肺侵袭性真菌感染患者临床与影像学特征对真菌病原体的提示

目的：探讨肺侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的临床与影像学特征对真菌病原体的提示意义。方法于2013年10月至2015年10月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院呼吸 ICU 按序收集免疫抑制合并肺 IFI 的患者资料。IFI 诊断标准包括危险因素、临床表现、HRCT 特征与血清 GM试验或 G 试验阳性,符合2008年欧洲癌症研究治疗组织／真菌病研究组（EORTC ／MSG）临床诊断（probable diagnosis）的定义标准,并且抗真菌治疗有效。采用χ2检验比较酵母菌和霉菌患者不同临床与影像学特征的差异性。采用 Logistic 回归模型进行判别分析,以准确率评价判别效果。结果有143例纳入,支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）分离酵母菌108例（75.5％）和霉菌35例（24.5％）。危险因素主要包括糖尿病62例（43.4％）、慢性肺疾病46例（32.2％）、使用广谱抗生素（≥14 d）51例（35.7％）、恶性肿瘤33 例（23.1％）、使用糖皮质激素（≥14 d ）33 例（23.1％）、慢性肾病肾脏替代治疗23 例（16.1％）和免疫性疾病15例（10.5％）。这些危险因素在两类真菌病原体分布差异的比较结果显示,使用广谱抗生素（≥14 d）多见于酵母菌感染（P ＜0.05）,而有慢性肺疾病则有利于霉菌的产生（P ＜0.05）。纳入研究后合并细菌感染和使用机械通气的患者,酵母菌比霉菌多发（分别 P ＜0.05）。胸部 HRCT 表现为支气管肺炎-肺实变76例（53.1％）、块状影42例（29.4％）,小结节35例（24.5％）,大结节27 例（18.9％）,胸腔积液27 例（18.9％）,晕轮征20 例（14％）,以及空洞14 例（9.8％）等。这些影像学特征在两类真菌分布差异的比较结果显示,胸腔心包积液多出现在霉菌感染（P ＜0.05）。Logistic 回归模型判别两类真菌的结果显示,使用广谱抗生素（≥14 d）、机械通气和胸腔心包积液的判断价值大（均 P ＜0.05）,预测判别的准确率为77.6％。结论对于免疫抑制合并肺 IFI 患者,多数危险因素、临床和 HRCT 主要特征不能提示真菌病原体,而且 BALF 分离的非隐球菌之类酵母菌可能是伴随菌或定植菌。     

Distribution of tick-borne diseases in Japan: Past patterns and implications for the future

The rapid geographical spread of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) worldwide has recently provoked significant concerns amongst public health authorities. Tick-borne pathogens are maintained in enzootic cycles involving ticks and wild animal hosts, with epizootic spread to other mammals, including livestock and humans. Despite the increasing public health concern, current TBD diagnostic tests and treatments are inadequate, and predictive models of future risks posed by TBDs are limited by the heterogeneity of environmental, vector, and host factors, even in neighboring regions. In recent years, infections resulting in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), Japanese spotted fever, and the scrub typhus pathogens have been reported frequently in addition to traditional TBDs in Japan. The Japanese archipelago is extremely elongated from north to south and its climate varies considerably, creating remarkable regional differences in tick species. The importance of continuous surveillance of TBDs has been growing in terms of geopathology – studies dealing with the relationships between geographic factors and the causes of specific diseases – in Japan and neighboring areas among eastern Asian countries, including China and Korea. In this review, we summarize detailed information regarding the history and epidemic status of human TBDs in Japan.     

侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床特征分析

目的:探讨侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)的临床特征。方法:回顾分析83例IPA患者的临床及影像学资料。结果:IPA患者的主要临床表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、喘息、呼吸困难、咯血。IPA患者的影像学表现多样,典型表现如晕征和新月征则较少见(主要见于免疫抑制患者)。83例中原发性IPA患者18例,均治愈;继发性IPA患者65例,治愈23例,好转出院25例,患者要求出院12例,病死5例。结论:IPA好发于有基础疾病和免疫抑制的患者,其临床和影像学表现不典型;原发性IPA较继发性IPA预后好。     

手足口病的临床特点及护理

<正>手足口病(HFMD)是一种较常见的病毒感染性疾病,其传染性较强,易在婴幼儿中发生流行[1],近年来有增加趋势。笔者对我院2009年4～8月收治的28例手足口病进行分析,报告如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料本组患者28例,其中,男18例,女     

安徽省两所地市级医院不明原因肺炎监测系统运行情况调查

目的 通过对住院急性呼吸道感染病例中符合不明原因肺炎（PUE）定义的病例进行筛查和调查,了解PUE监测系统在地市级医院内的运行情况,为PUE监测方案修订提供科学依据。方法 选择安徽省2所地市级医院,利用医院信息系统筛查新入院的符合PUE定义的病例,采集其临床标本进行病原学检测;通过查阅病历资料和面对面访谈,收集病历记录和患者回顾的两方面流行病学危险因素暴露史信息并进行比较。结果 2家医院共筛查出可能与PUE诊断相关的病例2 619例,其中335例（13%）被判断为PUE病例,仅1例以PUE病例进行了上报。筛查出的符合PUE定义的患者主要来自儿科（50%）和呼吸内科（30%）;重症监护室筛查出的PUE病例数占该科室筛查总数的48%,高于其他科室。有病原学检测结果的311例PUE病例中,18例（6%）呈阳性,且全部为季节性流感。303例（97%,303/311）病历中记录有流行病学危险因素暴露史信息,但与人禽流感等新发呼吸道传染病相关的流行病学危险因素暴露史记录较少。结论 目前的PUE监测系统病例上报率较低,运转不良,需对监测方案进行调整,以提高监测工作质量。     

伏立康唑治疗血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染

目的分析伏立康唑治疗血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）的疗效和安全性。方法69例血液病并发IFI患者，予以伏立康唑为主的抗真菌治疗，从临床表现、影像学和病原学3个方面评价疗效，同时观察药物的不良反应。结果伏立康唑治疗IFI总有效率67．3％。在病原菌明确的病例中，曲霉属和念珠菌属感染有效率均为70％，1例新型隐球菌感染为显效。单变量分析显示延长伏立康唑治疗疗程（P〈0．01）和患者基础病稳定（P=0．014）能显著提高疗效。多因素分析提示治疗疗程和基础病状况是影响伏立康唑疗效的主要因素。伏立康唑主要不良事件是神经精神症状、视觉异常和皮疹；56例可评价病例中8例（14．3％）因不能耐受药物相关不良事件而退出伏立康唑治疗。结论伏立康唑在治疗血液病患者IFI上具有广谱抗真菌功效，同时它所引发的不良事件较少且多能耐受。     

血清降钙素原在感染性疾病诊治中的临床应用

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)检测在感染性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用价值。方法对500例住院患者采用荧光免疫法检测患者血清PCT水平,检测结果分4个等级,正常值小于0.5ng/mL,超过0.5ng/mL为阳性阈值,10.0ng/mL考虑重度感染。结果在非细菌感染性疾病组中阳性率为11.3%、其浓度较低,以0.5~2.0ng/mL为主;细菌性感染组阳性率为83.5%,其浓度较高,多超过2.0ng/mL,且升高的程度与感染严重度密切相关。非细菌感染性疾病组及细菌感染组血清PCT水平差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论非细菌感染性疾病患者血清中PCT水平不升高或轻度升高,而细菌性感染患者血清中PCT水平则明显升高,且升高的程度与感染性疾病的严重度及预后密切相关。     

