Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities of the methanolic extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia modesta</Emphasis> leaves

The current study was aimed to evaluate Acacia modesta for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet activities. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in rodents using acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema tests. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the methanolic extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition (P < 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and suppressed formalin-induced licking response of animals in both phases of the test. In the hot plate assay the plant extract (100 mg/kg) increased pain threshold of mice. Naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p.) partially reversed the analgesic effect of the extract in formalin and hot plate tests. A. modesta (100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) exhibited sedative effect in barbiturate-induced hypnosis test similar to that produced by diazepam (10 mg/kg i.p.). The plant extract (50–200 mg/kg i.p.) produced marked anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay comparable to diclofenac and produced a dose-dependent (0.5–2.5 mg/mL) inhibitory effect against arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation. These data suggest that A. modesta possesses peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with analgesic effects partially associated with the opioid system.     

镰形棘豆总提取物的镇痛抗炎作用

目的研究藏药镰形棘豆总提取物的镇痛抗炎活性。方法使用小鼠扭体法和热板法观察镰形棘豆总提取物的镇痛效应,确定镇痛类型;采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法和大鼠棉球肉芽肿胀法观察镰形棘豆总提取物的抗炎效应。结果镰形棘豆总提取物经灌胃给药可明显减少由醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数(P<0.05),但是不能明显提高小鼠热刺激的痛反应时间;可明显减轻二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀程度和模型大鼠肉芽组织的增生。结论镰形棘豆具有良好的外周镇痛活性和抗炎活性。     

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 6-(4-chlorophenoxy)-tetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine in mice

BackgroundQUAN-0808 (6-(4-chlorophenoxy)-tetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine), a new phthalazine tetrazole derivative, was evaluated for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.MethodsXylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan (Carr)-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability hyperactivity in mice were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect; acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate responses for the analgesic activity.ResultsIn the present study, QUAN-0808 (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and indomethacin (Indo) significantly decreased xylene-induced ear edema by 33.3, 37.5, 46.6, and 45.1%, respectively, decreased Carr-induced paw edema at 1, 2, 4 h after Carr injection, and decreased the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) levels on the edema paw at 4 h after Carr injection; QUAN-0808 (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), and aspirin (Asp, 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased Evans blue exudation in acetic acid-induced capillary permeability hyperactivity model by 26.7, 28.7, 32.3 and 29.1%, respectively, and decreased the numbers of acetic acid-induced writhing response in 15 min by 40.4, 53.6, 66.4, and 64.5%, respectively. Morphine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency of the hot plate response by 136.5,117.4,67.5, and 22.7%, respectively, at 30, 60, 90, 120 min after intraperitoneal injection of morphine; however, QUAN-0808 (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) did not produce significantly antinociceptive effects in the hot plate test, suggesting that its antinociceptive action occurs via peripheral rather than a central-acting mechanism.ConclusionsThese results show that QUAN-0808 produced potential anti-inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive effects, and indicated that the antinociceptive effects of QUAN-0808 were related to its anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, as inflammation is a peripheral process, it is suggested that QUAN-0808 exerted peripheral effects. The peripheral effect mechanisms of QUAN-0808 may be related to a decrease in the production of PGE₂, NO, bradykinin and other inflammatory mediators.     

藏药镰形棘豆的镇痛抗炎活性

目的:对藏药镰形棘豆的镇痛和抗炎活性进行研究.方法:使用醋酸扭体法、热板法和福尔马林法确定镰形棘豆的镇痛效应和类型;使用二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀模型、卡拉胶诱导的小鼠腹腔炎模型和大鼠棉球肉芽肿模型探讨镰形棘豆的抗炎效应.结果:镰形棘豆总提取物经口服给药可明显减少由醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数(57.2%);还可对抗由福尔马林诱发的第二相疼痛(40.1%);但是不能降低小鼠对热刺激的反应性.在抗炎试验中,镰形棘豆总提取物可显著地抑制模型小鼠的耳肿胀程度(58.0%)和白细胞的迁移(59.4%),以及模型大鼠肉芽组织的增生(49.2%).结论:镰形棘豆具有良好的外周镇痛活性,对急性炎症和慢性炎症都有较好的作用.     

