喉癌同侧颈淋巴结转移癌穿透包膜的相关因素及其与对侧颈淋巴结转移和患者预后的关系

目的探讨喉癌同侧颈部淋巴结转移癌穿透包膜的相关因素及其与对侧颈部淋巴结转移和患者预后的关系。方法对184例喉癌患者进行手术治疗的同时,行经典或改良经典颈廓清术,对颈廓清标本采用透明淋巴结摘出连续切片法,摘出淋巴结,并进行病理检查。采用Kaplan-eier方法对随访资料进行生存分析。结果184例喉癌患者中,颈部淋巴结转移癌80例,其中穿透包膜26例,穿透包膜率为32．5％。单因素分析结果表明,淋巴结转移癌是否穿透包膜与病理N分期和同侧颈部淋巴结转移数有关。淋巴结转移癌穿透包膜者同侧颈部复发转移率（34.6%）、对侧颈部转移率（46．2％）均高于未穿透包膜者。淋巴结转移癌穿透包膜患者3、5年生存率分别为53．9％和23．1％,其生存率低于未穿透包膜患者。结论淋巴结转移癌是否穿透包膜与病理N分期和同侧颈部淋巴结转移数有关。淋巴结转移癌穿透包膜患者的对侧转移率高,应行双颈廓清术。淋巴结转移癌穿透包膜是影响患者预后的重要因素,病理科应当检查转移淋巴结被膜是否穿破,并予以报告。     

20例晚期上颌窦癌同期加量放疗的临床研究

目的：分析晚期上颌窦癌同期加量照射与综合治疗的结果。方法：1995年以来本院行同期加量照射的20例晚期上颌窦癌病人，T3 4例，T4 16例，剂量DT60-85Gy／5—6周，其中4例行挽救手术。结果：三年生存率37．7％，五年生存率22．7％，全组二年局控率37．4％，五年局控率20．8％。75％疗终残留，其中80％为后上壁残留。结论：晚期上颌窦癌行同期加量照射能提高放疗疗效，但仍不及术前照射加手术的综合治疗；单纯放疗应采用缩野追量，使剂量达DT85Gy左右。     

原发灶不明的颈部淋巴结转移癌的治疗

目的：分析原发灶不明和颈部淋巴结转移癌治疗失败的原因，探讨治疗方法和技术。方法：共收集122例初治治疗的病例，单纯放射治疗（R）62例，单纯手术治疗（S）23例，单纯化疗（C）5例，手术加放射治疗（S＋R）20例，放射治疗加手术（R＋S）12例。手术治疗局部淋巴结切除术 18例，单侧颈淋巴结清扫术34例，双侧颈巴结清扫术3例。放射治疗94例中，全咽部和全颈部照射65例，全颈部照射9例，部分颈部照射20例。结果：全组5年总生存率和无瘤生存率分别为71．9％和36．5％，颈部转移癌未控和复发占45．9％，远地转移率为26．2％，原发灶发现占8．2％。影响颈部治疗失败的主要原因是N分期、综合治疗、全颈照射和肿瘤的放射敏感性。影响远地转移的主要原因是N分期、颈部淋巴结转移部位和原发灶出现。影响原发灶治疗失败的主要原因是颈淋巴结转移部位。结论：早期鳞癌或低分化部、未分化癌局部手术切除或活检术后直接进行放射治疗，晚期颈转移以放射治疗和手术综合治疗为主，可同时加化疗，而腺癌治疗以手术为主。对上中颈部低分化和未分化癌应采用全咽部和全颈部照射，除锁骨上淋巴结转移癌以外，原发灶不明的颈部淋巴结转移癌照射野至少应该包括全颈部。     

鼻咽癌后程非常规放疗的预后分析

目的 回顾性分析鼻咽癌后程非常规分割放疗后的效果和失败因素.方法 133例初治鼻咽低分化鳞癌患者进入研究.采用6 MV X线照射,原发灶先面颈野常规放疗34.56Gy（1.92Gy/次,1次/d,共18 d）;后缩野为耳前野加速分割放疗1.25～1.50Gy/次,2次/d,6～8 d;再后为耳前野加小野补量1.90Gy/次（上午）与1.30Gy/次（下午）,2次/d,6～8 d;2次间隔时间≥6 h,5/d周.病灶中位剂量78Gy,中位时间47d.颈部淋巴结有转移的常规放疗67Gy,无转移的常规放疗50～55Gy,中位时间43d.结果 T1、T2、T3、T4期局部控制率分别为100%、96.6%、96.6%、78.4%,全组5年总生存率和无瘤生存率分别为73.3%和70.8%.共14项因素用于临床预后分析,其中单因素有8项对5年生存率有影响（P＜0.01）,Cox多因素分析远处转移、下颈和锁骨上以及双侧颈淋巴结转移、鼻咽复发均有统计学意义（P值分别为0.000、0.016、0.044、0.041）.结论鼻咽原发灶和颈淋巴结转移灶局部控制率和生存率均较过去提高,治疗失败和死亡的主要原因是远处转移.     

