室内空气中总挥发性有机物的热解吸-毛细管柱气相色谱测定法

目的:建立热解吸-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定室内空气中总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的方法。方法:用活性炭管吸附,热解吸进样,FFAP大口径毛细管气相色谱法对室内空气中24种挥发性有机物进行分离和测定。结果:24种挥发性有机物的线性方程相关系数为0.9963～0.9999,相对标准偏差为0.3%～7.8%,其中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的检出限为(0.5～1)×10-3μg/ml。结论:该方法操作简便,对仪器设备要求不高,准确灵敏,适用于空气中总挥发性有机物和低浓度组分有机物的测定。     

Measurements and health impacts of carbon black and BTEXs in photocopy centers

The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of carbon black and BTEXs at three photocopy centers and to assess the health risk following exposure. Air samples were collected by sampling in the breathing zone of workers during the class and examination periods. The results found that the concentration of carbon black before operation was higher than morning and afternoon in both class and examination periods. These levels are considerably lower than the suggested limited value set by OSHA. Toluene had the highest concentration but did not exceed of recommended exposure limit by NIOSH. The carbon black and toluene concentrations were higher in examination period than during the normal class period. The results from interview indicate that cough and sneeze are the highest symptom among workers. Carbon black and toluene concentrations in photocopy centers should be concerned in terms of indoor air quality and human health.     

气质联用法同时测定车间空气中多组分挥发性有机物

目的:利用气质联用法,建立一种高效、实用、快速、准确的车间空气中多种挥发性有机物的定性、定量测定方法。方法:用活性炭管采集车间空气中挥发性有机物,经二硫化碳解析后,气质联用法进行检测。结果:方法分离效果好,相关系数在0.99998-1.00000之间,相对标准偏差小于5%,回收率在92.32%~99.80%间。结论:该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、结果准确、适合车间空气样品中多种挥发性有机物的同时检测分析,在实际检测工作应用中取得了满意效果。     

室内主要挥发性有机物对离体培养胚胎发育的影响

目的探讨室内主要挥发性有机物对大鼠胚胎发育的影响。方法采用植入后全胚胎培养模型,将9.5dSD大鼠胚胎与吸入染毒的大鼠即刻离心血清共培养48h,观察空气染毒大鼠血清对离体培养胚胎生长发育和组织器官形态分化的影响。结果大鼠在模拟小室中染毒10d,染毒浓度约为现场检测最高值的2、4、8、16倍。在16倍剂量组,胚胎的平均头长为2.07mm、干重为0.53mg、发育评分为26.1,均显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),并出现畸形胚胎。结论高浓度挥发性有机物对大鼠胚胎具有胚胎毒性和致畸性。     

Evaluation of a real-time method for monitoring volatile organic compounds in indoor air in a Japanese university

Objective

Real time monitoring of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in rooms of Japanese university buildings was carried out to understand the temporal changes in actual indoor air quality.

Methods

The TVOC concentrations in seven different rooms, consisting of a lecture room, a seminar room, three laboratories, a computer room and a library, were monitored continuously for 24 h via a personal VOC monitor equipped with a semiconductor gas sensor. An active sampling-thermal desorption method using stainless steel tubes packed with Tenax-TA was also carried out simultaneously to verify the usability of the monitor.

Results

The TVOC concentrations measured by the personal VOC monitor were closely correlated with those measured by the active sampling method. The TVOC concentration in all rooms was generally low during the day and increased during the night. This concentration change corresponded to the ventilation cycle in the building. During the day, the TVOC concentration was generally lower than the provisional target criterion (advisable value) of indoor air quality in Japan (400 μg/m³). During the night, however, it exceeded this criterion in several rooms, especially during the summer season.

Conclusion

The real-time monitor using a semiconductor gas sensor can provide useful data on changes in the TVOC concentration in indoor air with high sensitivity.     

