大黄酸对IgA肾病Peyer结T细胞亚群的调节作用

目的探讨Peyer结T细胞亚群失衡在IgA肾病(IgAN)发病机制中的作用及大黄酸对其的调节作用。方法采用牛血清白蛋白+LPS+CCl4法建立IgA肾病大鼠模型。将32只SD雄性大鼠随机分成对照组、IgA肾病模型组、大黄酸预防组和大黄酸治疗组。10周末采用免疫荧光检测肾小球IgA沉积,ELISA方法检测血清中Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ和Th2类细胞因子IL-4含量。用流式细胞术测定各组Peyer结CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+CD25+T细胞、γδT细胞亚群和IgA+B细胞(IgA+B220+)的比例。结果和对照组相比,模型组中Th2类细胞因子IL-4含量增加而Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ的含量降低(P均0.05);模型组中CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+、IgA+B220+B细胞比例升高(P均0.05);模型组中γδT细胞亚群的比例增加,CD8+T细胞、CD4+CD25+T细胞的比例降低,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。大黄酸预防组和大黄酸治疗组均可减少IL-4含量、CD4+T细胞比例、CD4+/CD8+比例和IgA+B220+B细胞比例,并提高IFN-γ的含量。结论 Peyer结Th细胞亚群失衡在IgAN发病机制中起到一定的作用,而大黄酸对Peyer结T细胞亚群平衡具有调节作用。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者的Th细胞亚群平衡失调的初步研究

为分析Th亚群平衡失调在系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE )发生发展中的变化特点 ,以ELISA法检测血清IL 10、IL 12水平 ,以细胞内细胞因子的流式细胞术检测SLE患者PBMC的不同Th细胞亚群分泌细胞因子的变化特点 ,应用三色荧光标记技术分析Th1/Th2细胞表型。结果显示 :SLE患者血清IL 10水平显著高于正常人 ,而IL 12呈低水平表达。SLE患者CD4 + IFN γ IL 10 + 细胞亚群百分率显著高于正常人 ,IFN γ+ IL 10 与IFN γ IL 10 + 细胞亚群的比值明显降低 ,IFN γ+ IL 10 + 双阳性的CD4 + T细胞亦显著增多。SLE患者的CD4 + CCR5 CCR3+ 细胞亚群百分率与正常人比较显著升高 ,CD4 + CCR5 + CCR3 细胞亚群与正常人比较 ,示发现有显著差异 ,CD4 + CCR5 + CCR3 /CD4 + CCR3+ CCR5 比值显著低于正常对照组。这些结果提示 :SLE高水平IL 10与IL 12的低水平表达呈负相关 ;患者体内分泌IL 10的Th细胞数增多 ;Th细胞表面趋化因子受体的表达提示SLE存在CCR5 CCR3+ 细胞亚群的优势活化、数量增多 ,CCR5 + CCR3 /CCR3+ CCR5 细胞比例失调 ,从而导致免疫网络平衡被破坏。     

结核胸液中ESAT-6多肽特异性多功能CD4+T细胞数量及功能分析

目的:检测ESAT-6多肽刺激后,结核性胸膜炎患者胸液细胞中CD4+T细胞细胞因子产生及多功能CD4+T细胞频率,了解ESAT-6特异性CD4+T细胞在结核局部细胞免疫应答中的作用.方法:分离结核性胸膜炎患者胸液细胞(PFCs),ESAT-6混合多肽刺激后检测CD4+T细胞细胞因子分泌、细胞亚群、多功能性CD4+T细胞频率及细胞因子平均荧光强度.结果:BCG、ESAT-6混合多肽和ESAT-6组蛋白刺激PFCs后,主要是CD4+T细胞分泌Th1细胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-2和TNF-α),而CD8+T细胞几乎不产生细胞因子.进一步分析ESAT-6混合多肽刺激PFCs后Th1细胞的亚群组成,依据细胞因子分泌的类型及数量,该特异性Th1细胞可以分为7个不同亚群,且各亚群所占比例不同,其中多功能性T细胞亚群(同时分泌IFN-γ、IL-2和TNF-α)比例较高.细胞因子荧光强度分析表明,依据细胞因子分泌类型的增加,单个细胞水平上不同Th1亚群中各细胞因子表达的量也逐渐增加,即3+>2+>1+细胞.结论:ESAT-6混合多肽刺激结核性胸膜炎患者胸液细胞后,主要诱导CD4+T细胞分泌细胞因子,且Th1亚群中包含多功能性CD4+T细胞,该细胞在单细胞水平上分泌细胞因子的类型和数量也显著高于其他亚群.可能在结核局部感染中发挥关键保护性作用.     

