轻、中度铅中毒对儿童外周血象的影响

【目的】　探讨轻、中度铅中毒时儿童外周血象的变化 ,以了解铅对儿童血液系统的影响。　【方法】　测定 31 70名儿童的血铅水平 (BPb) ,根据BPb分成非铅中毒组 (BPb<1 0 0 μg/L)和铅中毒组 (BPb≥ 1 0 0 μg/L) ,同时测定两组儿童的外周血象 ,包括血红细胞 (RBC)、血红蛋白 (HGB)、红细胞压积 (HCT)、红细胞平均容积 (MCV)、红细胞平均血红蛋白量 (MCH)、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度 (MCHC)、白细胞 (WBC)、血小板 (PLT)、血小板平均容积 (MPV)、血小板分布宽度 (PDW)水平。　【结果】　铅中毒组WBC、PLT显著降低 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,PDW、MPV显著升高 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,而两组的RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCHC差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5)。　【结论】　轻、中度铅中毒对儿童WBC和PLT有显著影响 ,而RBC和HGB变化不明显     

血细胞分析仪技术性能的统计学评价

日本Sysmex公司的KX-21N血细胞分析仪为三分群血液分析仪。本文通过分析白细胞计数（WBC）、红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白测定（HGB）、血细胞比容测定（HCT）和血小板计数（PLT）等指标对KX-21N血液分析仪的技术性能进行统计学评价。     

早孕期外周血白细胞和C-反应蛋白与妊娠糖尿病的相关性研究

目的研究妊娠妇女早孕期(6~12周)白细胞(WBC)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平与妊娠期间糖耐量的关系,从而了解炎症因子对筛查妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的意义。方法早孕期监测外周血WBC和CRP水平,根据24~28周糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果将研究对象分为妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组)、妊娠期糖耐量异常组(GIGT组)及糖耐量正常组(NGT组),研究各组胰岛素抵抗与WBC和CRP水平的相关性。结果 GIGT组、GDM组的WBC和CRP水平均高于NGT组(P<0.05);GIGT组和GDM组的WBC和CRP水平与胰岛素抵抗指数正相关(P<0.05)。结论 WBC和CRP水平与GDM的发生相关,对GDM有预测价值,检查早孕期孕妇的WBC和血清CRP水平可作为早期筛选GDM的监测指标。     

正常妊娠与重度子痫前期孕妇血常规参数的孕期变化对比

目的:比较重度子痫前期孕妇与正常妊娠孕妇在不同孕期下血常规参数的变化并分析其临床意义。方法:选择重度子痫前期孕妇100例为观察组,正常妊娠孕妇100例为对照组,对两组孕妇从妊娠12周起每隔4周进行血常规检查,比较两组的参数变化。结果:观察组与对照组的白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞比例(N)、淋巴细胞比例(L)在不同孕周间变化不明显,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。相同孕周下两组WBC、N、L的差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组的红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、血细胞比容(HCT)在整个妊娠过程中表现出先降低后升高的趋势。观察组RBC、Hb和HCT在不同孕周下没有表现出先降低后升高的趋势。RBC和Hb水平在孕16～35周高于对照组的同期水平,HCT水平在孕20-31周高于对照组的同期水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组血小板(PLT)水平在整个妊娠过程中均表现出缓慢下降的趋势,平均血小板体积(MPV)则呈现出逐步上升的趋势。观察组PLT在孕32～39周的水平低于同期对照组的水平,MPV在孕28～35周的水平高于同期对照组的水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:血常规参数在不同孕周中的变化可以大致反映孕妇的血容量、血黏度以及凝血状态的变化。有望帮助临床早期筛选出重度子痫前期孕妇,及时给予针对性的干预以减轻症状、延缓病情发展。     

两种悬浮红细胞制备的洗涤红细胞质量比较

目的比较滤白与不滤白的悬浮红细胞制备的洗涤红细胞质量。方法对滤白与不滤白的悬浮红细胞在洗涤前后检测血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)、白细胞计数(WBC)、血浆蛋白含量、K+浓度,游离血红蛋白(FHb)、单位容量及红细胞渗透脆性。结果红细胞(RBC)回收率,白细胞去除率,血小板去除率有统计学差异(P<0.05),血浆蛋白清除率、K+清除率、血容量、游离血红蛋白、红细胞渗透脆性没有差异(P>0.05)。结论采用去白细胞的悬浮红细胞制备的洗涤红细胞,白细胞去除率更高,质量可靠,输血更安全。     

