肺表面活性物质早期给药对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的影响

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(Curosurf)早期给药对极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征(MRDS)近期预后的影响。方法 对26例患NRDS的极低出生体重儿给予Curosurf治疗并进行临床对照实验。结果 NRDS患儿给药后12小时Po2/FiO2显著上升,分别为(252.53±49.45)和(184.47±35.04),与给药前比较均P<0.01;比较早期给药组(生后2 h内)和普通治疗组,有创机械通气时间分别为(54.55±11.21)h和(112.00±84.93)h,t=2.217,P<0.05,差异有显著性。患儿体重恢复至出生时水平分别为(11.55±3.70)d和(15.27±4.71)d,t=2.171,P<0.05;贫血出现的时间分别为(21.64±4.48)d和(12.60±4.91)d,t=4.807,P<0.01,差异有显著性;结论 对于极低出生体重儿NRDS,早期给予Curosurf可明显改善近期预后,提高存活率。     

肺表面活性物质早期给药对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的影响

目的探讨肺表面活性物质(Curosurf)早期给药对极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)近期预后的影响.方法对26例患NRDS的极低出生体重儿给予Curosurf治疗并进行临床对照实验.结果NRDS患儿给药后12小时PO2/FiO2显著上升,分别为(252.53±49.45)和(184.47±35.04),与给药前比较均P＜0.01;比较早期给药组(生后2 h内)和普通治疗组,有创机械通气时间分别为(54.55±11.21)h和(112.00±84.93)h,t=2.217,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.患儿体重恢复至出生时水平分别为(11.55±3.70)d和(15.27±4.71)d,t=2.171,P＜0.05;贫血出现的时间分别为(21.64±4.48)d和(12.60±4.91)d,t=4.807,P＜0.01,差异有显著性;结论对于极低出生体重儿NRDS,早期给予Curosurf可明显改善近期预后,提高存活率.     

改良式雾化吸入肺表面活性物质治疗极低体重儿肺炎

目的 观察改良式雾化吸入肺表面活性物质（PS）治疗极低体重儿肺炎的疗效。方法 用固尔苏采用改良式雾化吸入治疗极低体重儿肺炎6例，观察治疗前后血气、肺泡充气程度、临床症状的变化。结果 用药1hPO2和动脉－肺泡氧分压比值（a／APO2）较用药前明显升高，用药后6h，PO2和a／APO2仍高于用药前，差异均有显著意义（P均＜0．05）。用药1hPCO2下降不明显，用药后6hPCO2显著下降，与用药前比较，差异有显著意义（P＜0．05，同时胸部X线显示肺野靛度明显改善，临床症状明显好转。结论 采用改良式雾化吸入治疗极低体重儿肺炎能有效改善肺换气和通气，提高肺泡充气程度。     

不同开奶配方应用于极低出生体重儿的临床研究

目的 研究不同奶方用于极低出生体重早产儿开奶对生长发育和喂养耐受性的影响。方法 根据开奶奶方,86例胎龄 < 34周、出生体重 < 1 500 g的早产儿分为标准早产儿配方奶喂养组（SPF组,n=31）、深度水解蛋白奶喂养组（eHF组,n=27）和母乳喂养组（对照组,n=28）,比较各组早产儿生长指标、喂养情况、血生化、住院时间及喂养不耐受、败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎、宫外生长迟缓（EUGR）的发生率。结果 SPF组、eHF组和对照组三组间院内体重、头围及身长增长速率、住院时间和出院时EUGR发生率的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;SPF组和eHF组胎便转黄时间明显短于对照组（P < 0.01）;SPF组的足量喂养时间明显短于eHF组和对照组（P < 0.01）,而后二者无显著差别;SPF组血清前白蛋白水平显著低于eHF组和对照组（P < 0.01）;SPF组和eHF组的出院Hb水平显著高于对照组（P < 0.01）;eHF组出院时血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比水平明显低于SPF组（P < 0.01）;各组喂养不耐受、败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 eHF和SPF均可用于 < 34周的极低出生体重早产儿开奶,且不增加EUGR发生率。     

