经椎管椎体植骨在胸腰椎骨折中的运用

目的探讨经椎管椎体植骨在胸腰椎骨折中的运用价值.方法用AF系统固定及经椎管椎体植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折23例,并进行随访分析.结果骨折的椎体平均高度(%)术前60.83±15.50,术后95.96±11.16.6个月随访94.80±12.30(P<0.01、P>0.05),内固定物无发生断钉松动等.结论为建立脊柱的稳定,对椎体明显爆裂压缩的患者在手术复位内固定的同时行椎体植骨是必要的,经椎管椎体植骨,是一种较为方便可靠的方法.     

椎弓根固定结合椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨椎弓根固定结合经椎弓根椎体内植骨行椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效。方法采用椎管环形减压、短节段椎弓根螺钉系统固定结合经椎弓根椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折116例,其中93例获得随访。术前及术后随访行X线和CT检查,测量伤椎椎体中央高度值,比较植骨后椎体高度的恢复程度,同时观察植骨融合情况。采用配对t检验方法进行统计学分析。结果93例患者术后平均随访24.2个月,90%以上患者伤椎椎体高度恢复并维持良好,无塌陷。伤椎椎体中央高度值犤T12(3.14±0.41)cm,L1(3.33±0.34)cm犦与正常值犤(T12(3.26±0.38)cm,L1(3.47±0.61)cm)犦比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。未出现植骨操作引起的神经血管并发症。CT显示椎体内植骨块边缘模糊,融合良好,植骨块无吸收现象。结论后路椎管环形减压及内固定时,经伤椎椎弓根进行椎体内植骨行椎体成形术可恢复伤椎椎体高度,重建前、中柱的稳定性,预防术后椎体塌陷的发生。     

AF系统复位内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的分析AF系统复位内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的疗效.方法应用AF系统复位内固定和选择性椎管减压治疗胸腰椎骨折246例,其中椎体屈曲压缩型骨折132例,爆裂型骨折66例,骨折脱位型48例.合并脊髓神经损伤98例,其中完全性神经损伤32例,不完全性神经损伤66例.结果经3～18个月随访,采用摄X线片测定椎体前、后缘高度,前缘术前平均高度42%,术后95%;后缘术前平均高度92%,术后98%.Cobb角术前22°,术后降为3°.完全性神经损伤完全恢复4例,部分恢复20例,无恢复8例;不完全神经损伤完全恢复46例,大部分恢复20例.结论AF系统治疗胸腰椎骨折具有复位满意、手术创伤小、操作简单、内固定牢固、容许患者早期下床活动,是治疗胸腰椎骨折的良好内固定器械.     

AF系统复位固定加植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折

;目的　分析AF系统复位固定加植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折效果 ,探讨植骨的方式与方法。方法　用AF固定加植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折 72例 ,其中经椎管椎体植骨 4 8例 ,椎间植骨融合 12例 ,后路椎板关节突融合 10例 ,椎间融合椎体内植骨 2例 ,观察伤椎椎体高度 % ,Cobb角、椎体角、滑脱度的变化。结果　椎体高度 %、Cobb角、椎体角术前分别为 :5 6 .11± 8.5、19.85± 6 .6、2 0 .78+7.1;术后分别为 :95 .2 8± 10 .30、4 .79± 3.3、7.4 9± 3.9;1年后随访分别为 :93.36± 11.5、8.82± 2 .3、8.4 4± 1.5。结论　植骨是减少胸腰椎骨折内固定失败与并发症有效措施。必需根据不同的骨折类型采用不同的植骨方式 ,而经椎管椎体植骨是加强前柱抗压能力 ,维护椎体高度的有效方法。     

经后路椎体次全切除结合椎弓根内固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨经后路椎体次全切减压手术治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床疗效。方法 2006年9月~2008年6月共收治严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折21例,新鲜骨折20例,陈旧性骨折1例。按Denis分类均为严重的爆裂骨折,D型12例,E型9例。均采用经后路椎体次切除、椎管内减压、椎体间植骨融合后路钉棒内固定治疗。比较手术前后ASIA分级变化,手术前后即刻及末次随访时伤椎前缘高度、Cobb角及椎管容积变化,评价临床疗效。结果 21例均获随访,随访时间13～19个月,平均15.4个月。骨折脱位完全复位,无血管、神经损伤及内固定松动等并发症发生,脊髓功能除1例A级无恢复外均有不同程度的恢复,术后即刻椎体前缘高度(平均96.82%)、Cobb角(平均-4°)、椎管容积(平均98.79%)与术前椎体前缘高度(平均25.45%)、Cobb角(平均35°)、椎管容积(平均24.29%)分别相比均改善明显(P0.05),末次随访椎体前缘高度(平均96.74%)、Cobb角(平均-4°)、椎管容积(平均98.96%)与术后即刻分别相比均无明显改变(P0.05),末次随访时21例椎体间完全融合。结论对于严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折经后路椎体次全切可以同时对椎管充分减压,椎体间融合和三柱固定,在减少手术创伤的同时,能达到前后联合入路一样的手术效果。     