Migration of volatile organic compounds from attached garages to residences: a major exposure source

Vehicle garages often contain high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may migrate into adjoining residences. This study characterizes VOC concentrations, exposures, airflows, and source apportionments in 15 single-family houses with attached garages in southeast Michigan. Fieldwork included inspections to determine possible VOC sources, deployment of perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) sources in garages and occupied spaces, and measurements of PFT, VOC, and CO(2) concentrations over a 4-day period. Air exchange rates (AERs) averaged 0.43+/-0.37 h(-1) in the houses and 0.77+/-0.51 h(-1) in the garages, and air flows from garages to houses averaged 6.5+/-5.3% of the houses' overall air exchange. A total of 39 VOC species were detected indoors, 36 in the garage, and 20 in ambient air. Garages showed high levels of gasoline-related VOCs, e.g., benzene averaged 37+/-39 microg m(-3). Garage/indoor ratios and multizone IAQ models show that nearly all of the benzene and most of the fuel-related aromatics in the houses resulted from garage sources, confirming earlier reports that suggested the importance of attached garages. Moreover, doses of VOCs such as benzene experienced by non-smoking individuals living in houses with attached garages are dominated by emissions in garages, a result of exposures occurring in both garage and house microenvironments. All of this strongly suggests the need to better control VOC emissions in garages and contaminant migration through the garage-house interface.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定车间空气中的26种挥发性有机物

目的：建立能同时测定车间空气中26种挥发性有机物的GC—MS方法。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱联用法，选用DB-5MS毛细管分离柱，用活性炭采集车间空气中挥发性有机物，经二硫化碳解析，用GC—MS仪全扫描方式进行检测。结果：能简便、快速、有效地分离检测车间空气中的26种挥发性有机物。方法的相关性好（r〉0．9982），线性范围宽、检出限低，准确度、精密度高（RSD％〈2．67），样品加标回收率好（87．8％～104．6％）。结论：本法干扰小、分离度好、灵敏度高、结果准确、操作简便，对多种空气样品适应性好，适合车间空气中的26种挥发性有机物的同时检测分析。     

铁路工作场所空气中主要挥发性有机物快速检测技术的研究及应用

目的:建立铁路工作场所空气中主要挥发性有机物快速检测技术。方法:用活性炭采集工作场所空气中挥发性有机物,经二硫化碳解析后用毛细管气相色谱法测定。结果:28种挥发性有机物分离效果好,相关系数R>0.995,相对标准偏差为0.4%～6.5%,最低检出限符合国家标准检测方法的要求,回收率在96.5%～103.7%之间,解吸效率在83.5%～105.8%。结论:本方法简单、准确、可操作性强、适用于工作场所空气中多种挥发性有机物的快速测定。     

Asthma and the indoor environment: the significance of emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds from newly painted indoor surfaces

 As a part of the worldwide European Community Respiratory Health Survey, possible relations between asthma and emissions from newly painted indoor surfaces were studied. The participants (n= 562) answered a self-administered questionnaire, with questions on symptoms and indoor exposures, including indoor painting, during the last 12 months. The participants also underwent a structured interview, spirometry, peak flow measurements at home (PEF), methacholine provocation test for bronchial hyper- responsiveness (BHR), and skin prick tests. In addition, serum concentration of eosinophilic cationic protein (S-ECP), blood eosinophil count (B-EOS), and total immunoglobulin E (S-IgE) were measured. Current asthma was defined as a combination of BHR and at least one asthma-related symptom (wheezing and attacks of breathlessness). The information gathered on indoor painting was compared with exposure measurements of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOC) performed in a selected sample of the dwellings (n=62). Relations between exposures, asthma and clinical signs were calculated by multiple linear or logistic regression, adjusting for possible influence of age, gender and tobacco smoking. The prevalence of asthma was increased among subjects with domestic exposure to newly painted surfaces (OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.0–2.4), particularly newly painted wood details (OR=2.3; 95% CI 1.2–4.5) and kitchen painting (OR=2.2; 95% CI 1.1–4.5). Moreover, blood eosinophil concentrations were significantly elevated among subjects living in newly painted dwellings. A significantly increased prevalence of symptoms related to asthma, but not BHR, was observed in relation to workplace expo- sure to newly painted surfaces. The indoor concentration of aliphatic compounds (C₈–C₁₁), butanols, and 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) was significantly elevated in newly painted dwellings. The total indoor VOC was about 100 μg/m³ higher in dwellings painted in the last year. A significant increase in formaldehyde concentration was observed in dwellings with newly painted wood details. Our results indicate that exposure to chemical emissions from indoor paint is related to asthma, and that some VOCs may cause inflammatory reactions in the airways. To improve asthma management, and to counteract the increasing frequency of asthma, the significance of the indoor environment should not be neglected. Our study suggests that the contri- bution of emissions from paint to indoor concentrations of formaldehyde and VOCs should be as low as possible. Received: 6 November 1995/Accepted: 2 April 1996     