肺表面活性物质联合布地奈德预防极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良的疗效观察

目的探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)联合布地奈德气管内滴入预防极低出生体重早产儿支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的临床疗效。方法选取胎龄32周的患有宫内感染的呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)(Ⅲ或Ⅳ级)的极低出生体重儿30例,随机分成PS+布地奈德组(15例)和PS组(15例)。比较两组血气分析、氧合指数(OI)、呼吸机使用时间、吸氧时间、BPD发生率、纠正胎龄36周时病死率以及其他并发症的发生率。结果 PS+布地奈德组患儿BPD发生率低于PS组,呼吸机使用时间和吸氧时间明显短于PS组(P0.05);给药后第2~6天,PS+布地奈德组pH、OI均高于PS组,PaCO——2均低于PS组,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间纠正胎龄36周时病死率以及其他并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 PS联合布地奈德气管内滴入能有效降低重度NRDS极低出生体重早产儿BPD的发生率。     

极低出生体重儿母乳喂养与配方乳喂养的比较

目的探讨极低出生体重儿在进行母乳喂养、早产儿配方乳喂养条件下黄疸消退、体重增长、耐受全胃肠营养的时间及常见并发症的区别。方法对2002年10月至2005年4月我科收治的111例极低出生体重儿提供母乳喂养的39例,另72例采用早产儿配方乳喂养,观察两组在黄疸消退日龄、回升到出生体重日龄、过渡到全胃肠道营养日龄、住院天数等的差别,并比较两组在喂养不耐受、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、酸中毒的发生率方面的不同。结果两组过渡到全胃肠道营养日龄的差异有统计学意义(t=15.06,P<0.01);两组在喂养不耐受和酸中毒发生率的差异也有统计学意义(χ2分别为4.203和4.811,P<0.05);黄疸消退日龄、回升到出生体重日龄差异两组无统计学意义(t值分别为0.70和0.27,P>0.05);新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率的两组差异也无统计学意义(χ2=0.01,P>0.05)。结论在极低出生体重儿应积极进行母乳喂养,这对于早日过渡到全胃肠道营养、减少喂养不耐受发生率、缩短住院天数、降低酸中毒发生率均有积极作用。     

极低出生体重儿母乳喂养与配方乳喂养的比较

目的 探讨极低出生体重儿在进行母乳喂养、早产儿配方乳喂养条件下黄疸消退、体重增长、耐受全胃肠营养的时间及常见并发症的区别.方法 对2002年10月至2005年4月我科收治的111例极低出生体重儿提供母乳喂养的39例,另72例采用早产儿配方乳喂养,观察两组在黄疸消退日龄、回升到出生体重日龄、过渡到全胃肠道营养日龄、住院天数等的差别,并比较两组在喂养不耐受、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、酸中毒的发生率方面的不同.结果 两组过渡到全胃肠道营养日龄的差异有统计学意义（t=15.06,P＜0.01）;两组在喂养不耐受和酸中毒发生率的差异也有统计学意义（χ2分别为4.203和4.811,P＜0.05）;黄疸消退日龄、回升到出生体重日龄差异两组无统计学意义（t值分别为0.70和0.27, P＞0.05）;新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率的两组差异也无统计学意义（χ^2=0.01,P＞0.05）.结论 在极低出生体重儿应积极进行母乳喂养,这对于早日过渡到全胃肠道营养、减少喂养不耐受发生率、缩短住院天数、降低酸中毒发生率均有积极作用.     

新生儿细菌感染标记物的研究进展

随着新生儿重症监护室的建立及呼吸机和肺表面活性物质的广泛应用,新生儿尤其是极低出生体重儿的死亡率明显降低。尽管如此,早发和迟发的细菌感染（以下简称感染）仍是新生儿死亡和致残的重要因素。严格的感染控制策略和宽松使用抗生素的政策并不能完全消除细菌感染的威胁。特别是早产儿和极低出生体重儿免疫防御机制不成熟和／或有缺陷,更易发生严重感染或机会致病菌感染。[第一段]     

肺表面活性物质与肺持续扩张压力联合应用治疗极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的：探讨肺表面活性物质（PS）与肺持续扩张压力联合应用治疗极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的疗效及临床价值。方法：选取2003年1月至2006年12月收住我院新生儿科的所有患新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的出生体重＜1 500 g、胎龄≤34周的极低出生体重儿90例作为研究对象,联合组应用PS与Infant Flow Advance系统提供的相对恒定的肺持续扩张压力联合治疗;PS组为单用PS治疗;CDP组单用Infant Flow Advance系统治疗。观察3组患儿治疗后1,6,12,24 h临床症状、体征、血气变化,并发症如肺部感染、慢性肺病及住院天数、早产儿视网膜病发生情况。结果：3组患儿治疗前PaO2,PaCO2,pH值比较无统计学意义,治疗后1,6,12,24小时PaO2,PaCO2,pH值与治疗前比较有明显改善（P＜0.01）,联合组PaO2,PaCO2分别与PS组,CDP组组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,联合组pH值与PS组、CDP组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3组患儿氧疗时间比较,观察组与PS组,CDP组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,平均住院天数联合组少于其他两组（P＜0.01）。结论： PS与Infant Flow Advance系统联合应用,可有效治疗NRDS,减少机械通气率,缩短氧疗时间及住院天数,从而减少有创通气相关并发症。     