73例初治甲状腺髓样癌术式探讨

  目的  探讨甲状腺髓样癌初治合理手术术式。  方法  回顾性分析73例甲状腺髓样癌初治病例资料, 研究颈淋巴结转移规律及术后复发情况。  结果  多灶性甲状腺髓样癌占26.0%(19/73)。全组颈淋巴结转移率为58.9%(43/73), 其中中央区淋巴结转移率52.1%(38/73), 同侧颈淋巴结转移率53.4%(39/73), 双侧侧颈转移率11.O%(8/73), 临床NO颈淋巴结隐匿性转移率为18.9%(7/37)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示, 中央区淋巴结转移是该侧侧颈淋巴结转移的独立危险因素, 原发灶T4是对侧侧颈淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。全组局部区域复发率28.8%(21/73)。全组5年累积生存率为86.4%。多因素分析表明远处转移、年龄≥45岁和原发灶T4是影响预后的独立危险因素。  结论  建议甲状腺髓样癌手术应常规行患侧中央区清扫, 并包含上纵隔区域; 术中证实有中央区淋巴结转移的病例, 建议行该侧侧颈清扫术; T4病例建议行全甲状腺切除+中央区+双颈清扫术。      

124例上颌窦癌预后因素分析

目的探讨上颌窦癌的临床病理特征与预后的关系。方法124例上颌窦癌中放疗40例，手术治疗18例，放疗＋手术治疗66例。生存率计算采用Kaplan-Meier法，生存率差异比较采用Logrank检验，多因素分析采用Cox模型。结果5年总生存率、癌症相关生存率和无进展生存率分别为32.5％、37．4％和27．2％。单因素分析显示，肿瘤位置、病理类型、T分期、淋巴结转移情况、临床分期和治疗方式与癌症相关生存（CSS）和无进展生存（PFS）均有相关性；而年龄仅与CSS相关，而与PFS无关。多因素分析显示，病理类型、T分期、临床分期和治疗方式是影响预后的独立因素。结论T分期和临床分期是影响上颌窦癌预后的重要因素。对113～T4期即使淋巴结阴性上颌窦鳞癌，予以颈部预防性照射也是必要的。上颌窦癌的最佳治疗模式仍有待进一步研究。     

早期舌鳞癌的隐匿性淋巴结转移与治疗

目的：研究18例I期和Ⅱ期舌鳞癌的颈部隐匿性转移和挽救治疗的效果。方法：18例病以前均未接受过治疗。原发灶经口腔切除,并密切随访观察颈部。结果：手术切缘均呈阴性。11%（2/18）的病人原发灶处有复发,局部控制率是89%（16/18）。50%（9/18）的病人在随访期中发现锁骨上淋巴结转移。在原发灶已控制的情况下,淋巴结转移率是44%（7/16）。总的五年生存率是67%（12/18）。颈部隐匿性转移的病人五年生存率是27%（3/7）。结论：舌癌颈部隐匿性转移率较高,挽救成功率较低。因此,我们建议对早期舌鳞癌应施行选择性颈清扫术或预防性放射治疗,以提高生存率。     

不明原发灶颈部转移癌治疗失败原因和对策

目的:分析不明原发灶颈部转移癌(unknown primary cervical metastatic carcinoma,UPCMC)的治疗方法和失败原因,探讨其治疗策略.方法:探讨111例UPCMC的临床资料、治疗和转归,比较和分析不同治疗组的颈部控制率、原发灶治疗失败率及远期生存率.结果:全组原发灶出现率为10.8%(12/111),颈部控制率为36.9%,5年生存率为41.4%;影响预后的因素为颈部控制情况、N分期、原发灶控制情况;颈部控制率的影响因素为N分期与是否全颈放疗.结论:UPCMC应以放疗为主,部分放疗不敏感的N1、N2病例可采取放疗加手术的综合治疗;颈部以全颈放疗为佳;对潜在原发灶的治疗推荐采取选择性放疗.     

