12例继发于桥脑出血的肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的 探讨桥脑出血继发肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析12例桥脑出血后继发HOD的MRI表现,12例均行MRI常规序列和扩散加权成像(DWI)、磁敏感加权成像(SWI)或梯度回波(T2*WI)序列扫描,2例行扩散张量成像(DTI)扫描.结果 MRI表现为同侧或双侧下橄榄核体积增大或无明显变化,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)呈等或稍高信号,DWI呈等或稍高信号,ADC图呈等或稍高信号,SWI或T2*WI呈等或稍高信号,其对原发出血病灶显示最好,DTI示病变侧纤维束稀少,3例并发双侧桥臂变性.结论 HOD多继发于桥脑背盖部出血,有特定的发病部位和较为特征的MRI表现,结合其原发病变可对HOD作出正确诊断.     

双侧肥大性下橄榄核变性MRI表现及其发生机制(附3例报告并文献复习)

目的 探讨双侧肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的MRI表现及其发生机制.方法 搜集3例双侧HOD患者的MRI与临床资料结合文献进行回顾性分析.结果 3例HOD患者中2例表现为下橄榄核T2WI呈高信号,体积未见异常(发病时间＜6个月).1例下橄榄核体积增大且T2WI呈高信号(发病时间为12个月);临床均出现腭肌阵挛、共济失调等症状;原发病变部分为双侧小脑齿状核、中脑中线处及脑桥被盖部.结论 双侧下橄榄核肥大有特定的原发病变部位,MRI表现因发病时间不同而异.     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的 MRI诊断

目的：探讨肥大性下橄榄核变性（ hypertrophic olivary degeneration , HOD）的MRI信号及大小改变特征,以提高对该病的认识和诊断。方法收集继发于脑桥、小脑病变的HOD病例27例,原发病变位于脑桥25例,其中海绵状血管瘤1例,挫裂伤8例,高血压性出血14例,梗死2例;原发病变位于小脑2例,其中小脑挫裂伤1例,小脑出血1例。所有病例均行T1 WI、T2 WI、FLAIR、DWI,8例行SWI检查,分析HOD的信号特点,测量下橄榄核径线。结果 MRI表现为下橄榄核体积增大,T2 WI均呈高信号,14例DWI序列呈等信号,13例DWI序列呈稍高信号,所有病例FLAIR呈稍高信号,10例T1 WI呈等信号,17例T1WI呈稍低信号。病变下橄榄核平均横径为（6．94±0．67）mm,平均前后径为（6．69±0．83）mm,平均纵径为（16．95±1．20）mm,下橄榄核前缘与延髓前缘平均间距为（1．37±0．56）mm。结论 MRI能清晰显示下橄榄核肥大变性,正确认识该病,可避免漏诊及误诊。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI浅析

目的 探讨肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的MRI特征与临床表现,以期提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析16例HOD患者的MRI表现,原发病变为脑干出血6例,脑干梗死3例,脑干挫裂伤1例,脑干脑炎1例,小脑出血4例,小脑肿瘤1例.16例均行T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR序列扫描,其中10例加做扩散加权成像和磁敏感加权成像序列.结果 MRI表现为单侧或双侧下橄榄核体积增大或无明显变化,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,FLAIR呈等或稍高信号,扩散加权成像上呈等信号,表观扩散系数图上呈稍高信号,磁敏感加权成像上无异常信号,对出血病灶显示最好.与原发性病变发生同侧HOD 6例,发生对侧HOD 4例,发生双侧HOD 6例.结论 MRI能非常清楚地显示下橄榄核的变性改变,但需结合临床病史、症状与体征才能对HOD做出明确诊断.     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI特点分析

目的探讨肥大性下橄榄核变性(hypertrophic of olivary degeneration,HOD)的MRI特点,提高对本病的认识,减少误诊。方法回顾性分析42例HOD的MRI影像特点。结果 42例HOD患者表现为单侧或双侧下橄榄体积增大、正常或萎缩,T2WI及FLAIR序列呈稍高信号,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,DWI及ADC呈等或稍高信号,同时合并有中脑、脑桥被盖部及小脑齿状核的原发病变。结论肥大性下橄榄核变性具有特定的原发病变部位,结合其较为特征性的MRI表现可做出较为准确的诊断。     

桥脑出血或梗死继发双侧小脑中脚Wallerian变性及肥大性下橄榄核变性的MR浅析(附5例报告)