强直性脊柱炎TH亚群激活及T细胞活化状态研究

目的 :研究强直性脊柱炎 (AS)患者TH1 TH2细胞激活状态及T细胞活化状况 ,探讨其发病机理。方法 :运用流式细胞仪 (CBA)法检测 35例AS患者TH1(INF γ、TNF α、IL 2 )、TH2 (IL 10、IL 5、IL 4 )细胞因子水平以及外周血淋巴细胞CD3 、CD4 、CD8 T细胞、B细胞 (CD19 )、NK细胞 (CD16 5 6 )和CD3 HLA DR 、CD4 HLA DR 、CD8 HLA DR T细胞百分率 ,并与健康对照组比较。结果 :AS患者血浆TNF α水平、IL 2水平均显著低于健康对照组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,IL 10水平显著高于健康对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。CD3 、CD3 CD8 T细胞百分率显著低于健康对照。CD8 HLA DR T细胞百分率均显著低于健康对照 (P <0 0 5 ) ,CD4 HLA DR T显著高于健康对照 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :AS患者血浆低水平的TNF α、IL 2和高水平的IL 10提示其体内存在着TH1 TH2平衡的偏移 ;TH1激活程度低下 ,而TH2激活程度增强 ,细胞因子水平的改变尤以TH1细胞因子TNF α改变特别明显。AS患者在多个层面存在细胞免疫功能紊乱     

热休克蛋白70诱导抗肿瘤免疫的机制研究

目的　研究肿瘤热休克蛋白 70 (HSP70 )诱导的抗肿瘤免疫产生的机制。方法　用液相色谱法提纯小鼠肿瘤细胞株中的HSP70。通过动物实验观察HSP70的抗肿瘤作用 ,并用流式细胞技术测定HSP70免疫后小鼠外周血中T细胞亚群的变化。用ELISA法测定HSP70免疫后小鼠体内细胞因子的水平。结果　用HSP70免疫后 ,小鼠外周血中CD8+T细胞及几种主要Th1型细胞因子 (IL 2、TNF α、TNF β和IFN γ)均升高 ,与对照组相比较 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　HSP70免疫后 ,小鼠外周血中CD8+ T细胞及Th1型细胞因子均有明显升高。此作用可能是其诱导特异性抗肿瘤免疫的重要机制     

Th细胞因子在移植免疫中的研究新进展

Th细胞是T细胞的一种重要的细胞亚群 ,能分泌多种细胞因子 ,调节机体的免疫应答 ,在移植免疫中发挥重要作用。根据Th细胞分泌细胞因子种类的不同 ,可分为Th0、Th1、Th2、Th34个细胞亚群。Th0细胞被认为是其它亚群的前体细胞 ,在一定条件下可分化为Th1、Th2、Th3细胞。Th1细胞主要分泌IL 2、IFN γ、TNF α ,它主要介导细胞免疫应答。Th2细胞主要产生IL 4、IL 5、IL 6、IL 9、IL 10、IL 13,它主要介导体液免疫 ,而近来其在免疫诱导与免疫耐受中的作用正在被人们逐渐所认识。Th3细胞主要分泌高水平的TGF β和IL 1RA ,抑制免疫系统功能。本文就这些细胞因子在器官移植排斥反应和诱导免疫耐受方面发挥的重要作用做一综述     

肾病综合征患儿PBMC IL-10表达的研究

本文探讨白细胞介素 10 (IL 10 )在小儿原发性肾病综合征 (PNS )中的变化及其与病理形态之间的关系。应用逆转录 多聚酶链反应 (RT PCR )及ELISA法检测了PNS患儿PBMCIL 10mRNA及蛋白水平的变化 ,并分析其与病理形态改变关系。结果 :( 1)PNS患儿急性期IL 10mRNA与蛋白水平较正常对照组显著升高 (P均 <0 0 1) ;而缓解期与正常对照组相比较无显著差异 (P均 >0 0 5 ) ;( 2 )IL 10表达与患儿肾脏病理形态存在一定关系 ,系膜增生性肾炎及IgA肾病明显高于正常对照组 ,微小病变、局灶节段性肾小球硬化和膜增生性肾小球肾炎与正常组比较无显著差异。PBMCIL 10可作为观察病情活动、判断病理类型的一个免疫学指标。IL 10在PNS发病中可能具有一定的抗炎作用。     