AF系统胸腰椎爆裂骨折初步观察及体会

[目的]观察AF椎弓根钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效。[方法]应用AF椎弓根钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折17例。[结果]随访8个月-3年，平均随访12个月。17例椎体前缘高度由术前平均30％恢复至平均95％，椎管内移位骨块复位率达90％，神经损伤的恢复按ASIA分级：A级中1例无变化，余16例均提高1-2级。[结论]AF椎弓根钉内固定系统能达到满意复位固定及椎管有效减压，是一种治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折理想的方法。     

经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的对照研究

目的探讨经伤椎椎弓根椎体植骨在胸腰椎爆裂骨折中的作用和疗效。方法采用经伤椎椎弓根椎体植骨，GSS-Ⅱ型系统复位、内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折22例，并与前期（2004年前）及同期未行椎弓根植骨的胸腰椎爆裂骨折26例作对照研究。术前、术后及随访时行X线及CT检查，观察椎体高度及矫正Cobb角有无丢失，内固定有无断裂、松动情况发生。结果治疗组全部病例获得随访，无一例发生内固定断裂、松动，治疗组与对照组在远期椎体高度丢失率、矫正后凸Cobb角丢失度方面有显著性差异。结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折经伤椎椎弓根椎体植骨、GSS一1型内固定后，可恢复伤椎椎体高度，重建前中柱的稳定性，防止术后远期椎体高度和矫正Cobb角的再丢失以及内固定的松动、断裂。     

前路椎管减压人工椎体支撑植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨前路椎管减压人工椎体支撑植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并神经损伤的临床疗效及应用价值。方法采用侧前方入路椎体次全切除椎管减压及人工椎体支撑植骨治疗7例胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并神经损伤。结果术后随访1～3年。患者神经功能改善程度按Frankel分级评定,7例均有1～2级的改善。结论前路椎管减压人工椎体支撑植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折可解除脊髓压迫、改善神经功能及能有效恢复和维持伤椎的结构和高度,是一种有效的方法。     

单纯椎弓根钉器械复位固定不行植骨融合治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折探讨

目的通过评价单纯椎弓根钉器械复位固定不行植骨融合这一方法对无明显神经损伤的不稳定性胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效,探讨其临床可行性。方法对63例(后突大于20°和/或椎体前缘塌陷大于50%)行单纯椎弓根器械复位内固定而不行植骨融合的无明显神经损伤的不稳定性胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者进行了最短为2年的随访,所有患者于术前、术后、及术后24月随访时拍正侧位X片以及行损伤椎体及上下相邻椎体的CT检查(其中63例获得了术前、28例术后即刻、以及25例术后24个月时的CT资料)。于侧位片测量Cobb角(通过邻近椎体)表示成角畸形程度;测量椎体前缘高度丢失表示椎体前部塌陷程度;于CT片上测量椎管正中矢状径(Midsagital diameter MD)表示椎管占位程度;于2年最后随访时63例均获得下腰痛评分表(Low Back Outcome Score,LBOS)。结果63例最后随访时LBOS评分优者46例(优良率88%),中5例(8%),3例(4%)为差;Cobb's角术前平均为20.1°,术后平均为6.2°,最后随访时为11.9°;椎体前缘高度丢失术前平均为49.1%,术后为17.4%,最后随访时为20.4%;椎管正中矢状径术前(n=63)平均49.8(%),术后(n=28)平均78.1(%),最后随访时(n=25)平均为91.7(%);有5例(8%)由于内固定部件断裂致内固定失败;最后随访时影像学参数(Cobb角、椎体前缘高度和椎管正中矢状径)与LBOS评分无明显相关性。结论单纯椎弓根钉器械复位固定不行植骨融合这一方法对无明显神经损伤的不稳定性胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效是满意的,对这种类型骨折治疗常规行后外侧融合是不必要的。     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折不切椎板AF钉复位固定椎板小关节植骨融合术

目的提高对胸腰椎爆裂性骨折不切后柱结构认识和重要性。方法对椎管狭窄率≤50%的胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴不全瘫病人,不切椎板AF钉内固定术,进行临床及影象学观察。结果经对32例病人半年至8年的随访,Cobbs角平均矫正17.94°(P<0.05),椎体前缘高度有统计学意义(P<0.05),椎管面积恢复至85%以上,Frankel分级都有一级以上的恢复。结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折病人,可行不切椎板AF钉内固定后外侧植骨融合术,但应严格手术指征。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.