毛细管色谱法测定家具喷漆车间空气挥发性有机物

目的:为家具制造企业喷漆车间空气中的多种挥发性有机物提供快速准确的定性、定量分析方法。方法:样品用活性炭管采集,二硫化碳解吸后用毛细管柱进行分离、火焰离子化检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰面积定量。结果:该法分离效果好,检出限在0.37~1.97 mg/m3之间,相关系数在0.9992~1.0000之间,变异系数在1.5%~4.6%之间。结论:该方法简单,重现性好,精密度高,在实际检测中应用取得了满意效果。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法快速检测空气中14种挥发性有机物的含量

目的结合龙岗区实际情况,建立溶剂解吸一气相色谱同时快速测定工作场所空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、苯、甲苯、对一二甲苯、间一二甲苯、邻一二甲苯、苯乙烯、三氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、环己酮等14种挥发性有机物含量的检测方法。方法用二硫化碳解吸样品,以毛细管柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测。结果14种挥发性有机物在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r〉0．999,相对标准偏差1．2％～3．6％,最低检出质量浓度远低于职业化学中毒现场剂量水平,目标组分平均解吸效率在88．0％～103％。结论方法灵敏度高,重复性好,结果满意。关键词：挥发性有机物;工作场所,空气;气相色谱     

室内挥发性有机物的来源及其健康效应

挥发性有机物 (VOCs)作为一大类空气污染物 ,是近几年来室内空气污染的热点问题 ,现代人一天之中有 90 %的时间在室内度过 ,所以VOCs对人体健康有着极大的危害 ,本文主要综述了VOCs的来源、种类及其对人体健康的影响。     

吹扫捕集-毛细管气相色谱法测定饮用水中的挥发性有机物

目的：建立简单快速有效的方法,测定饮用水中的挥发性有机物。方法：采用吹扫捕集-毛细管气相色谱法,对饮用水中13种挥发性有机物同时进行分离、定性和定量检测。结果：不同的化合物的平均回收率在98.5%-103%之间,相对标准偏差均小于6.0%,该方法的检测限在0.001-0.0001 mg/L。结论：吹扫捕集-毛细管色谱技术不经有机溶剂萃取和浓缩,减少了损失,具有灵敏度高,受干扰少,定性和定量准确,操作简单等特点。     

Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments

The lifetime cancer risks of exposure of cooks and food service workers, office workers, housewives, and schoolchildren in Hong Kong to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their respective indoor premises during normal indoor activities were assessed. The estimated cancer risk for housewives was the highest, and the second-highest lifetime cancer risk to VOC exposure was for the groups of food service and office workers. Within a certain group of the population, the lifetime cancer risk of the home living room was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in other indoor environments. The estimated lifetime risks of food service workers were about two times that of office workers. Furthermore, the cancer risks of working in kitchen environments were approximately two times higher than the risks arising from studying in air-conditioned classrooms. The bus riders had higher average lifetime cancer risks than those travelling by Mass Transit Railway. For all target groups of people, the findings of this study show that the exposures to VOCs may lead to lifetime risks higher than 1 x 10(-6). Seven indoor environments were selected for the measurement of human exposure and the estimation of the corresponding lifetime cancer risks. The lifetime risks with 8-h average daily exposures to individual VOCs in individual environments were compared. People in a smoking home had the highest cancer risk, while students in an air-conditioned classroom had the lowest risk of cancer. Benzene accounted for about or more than 40% of the lifetime cancer risks for each category of indoor environment. Nonsmoking and smoking residences in Hong Kong had cancer risks associated with 8-h exposures of benzene above 1.8 x 10(-5) and 8.0 x 10(-5), respectively. The cancer risks associated with 1,1-dichloroethene, chloroform, methylene chloride, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene became more significant at selected homes and restaurants. Higher lifetime cancer risks due to exposure to styrene were only observed in the administrative and printing offices and air-conditioned classrooms. Higher lifetime cancer risks related to chloroform exposures were observed at the restaurant and the canteen.     