在单个细胞水平上分析抗原特异性Th1/Th2细胞因子产生的关联性

目的　在单个细胞水平上 ,观察抗原特异性Th1和Th2细胞因子产生的关联性 ,为进一步阐明CD4 T细胞的分化 ,细胞因子产生的相互关系及其特征提供理论依据。方法　从OVA TCR转基因小鼠的脾和淋巴结中分离CD4 T细胞 ,在体外在抗原提呈细胞存在下 ,用卵白蛋白 (OVA)抗原多肽刺激 3d后 ,再以同样的培养条件刺激 5～ 6h ,固定细胞 ,然后进行细胞表面和细胞内细胞因子染色 ,最后利用流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平上分析Th1和Th2细胞因子产生的关联性。结果　抗原特异性CD4 T细胞经抗原再一次刺激后 ,分泌Th1(IFN γ和IL 2 )和Th2 (IL 4、IL 5和IL 10 )细胞因子。IL 12促进IFN γ的表达 ,控制Th2细胞的分化。此外 ,大多数抗原特异性CD4 T细胞只产生 1种细胞因子 ,1个细胞同时产生 2种细胞因子极少见。结论　在单个细胞水平上的研究结果表明 ,经抗原短暂刺激后 (3d) ,不同的CD4 T细胞亚群只产生 1种Th1和 或Th2细胞因子 ,同时产生两种以上者占有很低的比率     

Th细胞因子在移植免疫中的研究新进展

Th细胞是T细胞的一种重要的细胞亚群，能分泌多种细胞因子，调节机体的免疫应答，在移植免疫中发挥重要作用。根据Th细胞分泌细胞因子种类的不同，可分为Th0、Th1、Th2、Th3 4个细胞亚群。Th0细胞被认为是其它亚群的前体细胞，在一定条件下可分化为Th1、Th2、Th3细胞。Th1细胞主要分泌IL－2、IFN－γ、TNF－α，它主要介导细胞免疫应答。Th2细胞主要产生IL－4、IL－5、IL－6、IL－9、IL－10、IL－13，它主要介导体液免疫，而近来其在免疫诱导与免疫耐受中的作用正在被人们逐渐所认识。Th3细胞主要分泌高水平的TGF－β和IL－1RA，抑制免疫系统功能。本文就这些细胞因子在器官移植排斥反应和诱导免疫耐受方面发挥的重要作用做一综述。     

CD10和CD34双染色应用于增生性肾小球肾炎病理诊断

目的观察CD10和CD34免疫组化双染色在增生性肾小球肾炎病理诊断中的意义。方法利用免疫组化双染色法在一张肾活检组织切片上同时标记CD10和CD34,检测肾活检组织130例。光镜下观察肾小球固有细胞的显色情况,判断肾小球固有细胞的增生程度。结果肾小囊脏层及壁层上皮细胞被CD10标记,显示红色。肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞被CD34标记,显示棕色。肾小球系膜细胞和基质不被CD10和CD34标记,不显示红色或棕色。系膜增生性肾小球肾炎CD10(??)、CD34(+);毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎CD10、CD34均呈(???);膜增生性肾小球肾炎CD10(??)、CD34(+);新月体性肾小球肾炎CD10(??)、CD34(+);肾小球微小病变CD10、CD34均呈(??)。结论肾活检病理光镜检查包括HE、PAS、PASM和MASSOM等染色,结合CD10和CD34免疫组化双染色,能够更准确地对增生性肾小球肾炎做出病理变化和病理类型的诊断。     

Interleukin-17A promotes early but attenuates established disease in crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice

T helper (Th)17 cells might contribute to immune-mediated renal injury. Thus, we sought to define the time course of IL-17A-induced kidney damage and examined the relation between Th17 and Th1 cells in a model of crescentic anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Renal injury and immune responses were assessed in wild-type and in IL-17A-deficient mice on days 6, 14, and 21 of disease development. On day 6, when mild glomerulonephritis developed, IL-17A-deficient mice were protected from renal injury. On day 14, when more severe disease developed, protection from renal injury due to IL-17A deficiency was less evident. On day 21, when crescentic glomerulonephritis was fully established, disease was enhanced in IL-17A(-/-) mice, with increased glomerular T-cell accumulation and fibrin deposition, and augmented Th1 responses. Mice lacking the Th17-promoting cytokine, IL-23 (p19), also developed more severe disease than wild-type animals on day 21. In contrast, mice deficient in the key Th1-promoting cytokine, IL-12 (p35), had decreased Th1 and increased Th17 responses and developed less severe crescentic glomerulonephritis than wild-type animals. These studies show that IL-17A contributes to early glomerular injury, but it attenuates established crescentic glomerulonephritis by suppressing Th1 responses. They provide further evidence that Th1 cells mediate crescentic injury in this model and that Th1 and Th17 cells counterregulate each other during disease development.     

