2015年乌鲁木齐市7岁以下维吾尔族和汉族儿童体格发育及脂肪重聚年龄

目的了解乌鲁木齐市7岁以下维吾尔族和汉族儿童体格发育情况,并计算脂肪重聚发生年龄。方法通过分层整群抽样的方法,于2015年6月抽取乌鲁木齐市7个区、1个县7岁以下9682名维汉(维吾尔族)儿童(男童5139人,女童4543人,汉族6152人,维族3530人),测量其身高、体重、坐高、头围、胸围,比较维汉民族男女童身高别体重(weight for height Z-score,WHZ)的差异,绘制维汉男女童WHZ曲线并通过双变量随机模型和自然增长模型推算维汉男女童脂肪重聚年龄并进行比较。结果不同年龄组的维汉男女童比较发现,低年龄组体格发育差异较为显著,并且在婴幼儿期各项体格发育指标均高于高年龄组儿童;在维、汉男童WHZ比较中,0月~(t=4.277,P<0.001)、6月~(t=2.133,P=0.033)、5岁~(t=2.278,P=0.023)、6~7岁(t=2.503,P=0.013)及各段合计组(t=5.238,P<0.001)差异均有统计学意义,维、汉女童WHZ比较中,0月~(t=2.533,P=0.011)和1岁~组(t=-2.141,P=0.033)差异有统计学意义。7岁以下维、汉男童超重和肥胖总体检出率高于女童(超重率:维族男童7.97%,女童5.46%,汉族男童12.55%,女童5.90%;肥胖率:维族男童5.58%,女童3.48%,汉族男童7.73%,女童3.92%),而维族女童超重-肥胖比(OOR=1.57)高于男童(OOR=1.43),汉族女童超重-肥胖比(OOR=1.50)低于男童(OOR=1.62)。经数学模型计算汉族男童脂肪重聚发生最早[3.94(95%CI 3.54~4.33)岁],其次为维族男童[4.17(95%CI 2.70~5.72)岁]和汉族女童[4.56(95%CI 4.14~4.99)岁],维族女童脂肪重聚发生最迟[5.57(95%CI 4.00~7.13)岁]。结论 2015年乌鲁木齐市7岁以下汉族儿童超重和肥胖发生率均高于维族儿童,且汉族儿童脂肪重聚年龄早于维吾尔族儿童。     

上海市徐汇区民办幼儿园儿童肥胖状况

了解上海市徐汇区民办幼儿园儿童肥胖状况,为促进儿童健康提供理论支持.方法 收集符合要求的19 873名上海市徐汇区民办幼儿园儿童体检数据进行整理,对儿童肥胖状况进行分析.结果 上海市徐汇区民办幼儿园儿童总超重率为16.01%,总肥胖率为6.50%;男童的肥胖检出率为7.55%,女童为5.38%,两者相比较差异有统计学意义(x2=38.30,P<0.01);男童6~7岁超重和肥胖人数比例最高,分别为17.44%和11.04%;女童超重率最高为3~4岁年龄段的16.87%,肥胖率最高的为6~7岁年龄段的7.01%;轻度肥胖人数构成为57.86%,中度肥胖为35.71%,重度肥胖为6.43%;男童轻度(3.85%)、中度(2.81%)和重度肥胖(0.57%)的检出率均高于女生(3.52%,1.71%,0.31%).结论 上海市徐汇区民办幼儿园儿童肥胖状况较为严重,应引起幼儿园及儿童家长的高度重视.     