Post-Hurricane Katrina passive sampling of ambient volatile organic compounds in the greater New Orleans area

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near New Orleans, Louisiana, a major metroplex with petroleum industries. In response to the potential impact of the storm on air quality and to assess the exposures to toxic air pollutants of public health concern, the United States Environmental Protection Agency conducted passive monitoring of air toxics for three months, starting in late October 2005 through early February 2006, at up to 18 sites in the New Orleans area affected by Hurricane Katrina. The overall results of the passive ambient monitoring are summarized with the concentrations for the twenty-nine observed volatile organic chemicals, which include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, and the measured concentrations are compared with available health-based screening levels. The results of passive monitoring are also compared with those of the collocated canister sampling at one of the sites. The overall results showed that the outdoor levels of atmospheric volatile organic chemcals in the post-Katrina New Orleans area were very low and far below the available screening levels. The results also confirm the effectiveness of passive monitoring in a large geographical area where conventional methods are not feasible, electrical power is not available, and the need for sampling is urgent, as in the aftermath of natural disasters and other catastrophes.     

An evaluation of employee exposure to volatile organic compounds in three photocopy centers

Personal and area samples from three copy centres were collected in thermal desorption tubes and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Real-time personal total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were measured using a data-logging photoionization detector. Fifty-four different VOCs were detected in the area samples. The maximum concentration measured was 1132.0 ppb (toluene, copy center 3, day 1). Thirty-eight VOCs were detected in the personal samples and concentrations ranged from 0.1 ppb (1,1-biphenyl, p-dichlorobenzene, propylbenzene, styrene, and tetrachloroethylene) to 689.6 ppb (toluene). Real-time TVOC measurements indicated daily fluctuations in exposure, ranging from <71 to 21,300 ppb. The time-weighted average exposures for the photocopier operators on days 1 and 2 were 235 and 266 ppb and 6155 and 3683 ppb, in copy centers 2 and 3, respectively. Personal exposure measurements of individual VOCs were below accepted occupational standards and guidelines. For example, the maximum concentration was 0.3% of the permissible exposure limits (toluene, copy center 3). Exposures were highest in copy center 3; this is likely due to the presence of offset printing presses. It is concluded that photocopiers contribute a wide variety of VOCs to the indoor air of photocopy centers; however, exposures are at least 100 times below established standards.     

挥发性有机化合物与人群卒中死亡风险的关联研究

目的 探讨广州市大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)暴露对卒中逐日死亡风险的影响。方法 通过收集广州市2020-2021年12种大气中VOCs逐日平均浓度、气象因素,卒中及其亚型(包括缺血性卒中和出血性卒中)死亡数据,采用时间序列的Poisson回归广义相加模型分析不同滞后天数空气中VOCs日平均浓度与卒中逐日死亡之间的关系,并对季节、卒中死亡人群的性别及年龄进行亚组分析。结果 甲苯和正戊烷对卒中及其亚型的死亡风险更高:在累积滞后0~1 d,滑动平均浓度甲苯每增加1个四分位距(IQR),发生卒中及出血性卒中死亡的RR值分别为1.060(95%CI:1.036~1.085)、1.071(95%CI:1.030~1.113);正戊烷每增加1个IQR的浓度,发生缺血性卒中死亡的RR值为1.064(95%CI:1.030~1.099)。冷季、女性和 ≥ 75岁的人群可能更易受VOCs的影响,滑动平均浓度甲苯每增加1个IQR的浓度,冷季和女性卒中死亡风险RR值分别为1.099(95%CI:1.056~1.143)、1.085(95%CI:1.050~1.120);正戊烷每增加1个IQR的浓度, ≥ 75岁的人群发生卒中死亡风险RR值为1.072(95%CI:1.036~1.109)。敏感性分析结果显示,当大气细颗粒物和臭氧进行双污染物模型分析以及改变自由度后,结果波动较小。结论 VOCs可能为卒中人群逐日死亡人数的独立危险因素,而甲苯对健康影响最大。     