Th9细胞与自身免疫性疾病

Th1、Th2、Th17和调节性T细胞（Treg）亚群是CD4＋T细胞亚群中的重要成员,其参与了人类及动物自身免疫性疾病的发病过程.既往认为,IL-9是由CD4＋Th2细胞分泌的细胞因子,是机体免疫应答中重要的调节因子.最近研究表明,机体内可能存在着一群新型的具有分泌IL-9和IL-10能力的CD4＋Th细胞亚群,称之为＂Th9＂细胞.该细胞亚群与自身免疫性疾病的相关性尚不清楚.     

B7.1 and B7.2 co-stimulatory molecules regulate crescentic glomerulonephritis

The contribution of B7.1 and B7.2 co-stimulation to Th1-directed, cell-mediated renal injury was studied in a murine model of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) initiated by a "planted" antigen. Mice treated with anti-B7.2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), starting prior to disease initiation, developed more severe renal injury with increased glomerular crescent formation (p = 0.031), glomerular accumulation of T cells (p = 0.014) and proteinuria (p = 0.022) compared to mice treated with control antibodies. Mice treated with anti-B7.1 mAb had reduced crescent formation (p = 0.019) compared to control treated mice, but reductions in glomerular CD4(+) T cell accumulation and proteinuria were not statistically significant. B7. 1 mAb treatment significantly reduced all parameters of renal injury (above) compared to anti-B7.2 mAb treatment. Neither treatment altered the circulating antibody titer or cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity to the nephritogenic antigen. Antibody subclasses and antigen-stimulated ex vivo splenocyte IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma production did not indicate effects on Th subset responses. Treatment with CTLA4-Fc or combined treatment with anti-B7.1 and B7. 2 antibodies did not significantly attenuate crescentic GN. These data indicate that B7.1 and B7.2 are important co-stimulatory molecules involved in crescentic GN, which have opposing effects on disease development without altering the T helper cell subset response to the nephritogenic antigen.     

Increased T helper 1 cytokine responses by circulating T cells are present in women with recurrent pregnancy losses and in infertile women with multiple implantation failures after IVF

BACKGROUND: We aimed to study T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 intracellular cytokine expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) or infertility with multiple implantation failures after IVF cycles. METHODS: Twenty-six women with three or more RSA and 23 with two or more IVF failures (14 with no history of spontaneous abortion (SAB) and nine with more than one SAB) comprised the two study groups. Twenty-one non-pregnant healthy multiparous women served as controls. Proportions (%) of lymphocytes containing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10 and the Th1/Th2 ratios of IFN-gamma/IL-4, IFN-gamma/IL-10, TNF-alpha/IL-4 and TNF-alpha/IL-10 in CD3+, CD3+/CD8- (T helper) and CD3+/CD8+ (T suppressor) cells were measured by 4-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS: RSA women demonstrated significantly higher Th1/Th2 ratios of IFN-gamma/IL-4 (P < 0.01), TNF-alpha/IL-4 and TNF-alpha/IL-10 (P < 0.05 each) in CD3+/CD8- T helper cells than those of controls. The proportion of TNF-alpha producing CD3+/CD8- cells (P < 0.05), and the Th1/Th2 ratios of TNF-alpha/IL-4 (P < 0.05) and TNF-alpha/IL-10 (P < 0.005) in CD3+/CD8- cells were significantly higher in women with multiple IVF failures without SAB as compared with those of controls. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dominant Th1 immune responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes may reflect the systemic contribution of Th1 cytokines to RSA or multiple implantation failures in IVF cycles.     