安徽省泾县6867名幼儿园儿童体格发育与贫血状况评价

目的了解安徽省泾县3~7岁幼儿园儿童体格发育与贫血状况,为采取相应的干预措施,进一步改善幼儿园儿童的生长发育状况提供依据。方法利用2012年安徽省泾县儿童健康监测资料,对其23所幼儿园6 867名3~7岁儿童的健康检查资料进行分析。结果安徽省泾县3~7岁幼儿园儿童中,男童、女童的比例分别为52.5%、47.5%,身高在各年龄组上均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,男童高于女童;男童和女童体重在5~7岁、6~7岁组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,男童体重高于女童,男童身高和体重以及女童体重仅在3~4岁组低于WHO推荐参考值,其余组均高于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐参考值;3~7岁幼儿园儿童中,超重、肥胖检出率分别为14.7%、5.9%;消瘦、生长迟缓、慢性严重营养不良的检出率分别为2.0%、4.3%、0.1%;3~7岁幼儿园儿童贫血患病率为11.5%,以轻度贫血为主。结论安徽省泾县幼儿园儿童体格发育总体状况良好,但存在营养不足和营养过剩状况,且贫血患病率较高。应采取措施加以控制。     

合肥市2020年10所幼儿园儿童超重和肥胖现况分析

目的 通过调查幼儿园身高体重,了解儿童超重与肥胖情况。方法 根据2020年合肥市某街道10所幼儿园1 954名儿童体重和身高检测资料,计算体质量指数(BMI),评估儿童超重和肥胖情况。结果 1 954名幼儿园儿童,超重和肥胖检出率为33.57%,其中超重率为20.06%,肥胖率为13.51%。4岁以下、4～5岁、5岁以上肥胖率分别为10.69%、13.43%和14.95%,肥胖率呈上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.012,P=0.082)。男童肥胖检出率(15.18%)高于女童(11.56%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.458,P=0.020)。结论 幼儿园的儿童超重和肥胖检出率较高,需加强对幼儿园阶段儿童,特别是男童的饮食和运动方面的健康管理。     

昆山市公办托幼机构3~7岁儿童肥胖现况

了解昆山市公办托幼机构3~7岁儿童肥胖状况,为制定儿童保健的工作目标及完善工作措施提供依据.方法 对2012年昆山市公办幼托机构体检资料,采用Excel建立数据库,使用统计软件SAS 9.1进行分析.结果 儿童总超重检出率为16.00%,男童以6~7岁组检出率最高,达17.41%;女童以3~4岁组最高,达16.86%,女童总超重检出率(16.48%)略高于男童(15.58%) (x2 =3.57,P>O.05).儿童总肥胖率为6.40%,男童为7.20%,女童为5.49%,差异有统计学意义(x2=28.53,P<0.01).男、女童均以轻度肥胖为主,占57.55%,检出率分别为3.84%,3.51%,差异无统计学意义(x2=1.86,P>0.05);男童中、重度肥胖检出率分别为2.79%,0.56%,均高于女童(x2值分别为31.83,9.99,P值均<0.01),男、女童各肥胖度检出率均有随年龄增加而升高的趋势.结论 昆山市公办托幼机构3~7岁儿童超重、肥胖营养问题突出,呈现出男童高于女童、高年龄组高于低年龄组、重度肥胖构成比随年龄逐渐增高等特点.     

西安市城区2013年0~6岁儿童超重肥胖流行病学调查

了解西安市城区2013年0~6岁儿童超重肥胖发病情况,为制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据.方法 采取整群分层抽样的方式,抽取西安市城区0~6岁儿童10 374名.以WH0 2007身高别体重肥胖标准作为诊断超重和肥胖的依据,将2013年西安市城区0~6岁儿童的超重/肥胖率与2005年全国同龄儿童进行比较.结果 2013年西安市城区0~6岁儿童的超重率为16.9%,肥胖率为8.2%.除3岁组与5岁组男童超重率高于女童(x2值分别19.696,11.756,P值均<0.01)外,其余年龄段儿童超重率性别差异均无统计学意义;除4~6岁组儿童肥胖率性别差异有统计学意义外,其余年龄组肥胖率性别间差异均无统计学意义.与2005年全国同年龄段儿童相比,西安市2岁和4~7岁儿童超重率均低于全国水平,<1岁和1岁组肥胖率高于全国水平,而西安市0~6岁儿童总体超重率低于全国水平,总肥胖率高于全国水平(P值均<0.05).5 498名男童超重率为18.3%(1 008名),肥胖率为8.9%(491名);4 876名女童超重率为15.2%(742名),肥胖率为7.3%(358名),男童均高于女童(x2值分别为17.898,8.677,P值均<0.01).西安市男童超重率、女童超重率均低于全国水平(P值均<0.01),西安市男童肥胖率与全国水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 西安市城区0~6岁儿童超重、肥胖率处于较高水平,制定预防儿童超重/肥胖的有效干预措施势在必行.     