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in children

A multicenter, uncontrolled clinical study has been conducted to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in children. In this article, the safety and efficacy of L-AMB are discussed. Subjects were diagnosed with invasive fungal infection (definitely diagnosed cases), possible fungal infection (clinically diagnosed cases), and febrile neutropenia with suspected fungal infection (febrile neutropenia cases). Of the 39 subjects treated with L-AMB, 18 received a definite (11) or clinical (7) diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. In these subjects, excluding one unevaluable subject, L-AMB was effective in nine out of 17 subjects(52.9%). Of 12 febrile neutropenia cases, improvement in clinical symptoms, etc., was observed for six but these were excluded from the efficacy analysis because they concomitantly used medications that may have affected efficacy. The causative fungus was identified in four out of 39 subjects and confirmed to be eliminated by treatment with L-AMB in one subject. Adverse events possibly related to L-AMB (adverse drug reactions) were reported in 36 out of 39 subjects (92.3%). The most commonad verse drug reaction was decreased potassium in 20 out of 39 subjects (51.3%), but all these subjects recovered with appropriate treatment, for example potassium supplementation.In a Japanese Phase II clinical study of adult patients, the incidence of adverse drug reactions was 95.3%(82/86 subjects) and the efficacy was 63.6% (42/66). Taken together, these data indicate that the safety and efficacy of L-AMB are almost the same in pediatric and adult patients.     

Use of human immunoglobulins as an anti-infective treatment: the experience so far and their possible re-emerging role

Introduction: Pooled human immunoglobulins (IGs) are prepared from plasma obtained from healthy donors as a concentrated antibody-containing solution. In addition, high-titer IGs (hyperimmune) against a specific pathogen can be obtained from vaccinated or convalescing donors. Currently, IGs can be used for the treatment of a variety of infections for which no specific therapy exists or that remain difficult to treat. Moreover, the recent pathogen outbreaks for which there is no approved treatment have renewed attention to the role of convalescent plasma and IGs.

Areas covered: In this review, a historical perspective of the use of sera and IGs in humans as anti-infective agents (any viral, bacterial, parasitic infection), excluding immunodeficient patients, is presented from early development to the latest clinical studies. A Medline search was conducted to examine the peer-reviewed literature, with no date limits.

Expert commentary: Human pooled plasma-derived IG products benefit from the polyclonal response of every individual donor and from the interindividual variability in such response. The trend to increased availability of vaccines for infectious diseases also opens new potential applications of hyperimmune IGs for emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases (e.g.: Ebola, Zika, Dengue), for the prevention and treatment in the general population, healthcare personnel and caregivers.     

Castleman病的诊治(附8例报告)

目的探讨Castleman病的临床表现及外科治疗。方法对我院自2003年6月起收治的8例Castleman病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果Castleman病临床分为局灶型(LCD)和多中心型(MCD),LCD多表现为单发淋巴结肿大并周围卫星病灶,而MCD表现为全身多处淋巴结肿大。LCD7例行手术切除,MCD1例行手术活检,所有病例均经病理明确诊断。LCD手术切除疗效好。结论手术切除是LCD的主要治疗手段,仔细分离、结扎血管及剔除淋巴滤泡是手术的关键。而对于MCD,手术活检有助于明确诊断及指导进一步治疗。     

呼吸道传染病医院感染防控师资培训效果与分析

目的：探索我国综合医院呼吸道传染病医院感染防控的培训模式。方法：采用理论培训、案例讨论和现场实践演练的方式开展培训。结果：培训开始前知识水平评估平均70分,培训后平均90.2分;14个理论培训综合评估平均97.1分,分组练习综合汇总平均98.4分。结论：综合医院应建立师资培训队伍,正确设计培训课程,采取理论与实际操作相结合的形式加强呼吸道传染病医院感染防控培训。     

Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of Helicobacter cinaedi infection

Helicobacter cinaedi was first isolated from rectal cultures from homosexual men in 1984. In the 1980s to mid 1990s, the microorganism was mainly isolated from samples from homosexual men or immunocompromised patients; however, during the last two decades, H. cinaedi has been isolated from immunocompromised and from immunocompetent individuals worldwide. In Japan, the isolation of this microorganism was first reported in 2003. Since then, many cases have been reported in hospitals across the country. Despite many reports, the etiological properties and pathogenicity of H. cinaedi remain elusive; however, we are increasingly able to recognize some of the features and the clinical relevance of infection. In particular, a long incubation period is essential for detection in an automatic blood culture system and many of the recent isolates are resistant to both macrolides and quinolones. Furthermore, there is an association between infection and severe or chronic illnesses, such as meningitis or arteriosclerosis, in addition to mild diseases such as fever, abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, proctitis, diarrhea, erysipelas, cellulitis, arthritis, and bacteremia.In this review, we introduce the current knowledge and our latest findings relating to H. cinaedi.     