呼出气中挥发性有机污染物的采样和分析方法

提出了一种呼出气中挥发性有机污染物（ＶＯＣｓ）的采样和分析方法。用复合膜采气袋收集受试者重复呼出气样品，采用吸附浓缩／热解析／二次冷阱浓缩／再热解析进样，程序升温毛细管色谱柱和ＦＩＤ检测器分析。最低检出限苯为０．５ｎｇ／Ｌ三氯乙烯为５ｎｇ／Ｌ，整个采样与分析的相对标准偏差≤１５％，加标回收率平均为９３％。     

Association between personal exposure to volatile organic compounds and asthma among US adult population

Objectives There is growing concern about adverse respiratory health effects from exposure to indoor air pollution. The purpose of this study was to analyze association between exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and asthma in adults. Methods This study utilized passive personal exposure data on ten VOC collected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000. A total of 550 subjects who were of non-Hispanic whites, Mexican-Americans, or non-Hispanic Blacks race/ethnicity were included in this analysis. The primary outcome variable was physician-diagnosed asthma and the secondary outcome variable was presence of wheezing in the previous 12 months among those without physician-diagnosed asthma. Exploratory factor analysis was used to generate factor scores to group VOCs, which were included as indicator variables in the analyses. Associations between exposure to VOCs, physician-diagnosed asthma, and wheezing in the previous 12 months were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analyses. Odds ratios are for 1-U increase in level of exposure. Results Seven of the ten VOC variables loaded on two factors, “aromatic compounds” and “chlorinated hydrocarbons.” The geometric mean concentration of VOCs varied from as low as 0.03 μg/m³ for trichloroethene to as high as 14.33 μg/m³ for toluene. Mexican-Americans had the highest personal exposures to benzene (geometric mean = 2.38 μg/m³) as compared to non-Hispanic whites (geometric mean = 1.15 μg/m³) and non-Hispanic Blacks (geometric mean = 1.07 μg/m³). The odds of physician-diagnosed asthma were significantly higher among those exposed to aromatic compounds (Adjusted OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.17–2.27). Among those subjects never diagnosed by a physician to have asthma, a significantly increased odds of one to two wheezing attacks were observed for aromatic compounds (Adjusted OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.08–2.61) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (Adjusted OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.01–2.23) as compared to no wheezing. No association with three wheezing attacks or more was observed in the study. Conclusion In this cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the US population, environmental exposures to VOCs, especially aromatic compounds, were associated with adverse respiratory effects. An erratum to this article can be found at     

北京市生活饮用水及家用净水设备出水中挥发性有机物的水平调查

目的了解北京市生活饮用水及家用净水设备出水中挥发性有机物的水平。方法于2015年4月15—20日,在北京市城区采集96户家庭的自来水及其中24户家庭的净水设备出水共120份水样,用吹脱捕集/气相色谱质谱法检测样品中60种挥发性有机物的浓度。结果 27种有标准限值的挥发性有机物均未超标。市政供水、二次供水中60种挥发性有机物的浓度间没有明显差异。以井水作为水源水的生活饮用水中消毒副产物三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷的浓度明显低于市政供水和二次供水。净水设备出水中的三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷也低于市政供水和二次供水,但二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、氯苯和异丙苯的浓度却高于市政供水和二次供水。结论北京市市政供水和二次供水的生活饮用水的水质较好;井水作为水源水需加强消毒;净水设备使用不当会带来新的污染。