Interleukin-7 activates human naive CD4+ cells and primes for interleukin-4 production

Interleukin (IL)-4 is considered to be essential for T helper (Th)2 cell development, yet in areas of primary T cell activation, CD4⁺ cells are its only source. This implies that other signals must drive the initial expression of IL-4 production. The role of CD28 co-stimulation in Th2 subset development has been described. However, in mice deficient for CD28, Th2 responses are diminished, but not abrogated. Cytokines produced within the lymphoid tissue, e.g. IL-7, may be important in the primary activation of naive CD4⁺ cells. We have found that human naive CD4⁺ cells purified from umbilical cord blood express the IL-7 receptor and respond vigorously to IL-7 during primary stimulation. Naive CD4⁺ cells grown in IL-4, in the presence or absence of IL-2, fail to produce Th2 cytokines upon restimulation. In contrast, IL-7 induces development of a population of T cells that produce large amounts of IL-4. Growth in IL-7 also increases IL-2-induced production of interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-10 production. IL-7-induced IL-4 production is not inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to IL-4 on its receptor. This implies that IL-7 acts directly to induce Th2 subset development and not by up-regulating either production of IL-4 during culture or expression of the IL-4 receptor. Moreover, IL-7 potentiates the effects of CD28 co-stimulation on both naive CD4⁺ cell proliferation and subsequent IL-4 production. Following primary stimulation, CD4⁺ cells lose expression of the IL-7 receptor, resulting in IL-7 unresponsiveness. This work reveals a novel role for IL-7 in the primary activation of CD4⁺ cells. We propose that in conjunction with CD28 co-stimulation, IL-7 induces the initial expression of IL-4 production and that IL-4 acts subsequently to expand Th2 cytokine-producing cells at the appropriate anatomical site.     

Similar co-stimulation requirements of CD4+ and CD8+ primary T helper cells: role of IL-1 and IL-6 in inducing IL-2 secretion and subsequent proliferation.

Primary murine CD4+ and CD8+ T helper (Th) cells provide help for various immune responses by secreting lymphokines which activate effector cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the co-stimulatory signals that, together with T cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking, induce phenotypically distinct primary Th cells to secrete IL-2 and proliferate. We isolated highly purified populations of primary CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and stimulated them in vitro with platebound anti-CD3 mAb. TCR cross-linking by anti-CD3 mAb induced both IL-2 receptor expression and responsiveness to exogenous IL-2, but was not sufficient to induce either IL-2 secretion or T cell proliferation. Rather, for both CD4+ and CD8+ primary Th cells, IL-2 secretion and proliferation required both TCR cross-linking and antigen presenting cell (APC)-derived co-stimulatory signals. Based on G-10 adherence and sensitivity to gamma-irradiation, the APC populations able to induce primary CD4+ Th cells and primary CD8+ Th cells to secrete IL-2 were indistinguishable. In addition, we found that either IL-1 or IL-6 could replace the requirement for APC-derived co-stimulatory signals for IL-2 secretion and proliferation by both primary CD4+ Th cells and primary CD8+ Th cells. Thus, the present study has examined and compared the co-stimulatory requirements of rigorously purified subsets of IL-2-secreting primary CD4+ and primary CD8+ T cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Phase I clinical trial of costimulated, IL-4 polarized donor CD4+ T cells as augmentation of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

The primary objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and biologic effects of administering costimulated, interleukin (IL)-4 polarized donor CD4(+) T cells in the setting of HLA-matched sibling, T cell-replete allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Forty-seven subjects with hematologic malignancy received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants and cyclosporine graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis after reduced intensity conditioning. Initial subjects received no additional cells (n = 19); subsequent subjects received additional donor CD4(+) T cells generated ex vivo by CD3/CD28 costimulation in medium containing IL-4 and IL-2 (administered day 1 after HCT at 5, 25, or 125 x 10(6) cells/kg). Studies after HCT included measurement of monocyte IL-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha, detection of T cells with antitumor specificity, and characterization of T cell cytokine phenotype. The culture method generated donor CD4(+) T cells that secreted increased T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and decreased T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines. Such Th2-like cells were administered without infusional or dose-limiting toxicity. The Th2 cohort had accelerated lymphocyte reconstitution; both cohorts had rapid hematopoietic recovery and alloengraftment. Acute GVHD and overall survival were similar in the Th2 and non-Th2 cohorts. Th2 cell recipients tended to have increased monocyte IL-1alpha and had increased tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion. CD8(+) T cells with antitumor specificity were observed in Th2 and non-Th2 cohorts. Post-transplantation T cells from Th2 cell recipients secreted IL-4 and IL-10 (Th2 cytokines) and IL-2 and interferon gamma (Th1 cytokines). Allograft augmentation with costimulated, IL-4-polarized donor CD4(+) T cells resulted in activated Th1, Th2, and inflammatory cytokine pathways without an apparent increase in GVHD.