基于微信平台的华东地区0~5岁儿童超重及肥胖的调查分析

目的 了解华东地区儿童超重及肥胖的分布特点,探讨基于微信平台收集数据的优缺点,为今后进行调查和制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据。方法 0~5岁儿童家长通过微信平台在线填写,19 793名儿童纳入分析,其中男童11 770例,女童8 023名,以2007年世界卫生组织推荐的身高标准体重值作为诊断超重和肥胖的指标。将本次调查儿童的超重和肥胖率与2006年中国九市超重和肥胖检出率进行比较。结果 本研究华东地区0~5岁儿童超重和肥胖检出率分别为10.1%和4.2%,男童肥胖的总检出率高于女童(χ²=14.965,P＜0.001),尤其0~1岁和2~3岁男童肥胖的检出率均高于女童(χ²=9.528和14.066,P值均<0.001),华东地区各年龄段儿童超重和肥胖的检出率均高于2006年中国九市水平。结论 华东地区0~5岁儿童超重和肥胖检出率较高,使用移动平台进行人群调查研究更快捷和简便。     

青岛市城阳区儿童超重、肥胖患病率调查

目的 了解青岛市城阳区儿童超重和肥胖患病现状.方法 以随机整群抽样的方法 , 抽取青岛市城阳区5 450名儿童测查身高、体重,以中国学龄儿童超重、肥胖筛查体重指数(BMI)分类标准计算超重和肥胖的患病率.结果 青岛市城阳区3～18岁儿童超重、肥胖总检出率分别为12.8%、9.0%,其中男童分别为13.9%、9.9%,女童分别11.6%、8.4%.4～7岁肥胖检出率女童大于男童,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).7～13岁男童和女童肥胖检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).13～18岁肥胖检出率男童大于女童,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 青岛市城阳区儿童超重和肥胖日益增多, 必须加强对儿童肥胖的防治.     

芜湖市弋江区学龄前儿童肥胖流行现状调查分析

目的了解芜湖市弋江区2015年学龄前儿童肥胖流行情况,为开展儿童肥胖预防与干预提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,抽取弋江区39所幼儿园,对7 502名在园学龄前儿童开展身高体重测量,计算儿童体块指数,分析学龄前儿童肥胖的年龄和性别分布特征。结果弋江区2~6岁儿童肥胖检出率为6.93%,男童与女童比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.875,P0.001);轻度肥胖检出率为4.30%,中度肥胖检出率在各年龄组差异有统计学意义(χ2趋势=7.021,P0.05);调查的7 502名儿童BMI均值为15.72±2.14 kg/m2,男童BMI均值高于女童,男女童之间BMI值差异有统计学意义(t=7.374,P0.001);除2岁组外,其他各年龄组男女儿童间BMI值差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论芜湖市弋江区学龄前儿童肥胖流行水平不高,鉴于3~6岁期间的脂肪重积聚特点,应建立肥胖早期干预机制,进一步控制儿童青少年期肥胖发生风险。     