16例原发腮腺鳞癌的治疗与预后

目的回顾分析16例腮腺鳞癌的临床特点和治疗结果,研究原发腮腺鳞癌预后影响因素及恰当的治疗方案。方法搜集1984-2005年收治并经病理证实的原发腮腺鳞癌16例,其中T1期2例,T2期5例,T3期5例,T4期4例。NO期10例,N＋期6例,单一手段治疗组6例（单纯手术5例,单纯放疗1例）,综合治疗组（手术加放疗）10例。结果全组患者在病程中出现颈部淋巴结转移的概率为75%（12/16）,全组3和5年局部控制率、总生存率、无瘤生存率分别为45%和30%、58%和58%、36%和27%。T1～T2和T3～T4期的5年生存分别为100%和29%,（X^2=4．50,P= 0．034）。NO和N＋期的3年总生存率分别为80%和20%（X^2=8．70,P=0．003）,无瘤生存率分别为54%和0（X^2=9．83,P=0．002）。结论原发腮腺鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移概率和局部复发率均高,应该采用手术加放射的综合治疗;N＋期患者术后应该给予同侧全颈及锁骨上区放疗;手术治疗时未行颈清扫者应行同侧全颈及锁骨上区预防照射。     

不明原发灶颈部转移癌治疗失败原因和对策(英文)

目的分析不明原发灶颈部转移癌(unknown primary cervical metastatic carcinoma,UPCMC)的治疗方法和治疗失败原因,探讨其治疗策略。方法回顾性研究1978年1月～1997年12月收治的符合诊断标准的 UPCMC 111例的临床资料、治疗和转归,比较和分析不同治疗组的颈部控制率、原发灶治疗失败率及远期生存率。结果全组原发灶出现率10.8%(12/111),颈部控制率为36.9%,总的5年生存率为41.4%;影响预后的因素为颈部控制情况、N分期、原发灶控制情况,颈部控制率的影响因素为 N 分期和是否全颈放疗。结论 UPCMC 的颈部治疗应以放疗为主,部分放射不敏感病理类型的 N1、N2病例可采取放疗和手术的综合治疗;颈部放疗以全颈放疗为佳;对潜在原发灶的治疗推荐采取选择性放疗的策略。     

Lymph node metastasis in maxillary sinus carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis in maxillary sinus carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We reviewed the records of 97 patients treated for maxillary sinus carcinoma with radiotherapy at Stanford University and at the University of California, San Francisco between 1959 and 1996. Fifty-eight patients had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 4 had adenocarcinoma (ADE), 16 had undifferentiated carcinoma (UC), and 19 had adenoid cystic carcinoma (AC). Eight patients had T2, 36 had T3, and 53 had T4 tumors according to the 1997 AJCC staging system. Eleven patients had nodal involvement at diagnosis: 9 with SCC, 1 with UC, and 1 with AC. The most common sites of nodal involvement were ipsilateral level 1 and 2 lymph nodes. Thirty-six patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy alone, and 61 received a combination of surgical and radiation treatment. Thirty-six patients had neck irradiation, 25 of whom received elective neck irradiation (ENI) for N0 necks. The median follow-up for alive patients was 78 months. RESULTS: The median survival for all patients was 22 months (range: 2.4-356 months). The 5- and 10-year actuarial survivals were 34% and 31%, respectively. Ten patients relapsed in the neck, with a 5-year actuarial risk of nodal relapse of 12%. The 5-year risk of neck relapse was 14% for SCC, 25% for ADE, and 7% for both UC and ACC. The overall risk of nodal involvement at either diagnosis or on follow-up was 28% for SCC, 25% for ADE, 12% for UC, and 10% for AC. All patients with nodal involvement had T3-4, and none had T2 tumors. ENI effectively prevented nodal relapse in patients with SCC and N0 neck; the 5-year actuarial risk of nodal relapse was 20% for patients without ENI and 0% for those with elective neck therapy. There was no correlation between neck relapse and primary tumor control or tumor extension into areas containing a rich lymphatic network. The most common sites of nodal relapse were in the ipsilateral level 1-2 nodal regions (11/13). Patients with nodal relapse had a significantly higher risk of distant metastasis on both univariate (p = 0.02) and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 4.5, p = 0.006). The 5-year actuarial risk of distant relapse was 29% for patients with neck control versus 81% for patients with neck failure. There was also a trend for decreased survival with nodal relapse. The 5-year actuarial survival was 37% for patients with neck control and 0% for patients with neck relapse. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of lymph node involvement at diagnosis in patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma was 9%. Following treatment, the 5-year risk of nodal relapse was 12%. SCC histology was associated with a high incidence of initial nodal involvement and nodal relapse. None of the patients presenting with SCC histology and N0 necks had nodal relapse after elective neck irradiation. Patients who had nodal relapse had a higher risk of distant metastasis and poorer survival. Therefore, our present policy is to consider elective neck irradiation in patients with T3-4 SCC of the maxillary sinus.     