目的探讨继发于桥脑出血或梗死并同时继发双侧小脑中脚Wallerian变性(WD)及肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的发病机制、MRI特征及其与原发病灶关系,以期提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析5例继发于桥脑出血或梗死同时继发双侧小脑中脚WD及HOD的MRI表现,同时根据MRI表现和解剖结合文献对其进行分析。5例均行MRI常规序列和DWI、SWI或T2*WI序列扫描。结果 5例中3例桥脑基底部背侧出血,均继发双侧HOD及双侧小脑中脚WD。1例桥脑右背侧出血继发右侧HOD及双侧小脑中脚WD,1例桥脑左背侧梗死继发左侧HOD及双侧小脑中脚WD。HOD表现为单侧或双侧下橄榄核体积增大,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,FLAIR呈等或稍高信号,DWI呈等或稍高信号,ADC图呈等或稍高信号,SWI或T2*WI呈等或稍高信号,其对原发出血病灶显示最好。双侧小脑中脚WD早期表现为对称性DWI图高信号,ADC图低信号,T2WI稍高信号,T1等信号;中后期表现为DWI图等或稍低信号,ADC图稍高信号,T1WI稍低信号,T2WI稍高信号。结论肥大性下橄榄核变性多继发于桥脑背盖部病变,并且有特定的发病部位和较为特征的MRI表现;双侧小脑中脚对称性异常信号不难发现,但当同时存在桥脑出血或梗死、HOD及双侧小脑中脚对称性异常信号时要考虑到是桥脑出血或梗死同时继发HOD及双侧小脑中脚的WD,而不要盲目的把它们误认定为是三个原发孤立病变。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI诊断

目的 分析继发于中脑及桥脑被盖束病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性（HOD）的MRI表现。以提高对该病7变的认识，资料与方法 回顾分析7例继发于脑干病变的HOD者的MRI表现，其中原发病变为血管畸形4例，高血压病脑干出血2例。颅脑外伤1例。结果 脑干病变后最早1个月出现下橄榄核信号异常，8个月显示最清晰，MRI表现为T2WI高信号，T1WI呈等或稍低信号，均位于原发病变的同侧下橄榄核。结论 桥脑及中脑被盖束病变可以引起同侧下橄榄核发生肥大性变性。MRI可以清晰显示HOD病变，可提高对该病变的认识。避免误诊。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI诊断

目的 分析肥大性下橄榄核变性（hypertrophic olivary degeneration,HOD）的MRI特征,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析6例HOD的MRI表现以及导致该病产生的病因,这些病例多继发于脑干或小脑病变.结果 影像学表现为延髓腹外侧局部肿胀,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI及T2-Flair均表现为高信号.结论 MRI能够显示出下橄榄核的这一特异性的退变,是诊断HOD的最佳方法.     

继发于小脑病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的　总结继发于小脑病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性 (hypertrophicolivarydegeneration ,HOD)的MR表现 ,提高对该病变的认识。方法　回顾总结 6例继发于小脑病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性的MR表现。结果　 6例病人中 ,原发病变为小脑半球出血 4例 ,小脑肿瘤手术后 1例 ,转移瘤 1例。年龄 40～ 71岁 ,平均 5 3岁 ,男 5例 ,女 1例。原发性病变位于右侧小脑半球 4例 ,累及双侧小脑半球 2例。自原发病变出现到进行MR检查时间为 4周～ 45个月。HOD在MR图像表现为T2 WI高信号 ,T1WI呈等或稍低信号。结论　MR可以清晰显示HOD ,提高对该病变的认识可以避免误诊。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的 总结肥大性下橄榄核变性(hypertrophic olivary degeneration，HOD)的MRI特征.方法 搜集继发于脑干和小脑病变的HOD病例15例，原发病变位于脑干9例，其中血管畸形出血4例，高血压脑干出血2例，梗死2例，脑干挫伤1例；原发病变位于小脑6例，其中小脑半球出血4例，小脑第4脑室肿瘤术后1例，小脑转移瘤1例。15例均做了MR平扫，2例做了增强扫描。结果 HOD表现为延髓腹外侧局部体积稍增大(共6例)，T1WI表现为等或稍低信号(15例)，在T2WI为高信号(15例)。原发性病变导致中脑红核或桥脑被盖束受损者，发生同侧HOD(8例)；原发病变导致小脑齿状核受损者并引起对侧HOD(4例)，双侧中央被盖束受损(1例)或双侧小脑齿状核受累及者(2例)，发生双侧HOD。结论 MRI能非常清晰地显示下橄榄核的继发性变性病变，可以提高对该变性的认识，避免误诊的发生.     