张家港市0～24月龄婴幼儿生长发育调查

目的了解张家港市0~24月龄婴幼儿的生长发育情况,评价儿童保健工作效果。方法选取0~24月龄婴幼儿1 965人,现场调查体重身长,采用Z评分法评价儿童生长发育和营养状况。结果男女童体重、身长均值都高于同年龄同性别国家标准,且增长趋势与参考标准一致;男童的体重、身长指标均高于女童,差异有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率分别为0.97%、19.39%、4.99%。0~6月龄组超重检出率最高,7~12月龄组肥胖检出率最高。结论张家港市婴幼儿体格发育良好,但仍面临着超重肥胖的问题。     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

2011年温州城乡九所中小学生超重肥胖患病状况调查

【目的】 调查温州城乡中小学生超重肥胖的患病状况。 【方法】 2011年5-8月随机抽取温州城区、城乡结合部及农村中小学共9所学校进行整群调查。记录学生的一般资料,同时测量身高体重两项发育指标,计算体质指数,按照2004年中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的诊断标准,评价温州市中小学生的超重及肥胖患病状况。 【结果】 共9 657名在校学生参与调查,其中男生5 114 名,女生4 543名,平均年龄(14.95±4.53)岁,被调查人群中超重占7.6%,肥胖占2.6%,男生超重和肥胖患病状况均显著高于女生(9.8% vs 5.2%,5.2% vs 1.2%,P值均<0.01),各年龄段中以7岁儿童肥胖及超重状况最为严重(27.15% vs 7.955%),城区及城乡结合部超重肥胖患病状况明显高于农村(P值均<0.01)。 【结论】 温州中小学校肥胖和超重总患病约为10%,男性,尤其是城区及城乡结合部男生超重肥胖患病情况最为严重,需要引起高度重视。     

儿童铁和锌缺乏与营养素补充

营养性铁和锌缺乏症是严重影响儿童健康的常见营养素缺乏问题,在发展中国家是导致疾病负担加重和高死亡率的重要因素.铁和锌缺乏症每年引起约数万名5岁以下儿童死亡.婴幼儿是铁和锌缺乏的高危人群,摄入不足是造成铁和锌缺乏的主要原因.6～24个月婴幼儿的铁缺乏可对其智力发育产生不可逆的损害;锌缺乏是引起2岁以下幼儿生长发育迟缓的主要原因之一.补充微量营养素以及应用微量营养素强化食品可减少儿童铁和锌缺乏的发生,并具有较高的成本效益,应作为优先推荐的干预措施.该文就铁和锌缺乏的危害和干预研究进展作以综述.     

Efficacy of single and double doses of albendazole and mebendazole alone and in combination in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura in school-age children in Uganda

A randomised clinical trial was conducted in Kabale District, southwestern Uganda, to compare the efficacies of single and double doses of a combination of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) and 500 mg mebendazole (MBZ) with those of single and double doses of each drug given alone in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura. Infected pupils (n = 611) were randomised to six treatment groups. Three groups received either a single dose of ALB, MBZ or the combination (ALB+MBZ). The other three groups received either a double dose of ALB (ALB/ALB), MBZ (MBZ/MBZ) or the combination (ALB+MBZ/ALB+MBZ). All double doses were given 8 h apart. Children were followed-up weekly for 1 month. Cure rates were significantly higher using double doses compared with single doses (irrespective of drug; z = −4.02, P < 0.0005) as well as using the drug combination compared with single drugs (irrespective of doses; z = −7.64, P < 0.0005). Cure rates measured at Day 7 were significantly higher than on Days 14 and 21 after treatment (Day 14, z = 9.90, P < 0.0005; Day 21, z = 7.36, P < 0.0005). Geometric mean (GM) intensities of positives were significantly lower on Day 7 compared with all other subsequent days (P < 0.00005), and on Day 28 GM intensities reached pre-treatment levels (P = 0.096). Whilst there was no difference in egg excretion between single and double doses of the same drug or drug combination (F_(df1) = 0.28, P = 0.60), the combination treatment resulted in lower egg excretion than use of single drugs (F_(df2) = 50.90, P < 0.00005). All the tested regimens of ALB and MBZ had low cure rates against T. trichiura in Uganda, but both combination treatments showed satisfactory egg reduction rates 3 weeks after treatment. [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01050452]     

Relationships between distribution of lead in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro and inhibition of ALA-D.