川崎病与不完全性川崎病临床特点的比较分析：多中心观察性研究

目的：比较川崎病（KD）与不完全川崎病（iKD）临床特点差异。方法通过多中心观察性研究,收集2007年至2012年湖州市第一人民医院,辽河油田中心医院,慈溪市人民医院3家三甲医院收治的234例KD患儿及48例iKD患儿临床资料。分析其临床特点和转归情况,比较两者临床特点差异。结果KD组患儿手足硬肿、指趾端脱皮、多形性红斑、眼结膜充血、口唇充血皲裂、草莓舌、颈部淋巴结肿大发生率均明显高于iKD组（P均＜0．05）,且KD组患儿以发热、球结合膜充血最常见,而 iKD组主要为指趾端脱皮及手足硬肿。KD组患儿中血红蛋白下降者及白细胞增多者比例高于iKD组,iKD组患儿中心肌酶升高者比例高于KD组（P均＜0．01）。KD组患儿多以多形性红斑为首发症状,而iKD较早出现的症状为球结合膜充血。iKD组患儿心电图检查示急性期窦性心动过速者比例高于KD组（P＜0．01）。iKD组对IVIG治疗不敏感者比例高于KD组（P＜0．01）。结论KD和iKD在临床表现和预后不尽相同,在诊疗是应积极分开对待。     

重症新型冠状病毒肺炎临床和肺部超声影像特点

目的探讨重症新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称"新冠肺炎"）肺部超声影像学特征，为临床诊治提供参考。 方法选择广州市第八人民医院ICU收治的29例重症新冠肺炎患者，其中重型15例，危重型14例，入ICU 24 h内进行肺部超声评分（LUS），同时收集患者性别、年龄、氧合指数（OI）和病程，计算临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）（由体温、OI、胸部X线片或CT、气道分泌物、白细胞计数组成）。 结果29例患者中男性23例（79.3%），年龄（62.59±11.91）岁，LUS（19.28±4.96）分，OI（184.24±66.18）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa），CPIS 4（3，4）分，病程（12.48±5.34） d，其中LUS与OI呈显著负相关（r=-0.742，P=0.000），与CPIS呈显著正相关（r=0.504，P=0.005）。危重型患者的LUS及CPIS明显高于重型患者，OI则明显降低，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05），两组间性别、年龄和病程比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。348个肺部超声检查区域中主要表现为B2征象，危重型与重型患者比较，N征象明显减少（9.5% vs 23.3%），C征象明显增多（17.3% vs 4.4%），病变区域比例明显增加（90.5% vs 76.7%），差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）；前区、侧区、后区肺部病变区域依次增加（63.8%，87.9%，98.3%），相互比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）；左肺与右肺超声征象分布和病变区域比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论肺部超声能床旁实时评估重症新冠肺炎患者肺部病变性质、范围，为重症患者的诊断和治疗提供重要参考依据。     

不同时机两性霉素B脂质体治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺部真菌感染的疗效及安全性探讨

目的 探讨不同时机两性霉素B脂质体治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并侵袭性肺部真菌感染（IPFI）的疗效及安全性.方法 本文回顾性分析我科2010年8月至2012年2月,COPD合并IPFI的28例患者应用两性霉素B脂质体的临床资料,其诊断标准参见中华医学会呼吸分会制定的《慢性阻塞性肺病诊治规范2007修订版》和《侵袭性肺部真菌感染的诊断标准与治疗原则（草案）》,观察并探讨了不同时机两性霉素B脂质体治疗COPD合并IPFI有效性及治疗时机选择等,治疗期间监测肺影像学、肝肾功能电解质、体温等变化,以观察两性霉素B脂质体不良反应.结果 临床诊断、拟诊各22、6例;抢先/经验治疗组有效率为76.47％,高于挽救/目标治疗组的45.45％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;疗程比较方面：挽救治疗组疗程为（22.32 ±5.45）d,长于抢先治疗组的（13.40±4.34）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;不良反应发生率比较：挽救治疗组不良反应率（57.14％）高于抢先治疗组不良反应率（39.29％）,且差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 两性霉素B脂质体是治疗COPD合并IPFI安全有效的药物,抢先治疗能提高疗效,且能减少不良反应发生率,临床工作中值得进一步研究证实.     

肯尼迪病的临床及肌电图分析

目的总结肯尼迪病的临床特征及肌电图表现,为早期诊断提供依据。方法回顾性分析2016年6月至2019年4月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院就诊的5例肯尼迪病患者的资料,所有患者均行肌电图检查。结果本组病例于就诊时均伴有肢体无力表现,但首发症状不尽相同。多数病例于就诊时临床症状主要表现为蹲起不能、上楼费力、行走困难、双上肢上举困难等。肌电图检查:4例患者出现感觉神经不同程度的波幅降低甚至不能引出,速度正常或轻度减慢。1例患者感觉神经传导速度及波幅正常。4例患者存在运动神经传导波幅降低,速度正常或轻度减慢。1例患者出现正中神经、胫神经F波出现率降低。5例患者四肢肌肉静止时可见少量自发电位,轻收缩及大力募集时存在广泛神经源性损害。肌电图检查时神经传导出现以感觉神经波幅受累为主,肌电图检查自发电位少,伴有肌肉神经源性损害时,结合相关临床表现,考虑肯尼迪病的可能。结论肌电图检查是一项方便、快捷的检查,对肯尼迪病可以起到很好的诊断及鉴别诊断的作用。     

小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化系统损害的临床特征及相关危险因素分析

目的观察分析小儿肺炎支原体感染合并消化系统损害的临床特征及相关危险因素。方法选取2014年1月至2016年12月在本院接受治疗的小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化系统损害患儿58例作为本次研究的观察组,另选取同一时间段内在本院接受治疗的小儿肺炎支原体感染未并发消化系统损害患儿58例作为本次研究的对照组。观察分析患儿的临床特征,并通过单因素和多因素分析小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化系统损害的相关危险因素。结果小儿肺炎支原体感染合并消化系统损害患儿的临床特征表现为恶心呕吐、腹泻、腹痛、急性肝炎、急性胰腺炎、急性胆囊炎及肝脾肿大等,其中恶心呕吐最为常见,占31.03%,而肝脾肿大较少见,占3.45%;两组患儿的年龄、病程等一般资料比较无显著差异(P>0.05),观察组患儿的发热时间及抗生素应用起始时间与对照组比较均有显著差异(P<0.05);经单因素分析显示,观察组患儿存在发热、发热时间>7d及抗生素的应用起始时间>病程的第5d与对照组比较均有显著差异(P<0.05);小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化系统损害与发热、发热时间>7d、抗生素应用起始时间>病程第5d呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化系统损害以恶心呕吐为主要临床特征,因易与小儿支原体肺炎症状混淆,应加强消化系统监测,及时检查。经多因素Logistic回归性分析,发热、发热时间超过7d及抗生素的应用起始时间>病程的第5d是小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化系统损害的独立险因素。     

Clinical viability of Fungitell,a new (1→3)-β-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-glucan measurement kit,for diagnosis of invasive fungal infection,and comparison with other kits available in Japan

Fungitell, a (1→3)-β-d-glucan (β-d-glucan) measurement kit, was approved in the United States in 2004. Three other kits for measurement of β-d-glucan, Fungitec G test MK (G-MK), β-Glucan test Wako (Wako), and β-Glucan test Maruha (Maruha), are commonly used for diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in Japan. We evaluated the clinical viability of the Fungitell kit and compared it with the 3 kits generally used in Japan. The plasma β-d-glucan values measured with each kit showed some differences, possibly because different β-d-glucan standards, blood pretreatment methods, and kinds of horseshoe crab (a raw material for the main reagent) are used in each kit. Measures of diagnostic efficiency, for example the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, varied among the kits. Although the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the kits were not significantly different, the sensitivity of the Fungitell kit was the highest, followed by that of the G-MK kit. The sensitivity of the Wako and Maruha kits was low, but the specificity of these tests was higher than that of the G-MK or Fungitell kits. These inconsistent β-d-glucan measurements could interfere with diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. Early establishment of an international standard method for measurement of β-d-glucan is required.