镰形棘豆经皮给药后抗炎镇痛活性有效部位的筛选

目的镰形棘豆经皮给药后,筛选其最佳抗炎镇痛有效组分。方法分离提取镰型棘豆的生物碱、总黄酮、挥发油部位,并进行组合,利用二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀法、热板法和醋酸扭体法筛选镰形棘豆不同有效部位镇痛抗炎活性的最佳组分。结果镰形棘豆总黄酮与挥发油有效部位组合物有更好的抗炎镇痛活性,其经皮给药后对小鼠耳肿胀的抑制率为90.22%;热板法实验中的镇痛率达87.85%;醋酸扭体法实验中镇痛率达73.23%,与阳性药效果相当。结论镰形棘豆总黄酮与挥发油组合物通过经皮给药方式有良好的抗炎镇痛活性。     

Antiinflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Mimusops elengi Linn

In the present study, 70% ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi Linn. bark was assessed for antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities in animals. The antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi (200 mg/kg, p.o) was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. Analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and Eddy's hot plate models and antipyretic activity was assessed by Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi (200 mg/kg, p.o) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at 3rd and 4th h and in cotton pellet model it reduced the transudative weight and little extent of granuloma weight. In analgesic models the ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi decreases the acetic acid-induced writhing and it also reduces the rectal temperature in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia. However, Mimusops elengi did not increase the latency time in the hot plate test. These results show that ethanol extract of Mimusops elengi has an antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity.     

Antinociceptive effects of the extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylopia parviflora</Emphasis> bark and its alkaloidal components in experimental animals

In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the antinociceptive activity of Xylopia parviflora bark using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin test in mice. The MeOH extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.)) had an antinociceptive effect demonstrated by its inhibitory effects on writhing number induced by acetic acid. Three alkaloidal fractions exhibited significant antinociceptive effects in three animal models; the chloroform-soluble fraction, including secondary and tertiary alkaloids, exhibited the strongest effect. This result supported its use in folk medicine as an analgesic agent. We tested the main alkaloids of these fractions for their antinociceptive effects to clarify the active components. (+)-Corytuberine (6.3 and 12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed very strong activity, had a significant antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing test (with 49.4 and 98.9% reduction of writhes), in the hot plate test, and in the formalin test (with 55.4 and 90.6% inhibition during the first phase, and 73.9 and 99.9% during the second phase, respectively). (+)-Glaucine (12.5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) showed strong activity in three animal models, too. The activity of these compounds was also observed following oral administration in the acetic acid-induced writhing test.     

Antinociceptive,antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Putranjiva roxburghii</Emphasis> Wall. leaf extract in experimental animals

The effects of the ether extract from the leaves of Putranjiva roxburghii (P. roxburghii) Wall. were assessed on nociceptive responses in mice by using writhing, hot plate, and formalin tests and the antipyretic activity was determined in yeast-induced fever in rats. Anti-inflammatory activities were also investigated using carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats and croton oil-induced ear and anus edemas. The ether extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) of P. roxburghii dose-dependently produced analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The extract had no significant effect in the hot plate test in mice. At the dose of 400 mg/kg, the extract significantly suppressed the licking activity in the late phase of the formalin test in mice and decreased fever induced by yeast in rats. The extract exhibited moderate inhibitory activity of inflammation in carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. The extract inhibited croton oil-induced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/ear) in mice. The extract decreased anus edema induced by croton oil at the high dose of 800 mg/kg in rats. The results indicated that the ether extract of P. roxburghii leaves possesses analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities.     

Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of a Hydroethanolic Extract of Tamarindus indica Leaves

The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive potential of a hydroethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. leaves (HTI) along with its possible mode of action. The anti-inflammatory activity of HTI was estimated by carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in male Wistar albino rats. Furthermore, HTI was assessed to determine its effects on membrane stabilization. The antinociceptive action was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing, tail-flick, and the hot plate model. Oral administration of HTI at the dose of 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg body weight produced significant (P< 0.01) anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive actions in a dose-dependent manner. Among all tested doses, 1000 mg/kg, p. o. reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Moreover, the 1000 mg/kg dose exhibited maximum percentage inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing (48.9%), whereas standard drug diclofenac (25 mg/kg, p. o.) showed maximum inhibition (50.9%) of writhing. In the hot plate model, HTI (1000 mg/kg, orally) increased mean basal reaction time after 120 min (7.12±0.05 sec). In the tail flick model, HTI increased the maximum percentage of latency (36.06%), whereas the standard drug pethidine (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) showed maximum percentage of latency (43.85%) after 60 min. The findings of the present study supported anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive claims of T. indica as were mentioned in Indian traditional and folklore practices.     