98例晚期上颌窦癌疗效分析

分析晚期上颌窦癌治疗效果。材料与方法：1983～1989年我院收治98例晚期上颌窦癌采用单纯放疗、术前放疗和术后放疗。单纯放疗中10例先行开窗引流。结果：全组1、3、5年生存率分别为70．4％．38．8％和30．6％。单纯放疗、开窗＋放疗、术前和术后放疗组5年生存率分别为26．9％。50％、55．5％和22．2％。失败原因主要是局部未控或复发。结论：对晚期上颌窦癌行术前放疗和开窗引流术加放疗疗效较好。     

Elective ipsilateral neck irradiation of patients with locally advanced maxillary sinus carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The current study was conducted to investigate retrospectively whether elective ipsilateral neck irradiation (EINI) is effective in controlling subclinical neck disease in patients with locally advanced (T3 and T4) nonmetastatic (N0, M0) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the maxilla. METHODS: Between 1987 and 1993 a total of 44 patients were treated with EINI. The primary tumor bed was treated with 60 grays (Gy) in patients undergoing radical maxillectomy or with 66 Gy in patients undergoing partial maxillectomy. The ipsilateral upper and lower neck (down to the clavicle) was treated with either opposing anteroposterior-posteroanterior fields or appositional electron fields. The dose of elective neck radiotherapy was 50 Gy in 25 daily fractions. RESULTS: The 5-year and 10-year survival rates (with standard error [SE]) were 66% (SE 7%) and 60% (SE 8%), respectively, whereas the 5-year and 10-year recurrence free survival rates both were 64% (SE 7%). The 10-year local recurrence free survival rate was 69% (SE 7%), whereas the 10-year regional recurrence free survival rate was 94% (SE 4%). Of the 2 patients who developed a recurrence in the neck, 1 was salvaged successfully by surgery, producing an ultimate 10-year regional recurrence free survival rate of 97%. The 10-year distant metastasis free survival rate was 91% (SE 4%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study appear to suggest the potential efficacy of EINI in patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic SCC of the maxilla and that the high rate of control of cervical lymph nodes may lead to better overall survival than that reported in the majority of the recent series.     

Treatment outcome of maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment policies of maxillary sinus carcinoma remain to be defined. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus were treated at Department of Otolaryngology, Asahikawa Medical College between 1983 and 1997. The T classification according to the 1997 International Union Against Cancer was as follows: 9 with T2, 35 with T3, and 30 with T4. Eight patients had lymph node metastasis with N1 at diagnosis. Of 62 patients who started multimodality therapy that comprised preoperative radiochemotherapy including local irradiation with total dose of 50 grays along with concomitant intramaxillary arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil with total dose of 5000 mg followed by total or partial maxillectomy, 59 received the complete therapy. Eleven patients had to be treated with radiotherapy alone, and 1 patient received postoperative radiotherapy. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 117 months. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival, disease free survival, and local control (LC) rates for all patients were 58.5%, 63.7%, and 73.6%, respectively. The patients who underwent multimodality therapy showed significantly better 5-year overall survival, disease free survival, and LC rates as compared with those who underwent radiotherapy alone (68.5% vs. 9.1%; 73.2% vs. 18.2%; 84.0% vs. 18.2%; P < 0.0001 each). Multivariate analysis revealed that T classification and treatment modality are independent predictors for disease free survival. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' treatment method, which did not include any complicated techniques, produced higher survival and LC rates because of high effectiveness of multimodality therapy. They concluded that their multimodality therapy could offer a better chance for cure from maxillary sinus carcinoma at many institutions.     