Proteins in the ALA-D (delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase) fraction from gel filtration of erythrocyte supernatant (ES) have the highest affinity for lead among erythrocyte constituents in vivo and in vitro. It takes 20-40 hours for erythrocyte components to be equilibrated with lead added in vitro. AT low lead concentrations, under 60 micrograms/100 ml ES, the extent of decrease in ALA-D activity indicates the extent of lead saturation of ALA-D fraction proteins. The saturation is attained at 80-110 micrograms/100 ml ES. Although an appreciable amount of lead is also found in the haemoglobin fraction that contains certain factors concerned in ALA-D inhibition, lead responsible for inducing the inhibition is not bound to haemoglobin fraction proteins but to ALA-D fraction proteins. Of three treatments or agents recovering the enzyme from lead effects, zinc is the only one that can fully restore the inhibition.     

重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度调查分析

目的 掌握2019年重庆市医疗卫生机构放射诊疗频度,为有关单位开展放射诊疗监督监测提供基础数据。方法 采用调查表法,调查放射诊疗机构基本情况,X射线诊断、介入治疗、核医学诊疗、放射治疗等放射诊疗频度。结果 放射诊疗机构1845家,放射诊疗设备3769台,医学放射工作人员8647人。X射线诊断1843.0501万人次（应用频度594.2人次/千人口）,其中常规X射线诊断1300.7987万人次（应用频度419.4人次/千人口）、CT诊断460.7244万人次（应用频度148.5人次/千人口）、其他X射线诊断81.527万人次（应用频度26.3人次/千人口）。介入治疗7.1436万人次（应用频度2.3人次/千人口）,核医学诊断6.681万人次（应用频度2.15人次/千人口）,核医学治疗4340人（应用频度0.14人/千人口）,放射治疗1.6249万人（应用频度0.52人/千人口）。结论 重庆市放射诊疗资源配置与放射诊疗水平发展不平衡,建议有关部门进一步优化放射诊疗资源配置,提升放射诊疗发展水平。     

Heart disease mortality in cities of Latin America and in cities and regions of England and Wales

Death rates from heart disease in cities and regions of England and Wales, based on death certificates for 1963, are compared with death rates from the same causes in 10 Latin American cities, San Francisco, USA, and Bristol, England, derived from the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality which obtained histories and clinical records of fatal illnesses for the years 1962-64 by a sampling method. Death rates in Bristol derived from the 2 sources showed an agreement close enough to justify comparisons between official rates for England and Wales and the data for the Latin American cities.     

Dissipation and Residues of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin in Bananas and Soil in Two Agro-Climatic Zones of China

Residues of a fungicide suspension (12 % difenoconazole, 18 % azoxystrobin) in bananas and soil were studied under tropical and subtropical monsoon climates, in Hainan and Yunnan provinces, respectively. The half-lives in bananas were shorter in Hainan (difenoconazole: 8.4–10.7 days; azoxystrobin: 7.8–8.4 days) than Yunnan (difenoconazole: 11.3–13.0 days; azoxystrobin: 10.4–11.6 days), possibly because of the higher temperatures and solar radiation levels in Hainan. The half-lives in soil were shorter in Yunnan (difenoconazole: 15.5–16.7; azoxystrobin: 11.9–13.9 days) than Hainan (difenoconazole: 23.1–23.2 days; azoxystrobin: 16.0–16.1 days), possibly because the organic carbon content was higher and rainfall lower in Yunnan than Hainan. Their physico-chemical properties suggest difenoconazole and azoxystrobin should be stable in bananas and soil, but both decreased to safe concentrations by the minimum harvest time after spraying the mixture at the recommended dosage and 1.5 times that dosage, through physical, chemical, and biological processes.