颈舒胶囊抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的:对颈舒胶囊进行抗炎、镇痛等有关药效学方面的实验研究.方法:采用角叉菜胶致炎法、二甲苯致耳廓肿胀法、热板法、扭体法等多种动物模型和方法.结果:颈舒胶囊对二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓肿胀及角叉菜胶引起的大鼠足跖肿胀有较好的抑制作用,可抑制冰醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性亢进,对大鼠棉球肉芽肿有较好的抑制作用;对小鼠热板致痛及醋酸诱发的小鼠腹痛有较好的镇痛作用;对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的足跖肿胀有较好的治疗作用.结论:颈舒胶囊有抗炎、镇痛、消肿等作用.     

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Oroxylum indicum

We aimed to study phytochemical screening and analgesic activity of ethanol extract of Oroxylum indicum. The dried powder of the barks of the plant was extracted with 95% ethanol and was subjected to various phytochemical tests to ascertain the principle constituents contained in the extract. The result revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides in the ethanol extract of Oroxylum indicum. The extract was screened for analgesic activity by using hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin test. The ethanol extract of the plant at two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significant (P<0.05) analgesic effect in all test methods (hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin). The analgesic activity was compared with a standard drug (ketorolac at 10 mg/kg). Based on the present findings and previous literature review it can be concluded that flavonoids and tannins might be responsible for the analgesic activity. We suggest that ethanol extract of Oroxylum indicum might have potential chemical constituents that could be used in the future for the development of novel analgesic agent.     

Studies on anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella F. seed oil in experimental animal models

Caesalpinia bonducella FLEMING (Caesalpiniaceae) plant is well known for its medicinal and therapeutic values in Indian Ayurveda. However, to be clinically useful, more scientific data are needed. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of C. bonducella seed oil on acute and chronic inflammation. To assess the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, varied concentrations of the seed oil of C. bonducella (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) were tested in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate reaction time in experimental rats. The paw volumes, pyrexia and writhes in experimental rats were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) as compared to that of control, and hot plate test showed significant licking effect in rats. These results clearly indicate that the oil of C. bonducella seeds could be a potential source for using as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic agent.     

Chronic glucokinase activation reduces glycaemia and improves glucose tolerance in high-fat diet fed mice

The present study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive profile of caffeic acid in mice and rats. Caffeic acid (5-100 mg/kg, p.o.), in a dose dependent manner inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and late phase of formalin-induced pain in mice, with an ED(50) of 22.38 and 10.92 mg/kg, respectively. However, caffeic acid was ineffective in the hot plate and tail flick tests. Analgesic activity was also examined in carrageenan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in rats, where locally induced myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels in foot pad were estimated by colorimetric assay. Oral administration of caffeic acid (200mg/kg, p.o.) showed analgesic activity similar to nimesulide (4 mg/kg, p.o.) and inhibited MPO, MDA and nitrite generation in the inflamed paw. Histological examination revealed reduction in neutrophil infiltration and protection of tissue damage by caffeic acid. These results suggest that caffeic acid exhibits peripheral analgesic effect in mice and rats and could be further examined for the treatment of chronic painful episodes.     

Pharmacological studies of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp, a potent hypotensive plant

Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp., (Fam: Verbenaceae) locally known is "NEFAFU" is widely used for curing various diseases. Here some pharmacological properties of this plant were studied using rat & mice of either sex. Methanol extract (MLE) of various concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/kg of body wt) were tested on animals. Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema model with three hours for oedema formation was used to test anti-inflammatory activity. It was observed that the plant extract significantly inhibits the Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema. The acetic acid induced writhing test by injecting 0.6% acetic acid (i.p.) followed by injecting MLE & tail immersion test, both in hot & cold water was used to test the analgesic effect of the plant. In all the four experiments MLE (200 mg/kg, of body wt.) has been found mostly effective in inhibiting Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema, the number of writhings induced by acetic acid & elevated pain threshold in hot & cold-water test. It reduced the number of abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid and elevated pain threshold in hot tail flick test. The effect of methanol extract (MLE) on phenobarbitone induced sleeping time was also tested, here again MLE (200 mg/kg of body wt) showed remarkable prolongation in sleeping time. Seasonal variation on the activities of the plant extract was also investigated in the study. The plant samples were collected in the months of January and July of the year. It has been observed that the January collection of the plant showed higher activities in most of the parameters in these experiments and also showed significantly higher values in the proximate analysis. The leaves of the C. colebrookianum were practically found to be non-toxic.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of 6α,7β–dihydroxy-vouacapan-17β-oic acid isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pterodon emarginatus</Emphasis> Vog. fruits

6α,7β-dihydroxy-vouacapan-17β-oic (tricyclic furanoid diterpene; DHVO) acid was isolated from the hexane extract of Pterodon emarginatus fruits and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects using an assay that induces paw oedema with carrageenan, dextran and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in rats and the writhing and formalin tests in mice. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg DHVO significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced oedema formation by 24% (p < 0.05). This treatment did not inhibit dextran-induced oedema but was effective when the inflammatory effect was triggered by PGE₂, inhibiting oedema formation by 39% (p < 0.05). In the writhing test, doses of 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg resulted in a dose-dependent effect with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.983 (F = 29.04, ANOVA). Doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg inhibited both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases (p < 0.05) in the formalin test but were not effective for increasing the lag time in the hot plate test. Together, these results suggest that DHVO has both anti-inflammatory and peripheral analgesic effects.     

肠炎冲剂解热镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究

目的：研究肠炎冲剂的解热、镇痛和抗炎作用。方法：用蛋白胨所致发热模型研究肠炎冲剂的解热作用；用热板法及扭体法观察其镇痛作用；用足跖肿胀法及耳肿胀法研究其抗炎作用。结果：肠炎冲剂能显著抑制蛋白胨所致体温升高；肠炎冲剂能明显延长动物对热刺激的反应潜伏期,并明显减少其扭体次数；该药也能显著减轻动物足跖及耳片肿胀反应。结论：肠炎冲剂具有解热、镇痛和抗炎作用。     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extract of Acacia karroo stem bark in experimental animals

The aqueous extract of the stem bark of Acacia karroo Hayne was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by a significant reduction in the number of writhes with two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) used when compared to the untreated control group. In the tail immersion test, the extract at the doses used (100 and 200 mg/kg) increased reaction time to pain after 30 min. of oral administration of the extract. Indomethacin at 10 mg/kg served as reference drug in all these tests. The results gave a scientific basis to the traditional uses of Acacia karroo mainly for wound poultices, eye treatments and cold remedies.     

国产湿痛喜康的抗炎解热和镇痛作用

湿痛喜康对角叉菜胶诱发大鼠踝关节肿胀、二甲苯诱导小鼠耳水肿、大鼠佐剂性关节炎、酵母诱发大鼠发热、冰醋酸诱导小鼠扭体反应和“热板”致痛反应等实验模型,有明显的抗炎、解热和镇痛作用。对角叉菜胶性炎症模型和小鼠扭体反应的ED_(50)分别为5.26mg/kg和5.5mg/kg。     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of novel oral aspirin-loaded nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion formulations generated using ultrasound cavitation

The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of novel aspirin oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) nano multiple emulsion formulations generated using ultrasound cavitation techniques. The anti-inflammatory activities of nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion were determined using the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The analgesic activities of both nanoformulations were determined using acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot plate assay. For comparison, the effect of pretreatment with blank nanoemulsion and reference aspirin suspension were also studied for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The results showed that oral administration of nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion containing aspirin (60 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan injection. Both nanoformulations decreased the number of abdominal constriction in acetic acid-induced writhing model. Pretreatment with nanoformulations led to a significant increase in reaction time in hot plate assay. Nanoemulsion demonstrated an enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to reference suspension while nano multiple emulsion exhibited a mild inhibitory effects in the three experimental animal model tests. The results obtained for nano multiple emulsion were relatively lower than reference. However, administration of blank nanoemulsion did not alter the nociceptive response significantly though it showed slight anti-inflammatory effect. These experimental studies suggest that nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion produced a pronounced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in rats and may be candidates as new nanocarriers for pharmacological NSAIDs in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and alleviating pains.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of 7-epiclusianone, a prenylated benzophenone from Garcinia brasiliensis

7-Epiclusianone, a natural prenylated benzophenone, was extracted from Garcinia brasiliensis Planch. & Triana (Clusiaceae), a native plant commonly known as bacupari and used in traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. As a result of the wide spectrum of biological activities attributed to polyisoprenylated benzophenones, the aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of 7-epiclusianone using two animal models. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema and peritonitis were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of 7-epiclusianone in rats. The acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests were used to investigate its antinociceptive activity in mice. At test doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg p.o., 7-epiclusianone had an anti-inflammatory effect as demonstrated by the reduction of paw oedema induced by carrageenan and the inhibition of leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. At the same doses, 7-epiclusianone inhibited nociception induced by an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, observed by the decrease in the number of writhing episodes. Additionally, 7-epiclusianone decreased licking time caused by a subplantar injection of formalin. Moreover, the hot plate test produced a significant increase in latency reaction, demonstrating an antinociceptive effect. The experimental data demonstrated that the polyisoprenylated benzophenone 7-epiclusianone has remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.