全程加速超分割治疗局部晚期上颌窦癌的疗效分析

目的:评价全程加速超分割治疗局部晚期不能手术的上颌窦癌的疗效及预后。方法:1996年3月~2004年3月收住71例局部晚期不能手术的上颌窦癌患者,随机分为两组。(1)全程加速超分割组(CAHF)36例;每周5d,每天2次,每次1.5Gy,间隔时间6h以上,总量DT66~70Gy/44~46 f/32~34d;(2)常规分割照射组(CF)35例,5次/w,1次/d,每次2.0Gy,总量DT66~80Gy/33~35 f/44~46d。结果:常规照射组和全程超分割组1,2,3,4,5年的局控率分别为62.8%,34.3%,22.9%,14.3%,5.7%和88.6%,66.7%,52.8%,36.3%,25%(P<0.05);常规照射和全程加速超分割组1,2,3,4,5年的生存率分别为6 5.7%,4 5.7%,2 8.6%,2 2.8%,1 6%和9 4.4%,7 2.2%,5 8.3%,5 7.2%,3 6.1%(P<0.0 5),加速超分割组较常规分割组高,两组的晚期并发症及死亡原因无明显差异。结论:全程加速超分割放射治疗对不能手术的晚期上颌窦癌患者,能明显提高局控率和生存率,但口腔粘膜反应较常规分割组增高,但可耐受。     

Surgery alone provides long-term survival rates comparable to those of surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate

We compared the outcomes and rates of survival provided by surgery alone and surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate (ACP), a rare, low-grade malignant tumor arising within the salivary glands. Fifty-eight patients with ACP were included in this retrospective study. ACP at stages T(1), T(2), T(3,) and T(4) was found in 11, 32, 5, and 10 patients, respectively. The patients were treated with surgery alone or underwent surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy. The 5, 10, and 15year survival rates were 75%, 37.5%, and 25%, respectively, among the 24 patients who underwent surgery alone. These were not significantly different from the rates of 70.6%, 35.3%, and 20.8%, respectively, among the 34 patients who underwent surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy (P=0.21). The 5 and 10year survival rates were significantly greater among patients receiving ?60Gy of radiotherapy than those among patients receiving <60Gy of radiotherapy (83.3% and 45.8% vs. 40.0% and 10.0%, respectively) (P=0.04). ACP exhibited good long-term survival rates when treated with surgery alone. Addition of postoperative radiotherapy at doses of ?60Gy had no effect on survival, but postoperative radiotherapy at doses of <60Gy reduced survival. Recurrence within the palate was the main cause of treatment failure.     

Maxillary sinus carcinomas: natural history and results of postoperative radiotherapy

Between 1969 and 1985, 73 patients with maxillary sinus cancers underwent surgical excision and postoperative radiotherapy. The clinical stage distribution by the AJC system was 3T1, 16T2, 32T3, and 22T4. Six patients had palpable lymphadenopathy at diagnosis. Surgery for the primary tumor consisted of partial or radical maxillectomy, and if disease stage indicated it, ipsilateral orbital exenteration. This was followed by radiation treatment delivered through a wedge-pair or three-field technique. All but three patients received 50-60 Gy in 2 Gy fractions to an isodose line defining the target volume. Elective neck irradiation was not routinely given. Clinically involved nodes were treated with definitive radiotherapy (five patients) or combined treatment (one patient). Forty-five patients had no evidence of disease at the last follow-up. The 5-year relapse-free survival for the whole group was 51% The overall local control rate was 78%. Patients with larger tumors, particularly if they also had histological signs of nerve invasion, had a higher recurrence rate than others. The overall nodal recurrence rate without elective neck treatment was 38% for squamous and undifferentiated carcinoma, and only 5% for adenoid cystic carcinomas. Therefore, our current recommendation is to deliver elective nodal irradiation routinely to patients with squamous or undifferentiated carcinoma, except for those who have T1 lesions. Treatment complications were vision impairment, brain and bone necrosis, trismus, hearing loss, and pituitary insufficiency. The incidence of major side effects was determined by disease extent and treatment technique. Many technical refinements were introduced in order to limit the dose to normal tissues in an attempt to reduce the complication rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus and the Oral Part of the Upper Jaw: Comparison of treatment results

The treatment results were compared in 77 patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MC) and 53 patients with squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral part of the upper jaw (OC). Both sets of patients received radiotherapy alone, or radiotherapy combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy. Computerized tomography was useful for the definition of the treatment volume. Inrraarterial chemotherapy was given in 89 of 130 patients and in these patients the total radiation dose was reduced by about 10 Gy. No difference was found in the 5-year survival rate between the MC (65%) and the OC (66%) groups. The cumulative incidence of local failure was higher in MC (36%) than in OC (26%), whereas the ultimate incidence of neck node metastasis was higher in OC (43%) than in MC patients (18%). Half of the inoperable patients (9/18) were older than 80 years and had contraindications to anaesthesia and major surgery. The local recurrence rate was high in the inoperable MC patients (6/8). Contralateral simus cancers occurred in 4 patients in the MC group.