Carretera perdida: imagen de la degeneración neuronal secundaria

ObjectiveDistal nerve degeneration refers to the process of disintegration of a neuron or neuronal circuit as a consequence of distal damage. The end result of multiple etiologies, this finding is becoming common due to the increasing number of imaging tests done. This paper aims to define the different types of distal nerve damage, review the anatomy and function of the most commonly affected tracts, and illustrate distal nerve damage through diagrams and representative cases from routine practice.ConclusionKnowing the distant response that can be expected according to the topography of a neuronal lesion is crucial to avoid diagnostic errors. Axonal degeneration and transsynaptic degeneration can be both antegrade and retrograde. Studies of cerebral metabolism, perfusion sequences, and diffusion sequences are showing increasingly earlier changes related to the same process; radiologists need to be aware of these changes.     

锥体束华勒氏变性的MRI诊断

目的:探讨颅内病变继发锥体束Wallerian变性的磁共振表现,以提高对该继发改变的认识和诊断。方法:收集颅内病变继发锥体束Wallerian变性的患者23例,对原发病变及Wallerian变性的MRI表现进行分析。结果:所有原发病变均位于幕上,单侧发病22例,双侧发病1例,病变侧均出现锥体束信号异常,其中9例伴有同侧脑干体积缩小。结论:MRI诊断Wallerian变性有独特的优势和价值。     

MRI诊断获得性肝性脑部变性的价值

目的:探讨获得性肝性脑部变性(AHCD)的脑部MRI表现特征,评价MRI对AHCD的诊断价值。方法:对18例经临床确诊为肝性脑病患者进行头颅MRI扫描,其中3例行增强扫描,4例同时行腹部MRI扫描,分析其MRI征象。结果:18例患者脑部MRI扫描均有阳性发现,主要显示基底节区信号强度对称性增高,双侧豆状核(18/18),中脑红核周围(16/18),垂体前叶(10/18)快速自旋回波(FSE)T1WI均表现为高信号,FES T2WI信号正常17例,高信号1例。18例T2FLAIR信号正常。病变区脑结构的体积、形态无变化。结论:MRI T1WI双侧基底节、中脑等部位出现高信号影,是AHCD较为特征性的影像学表现,MRI是发现这些病变最敏感的方法。     

Changes in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in guinea pigs in cold exposure with and without ethanol

Summary The effect of hypothermia with and without ethanol on the myocardium and skeletal muscle was studied. Changes were observed in both muscle types. The mildest lesions were discoloration of the muscle cells with acid fuchsin and Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin staining, these being more marked in the skeletal muscle. Waving and contraction bands in the muscle were seen in hypothermia. The most severe lesion was a focus with oedema and haemorrhage, a reduced reaction of-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and fragmentation of the muscle cells, and this was more frequent in the myocardium. Occasionally discoloration, contraction bands and waving were also seen in the controls killed by a blow on the neck. The changes were more numerous in the guinea pigs given ethanol before cold exposure, and serum creatinine phosphokinase was elevated in the same group. Urinary excretion of adrenaline increased in cold exposure, but noradrenaline did not change significantly. Hypoxia, catecholamines, and sludging of the blood are discussed as possible aetiological factors for the lesions.This paper was presented in part at the 8th Scandinavian Meeting of Forensic Sciences, June 1979, in Sandefjord, Norway     

儿童肝豆状核变性的MRI表现

探讨ＭＲＩ在儿童肝豆状核变性中的诊断价值。材料与方法,对临床和生化证实２０例肝豆状核变性的儿童进行胸部及腹部的ＭＲＩ检查。结果９例有脑部异常信号,异常信号分布;豆状核８例,尾状核８例,丘脑５例,胸干１例,半卵圆区１例。结论ＭＲＩ对肝豆状核变性的诊断及预后具有重要意义。     

Lumbosacral interspinous ligament rupture associated with acute intrinsic spinal muscle degeneration