KX-21自动血球计数仪的常见故障与处理

Sysmes KX-21是在临床检验室进行血液检查的多项目自动血球计数仪器，它具有1h约60个标本的处理能力，采用3个用于血液测量的检测器和2种试剂，即白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)和血小板(PLT)计数采用DC检测法进行测量；血红蛋白是在血红蛋白(HGB)检测部，采用无氰HGB法进行测量。现将该仪器常见故障及排除方法分析总结如下，仅供同行参考。     

季节变化对血细胞检验结果的影响

目的:探讨季节变化对血细胞分析的影响。方法:搜集2004年-2009年参加临床试验受试者的血细胞检验数据,且血细胞参数均在参考区间内,按春夏秋冬进行分组,应用t-检验方法比较峰/谷值季节组检测结果的差异。结果:红细胞计数(RBC)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、血小板计数(PLT)、白细胞计数(WBC)等峰/谷季节组之间差异具有统计学意义。结论:部分血细胞参数与季节变化明显相关,临床医生在对检验结果进行判断时应考虑该因素的影响。     

迈瑞BC6800和SysmexXE-2100血细胞分析仪检测效果比较

目的对BC6800型和SysmexXE-2100型血细胞分析仪检测新鲜全血的结果进行比对分析。方法同时采用BC6800型和SysmexXE-2100型血细胞分析仪检测血液中白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、血小板(PLT)值及白细胞(WBC)分类计数。SysmexXE-2100作为标准仪器,BC6800作为对比仪器。结果2台仪器具有良好的相关性,WBC、RBC、HGB、PLT相关系数均>0.95,检测结果相对偏差都在允许范围之内。结论本实验室的SysmexXE-2100型血细胞分析仪检测性能良好,检测结果准确性可靠。     

钢铁工人血常规指标及尿酸水平与代谢综合征发病风险的相关性

目的研究钢铁工人血常规指标和尿酸水平与代谢综合征(MS)的关联。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选取内蒙古某钢铁企业接触噪声和高温危害因素的男性作业人员607人作为接害组,该企业不接触噪声与高温的行政和管理岗位的男性作业人员312人作为对照组。采集两组血标本,检测血常规和尿酸水平,分析接害组与对照组血常规指标[白细胞计数(WBC)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、红细胞分布宽度(RDW)及血红蛋白含量(Hb)]和尿酸水平(UA)与MS的相关性。结果接害组和对照组间吸烟、饮酒、腰围(WC)、收缩压(SBP)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、WBC、RBC、PLT、Hb、RDW、体质量指数(BMI)及UA方面比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。接害组MS总体患病率为39.04%,高于对照组的23.08%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组MS患者和非MS患者WBC、RBC、PLT、RDW及UA比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)0多因素logistic回归分析发现WBC、RBC、RDW、PLT及UA是接害组MS的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论钢铁工人MS患病率较高,红细胞计数增高、红细胞分布宽度增大及血小板计数升高是MS发生的危险因素。     

镧亚慢性暴露对大鼠外周血常规检查指标的影响

目的探讨镧亚慢性暴露对大鼠外周血常规检查指标的影响。方法分别用0.1、2和40 mg/kg体重剂量的三氯化镧(LaCl3)给大鼠经口灌胃,每天一次,90 d后处死;取外周血用自动血细胞分析仪测定白细胞(WBC)、淋巴细胞数和百分数(LYM和LYM%)、红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞比容(Hct)、平均红细胞容积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、红细胞体积分布宽度标准差和变异系数(RDW-SD和RDW-CV)、血小板(PLT)、血小板体积分布宽度(PDW)、血小板平均体积(MPV)变化情况。结果与对照组相比3个La-Cl3剂量组大鼠上述各血常规检查指标均无显著变化(P>0.05);3个LaCl3剂量组大鼠之间上述血常规检查所有指标也均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论LaCl3亚慢性暴露对大鼠血常规检查指标无显著影响。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

---

Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

---

La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

---

---

Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries