of temporal occlusion of the parent artery during aneurysm surgery

Intraoperative monitoring of the motor evoked potential (MEP) during cerebral aneurysm surgery has been widely used to confirm surgical safety. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the influence of the MEP amplitude resulting from temporal occlusion of the parent artery, and appropriate judgement in the surgery was discussed. Ten patients underwent temporal occlusion of the parent artery during aneurysm surgery, and five of these patients showed a decrease in the MEP amplitude following temporal arterial occlusion. Clinical factors in patients with and without MEP decrease were compared. The time gap between the surgical procedure and the MEP change and recovery was then investigated. A decrease in the MEP amplitude caused by temporal occlusion had a significantly higher occurrence compared with permanent clip failure. The time from the release procedure to MEP amplitude recovery was relatively longer than the time from the occlusion procedure to the decrease in MEP amplitude. The time from release procedure to MEP amplitude recovery showed a weak correlation with the parent artery occlusion time. There is a time gap between releasing the temporal arterial occlusion and MEP recovery that is similar to temporal parent arterial occlusion and the MEP decrease. The cause of MEP amplitude should be judged carefully, and influence of parent artery temporal occlusion should be taken into consideration during aneurysm clipping.