The objective of this study was to demonstrate lumbosacral interspinous ligament rupture, with or without related acute intrinsic spinal muscle degeneration.This study consisted of a prospective imaging analysis of consecutive 100 MRI studies in adult patients (mean age 56 years) presenting with low back pain. Alterations from the normal in the inter- and perispinal structures of the spine and perispinal soft tissues (e.g., spinal ligaments, perispinal muscles) were sought based upon studies on young volunteers without low back pain ( n=10; mean age 23 years). Compared with the group without low back pain, many index cases ( n=71, 71%) demonstrated hyperintensity (i.e., sprain or frank ligamentous rupture) of the interspinous ligament(s) on T2-weighted, fat-suppressed MRI studies at one (20 of 71, 28%) or multiple (51 of 71, 72%) levels. Associated intrinsic spinal muscle (e.g., interspinalis, multifidus muscles) degeneration was observed in a minority of cases overall ( n=7, 7%), but was only seen in association with cases also demonstrating interspinous ligament degeneration/rupture (7 of 71, 10%). Lumbosacral interspinous ligament sprain or frank rupture, as well as related acute-subacute autotraumatic intrinsic spinal muscle rupture/degeneration, may be overlooked by many observers if fat-suppressed, T2-weighted MRI is not acquired. These musculoligamentous alterations are on occasion the only abnormalities recognized on MRI of the lumbosacral spine and may theoretically be sources of low back morbidity that potentially may respond to specific therapy. Because this study was an observational one, based solely upon medical imaging, future research must focus upon the correlation of the relevance of these findings with an age-matched asymptomatic control group and longitudinal clinicoradiologic therapeutic trials.     

老年退行性心脏瓣膜病的临床分析

目的　探讨在临床上早期发现老年退行性心脏瓣膜病(DCVD)的意义。方法　对36例52岁以上确诊的老年DCVD进行回顾分析。结果　主动脉瓣受累率高(77.8％),常合并冠心病(69.44％),高血压病(41.67％),心电图异常(83.33％)。结论　退行性心脏瓣膜病与年龄呈正相关,并且易合并其它心血管疾病,易于误诊。对老年患者进行详细的心脏听诊和超声心动图检查,对早期诊断DCVD,防止并发症具有重要意义。     

Identification of fibers at risk for degeneration by diffusion tractography in patients at high risk for MS after a clinically isolated syndrome

PURPOSE: Focal inflammatory/demyelinating lesions are thought to be the source of Wallerian degeneration or other injury to local, transiting fiber tracts in the brain or spinal cord in multiple sclerosis (MS). A methodology is established to isolate connections between focal demyelinating lesions and intersecting fibers to permit explicit analyses of the pathology of secondary fiber injury distant from the focal lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A strategy is described and feasibility demonstrated in three patients with a clinically isolated syndrome and positive MRI (at high risk for MS). The strategy utilizes streamtube diffusion tractography to identify neuronal fibers that intersect a focal lesion and pass through a region of interest, in this case the corpus callosum, where distal (to focal lesion) interrogation can be accomplished. RESULTS: A sizeable fraction of the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in the early stages of disease can be defined in the corpus callosum, which is distinctive in that this tissue connects to distant demyelinating lesions. CONCLUSION: The new class of tissue called fibers-at-risk for degeneration (FAR) can be identified and interrogated by a variety of quantitative MRI methodologies to better understand neuronal degeneration in MS.     

基底神经节退行性变的神经保护策略

神经细胞死亡的 3种机制为代谢障碍、兴奋性毒性及氧化应激 ,它们可以独立或相互作用而导致神经退行性变的发生。 3种机制均对帕金森病 (Parkinson’sdisease,PD)和亨廷顿病 (Huntington’sdisease,HD)中的神经退行性病起重要作用。挽救或保护受损伤的神经元的策略通常包括促进神经元的生长和功能恢复或干扰神经毒性过程。本文就近年有关成功减轻帕金森病和亨廷顿病中的神经退行性病的神经保护策略进行综述如下。     

肝豆状核变性的脑MRI诊断

作者对８例临床确诊的肝豆状核变性脑ＭＲＩ进行了分析。结果表明异常信号分布广泛并且对称出现，以基底节、丘脑和脑干为著。病变形态及信号较具特点。Ｔ２加权像高信号较常见，其信号基础为继发于铜沉积的水肿、胶质增生或空腔，Ｔ２加权像低信号为本病特征性改变，系铜的顺磁性作用造成Ｔ２弛像时间缩短所致，它的出现对病程判断很有帮助。对ＭＲＩ与临床表现的关系也作了初步探讨。作者认为ＭＲＩ对肝豆状核变性的早期诊断、疗效