固尔苏预防极低出生体重儿肺透明膜病的临床研究

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（newborn respiratary distress syndromeNRDS）即新生儿肺透明膜病（hyaline membrane diseaseHMD）多见于早产儿，其原因是由于缺乏肺表面活性物质（Ps）所致，占早产儿死亡原因的50％～70％，居早产儿病死率的首位，严重威胁早产儿的生命。此病易并发感染、肺出血、颅内出血、慢性肺部疾病（CLD）、动脉导管未闭（PDA）、早产儿视网膜病（ROP）等，严重影响患儿生存质量。及时有效地预防，对降低早产极低出生体重儿死亡率，改善其预后有重要意义。     

A human milk formula

In view of the possible deficits in the energy value and protein content of human milk when used for feeding low birth weight preterm neonates, a method has been devised suitable for use in a human milk bank for making milk formulae from human milk products. Human milk formula (HMF) is produced by adding, to whole human milk, human cream, obtained by separation by centrifugation, together with salt-free and lactose-free human milk protein, extracted by simple dialysis and freeze-drying. This human milk formula is, therefore, enriched in energy, human milk fat, protein and salts (which may be added), to approach the current concept of an ideal milk formula(e) for preterm infants. In addition, the increased concentration of antimicrobial proteins achieved in HMF may offset any losses in these proteins caused by pasteurisation.     

Microwave heating of infant formula and breast milk

Heating infant formula and breast milk in a microwave oven has become a common practice in many households. A review of the literature is presented to ascertain if there is evidence to support the safety of this practice, as well as to determine if microwaving affects the nutritional content of the heated milk. The results of a local community's survey are presented, which assesses parental use of microwave ovens in the heating of infant formula and parents' knowledge of the potential hazards of this practice.     

Determination of oxidative status in breast and formula milk

Aim: To investigate to what extent formula milk and stored breast milk, commonly used in hospitals, could be pro-oxidant sources for newborn babies. Methods: We determined total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation products, such as lipid peroxides, TBARS and conjugated dienes, in fresh and stored (at -20°C) samples of breast milk and in different brands of formula milk. Results: There were notable differences in the oxidation parameters in several brands of formula milk, particularly concerning the levels of lipid peroxides and total antioxidant capacity. No difference was found in the mean total antioxidant capacity between formula and breast milk, even if the vitamin content is much higher in formula milk than in breast milk. On the contrary, all the considered lipid peroxidation products were higher in human milk (HM) than formula milk (FM), and lipid peroxides were much higher in HM stored at -20°C. Many differences were found between different formula milks.

Conclusion: There was a conspicuous formation of lipid peroxides in HM stored at -20°C, which was probably caused by an increased presence of free fatty acids due to lipoprotein lipase activity during storage. Unexpectedly, even fresh HM had a higher concentration of lipid peroxidation products when compared to FM. This could be ascribed to the higher susceptibility of HM to degradation during analysis because of manipulation and light exposure. However, it is also interesting that the high content of lipid peroxides did not correspond to a low total antioxidant capacity in either breast or formula milk. This could signify that such levels of lipid peroxidation products might be present naturally in milk and HM after expression is subject to a strong peroxidation either at room temperature or at -20°C.     

Indices of protein metabolism in term infants fed human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula

Relationships between intakes of amino acids and total nitrogen, and blood indices of protein utilization were studied in 37 term infants fed either human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula as the sole nutritional source for 8 weeks. Biochemical analyses of two-hour fasting blood samples, and intakes calculated using three-day dietary records and direct analyses of milk samples were used to evaluate these relationships. Intakes of total nitrogen were positively correlated with plasma valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations (r = .46 to .62, P less than .01 to .001). Intakes of the four amino acids whose plasma concentrations were positively correlated with total nitrogen intakes plus four additional amino acids (threonine, tyrosine, histidine, and methionine) were correlated with their respective plasma concentrations (r = .41 to .74, P less than .01 to .001). These relationships have not been previously described in term infants. Compared with values in infants fed human milk, plasma concentrations of valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and serum urea nitrogen were elevated with whey-predominant formula and cow's milk formula feeding. Values for four additional amino acids (threonine, lysine, leucine, and isoleucine) were elevated with whey-predominant formula feeding. Data indicate that altering the whey-to-casein ratio and, thus, the amino acid pattern of formulas will not achieve the desired blood indices characteristic of human milk feeding without a reduction in the total nitrogen content of formulas.     

Aflatoxins in human breast milk

Breast milk from 99 Sudanese mothers was analysed for aflatoxins. Aflatoxins M1 and/or M2 were detected in 37 of the milks. No other aflatoxin was detected. M1 occurred alone in 13 milks, (mean 19.0 pg/ml), M2 in 11 milks (mean 12.2 pg/ml), and in 13 samples both M1 and M2 were detected. There appeared to be a linear relationship between M1 and M2 where both were excreted. No aflatoxin was detected in subcutaneous abdominal wall fat removed during Caesarian section from 15 women, but was present in three out of 14 bloods taken during anaesthesia. The presence of aflatoxins in mothers' milk showed no correlation with duration of lactation, the infants' nutrition, presence of aflatoxin in mothers' blood, or the infant's blood and urine. It is concluded that some Sudanese women excrete aflatoxins in breast-milk at levels similar to or higher than those considered safe in animal milk, for human consumption.     

Growth and development of premature infants fed predominantly human milk, predominantly premature infant formula, or a combination of human milk and premature formula

BACKGROUND: In a recent meta-analysis, human milk feeding of low birth-weight (LBW) infants was associated with a 5.2 point improvement in IQ tests. However, in the studies in this meta-analysis, feeding regimens were used (unfortified human milk, term formula) that no longer represent recommended practice. OBJECTIVE: To compare the growth, in-hospital feeding tolerance, morbidity, and development (cognitive, motor, visual, and language) of LBW infants fed different amounts of human milk until term chronologic age (CA) with those of LBW infants fed nutrient-enriched formulas from first enteral feeding. METHODS: The data in this study were collected in a previous randomized controlled trial assessing the benefit of supplementing nutrient-enriched formulas for LBW infants with arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Infants (n = 463, birth weight, 750-1,800 g) were enrolled from nurseries located in Chile, the United Kingdom, and the United States. If human milk was fed before hospital discharge, it was fortified (3,050-3,300 kJ/L, 22-24 kcal/oz). As infants were weaned from human milk, they were fed nutrient-enriched formula with or without arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (3,300 kJ/L before term, 3,050 kJ/L thereafter) until 12 months CA. Formula fed infants were given nutrient-enriched formula with or without added arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (3,300 kJ/L to term, 3,050 kJ/L thereafter) until 12 months CA. For the purposes of this evaluation, infants were categorized into four mutually exclusive feeding groups: 1) predominantly human milk fed until term CA (PHM-T, n = 43); 2) >/= 50% energy from human milk before hospital discharge (>/= 50% HM, n = 98); 3) < 50% of energy from human milk before hospital discharge (< 50% HM, n = 203); or 4) predominantly formula fed until term CA (PFF-T, n = 119). RESULTS: PFF-T infants weighed approximately 500 g more at term CA than did PHM-T infants. This absolute difference persisted until 6 months CA. PFF-T infants were also longer (1.0-1.5 cm) and had larger head circumferences (0.3-1.1 cm) than both PHM-T and >/= 50% HM infants at term CA. There was a positive association between duration of human milk feeding and the Bayley Mental Index at 12 months CA (P = 0.032 full and P = 0.073 reduced, statistical models) after controlling for the confounding variables of home environment and maternal intelligence. Infants with chronic lung disease fed >/= 50% HM until term CA (n = 22) had a mean Bayley Motor Index about 11 points higher at 12 months CA compared with infants PFF-T (n = 24, P = 0.033 full model). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that, despite a slower early growth rate, human milk fed LBW infants have development at least comparable to that of infants fed nutrient-enriched formula. Exploratory analysis suggests that some subgroups of human milk fed LBW infants may have enhanced development, although this needs to be confirmed in future studies.