心身疾病与神经症患者中的述情障碍

观察各种心身疾病86例,神经症121例,以正常人117例为对照,作多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)评定,结果发现心身疾病组及神经症的TAS平均总评分均较对照组为高,差异均有显著性.且与性别无关,但TAS的因子分Ⅲ(缺乏幻想)两疾病组均未见增加,男性神经症组更较对照组显著为低。     

心身疾病与神经症患者的述情障碍研究

目的 探讨心身疾病与神经症患者的述情障碍情况。方法 以多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)对51例心身疾病,31例神经症患者进行测评,并与正常人作对照。结果心身疾病,神经症患者TAS总分分别为76.13±7.88,73.22±9.88。明显高于正常对照组66.06±6.38。因子分中以Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ因子为显著。提示述情障碍常见于心身疾病及神经症患者,临床医师应予以重视。     

神经症和抑郁障碍患者的述情障碍及相关因素研究

目的探讨神经症和抑郁障碍患者的述情障碍及影响因素。方法对57例神经症和抑郁障碍患者运用多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)进行评定，并与常模进行比较。结果神经症和抑郁障碍患者存在明显的述情障碍，TAS总分及各因子分明显高于常模，男女之间无显著性差异，多元回归分析进入方程的是SCL-90躯体化因子和焦虑因子。结论正确评定神经症和郁郁障碍患者的述情障碍及影响因素，具有重要的临床现实意义，对采用适当的心理治疗提供依据。     

原发性高血压患者的述情障碍研究

目的探讨原发性高血压患者的述情障碍情况.方法以多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)对69例原发性高血压患者进行测评并与正常人作对照.结果高血压患者TAS总分为(74.06±8.77)分,明显高于对照组(66.06±6.38)分,因子分中以Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ因子为显著,男,女患者之间无差异.结论述情障碍常见于原发性高血压患者,临床医师应预以重视.     

海洛因依赖者述情障碍研究

目的:了解海洛因依赖者(PHD)述情障碍特征及与负性情绪的关系. 方法:对194例男性PHD(PHD组),采用自编一般情况问卷、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)及焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行心理评估;107名健康男性作为对照,采用TAS进行述情障碍测评. 结果:PHD组TAS总分及各因子分、SDS及SAS评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);TAS总分及因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ、因子Ⅳ与SDS、SAS总分均呈显著正相关(r=0.178～0.294,P均<0.05或P<0.01);TAS因子Ⅲ与SAS总分均呈显著负相关(r=-0.147,P<0.05). 结论:男性PHD存在明显述情障碍,并与负性情绪密切相关.     

脑血管病患者的述情障碍

目的 探讨脑血管病患者的述情障碍及严重程度。方法 对82例确诊的脑血管病患者运用多伦多述情障碍量表（TAS）进行测试，并与健康对照组进行比较。结果 脑血管病患者存在明显的述情障碍。TAS总分及各因子分明显高于对照组，且女性高于男性，脑血管病患者的诊断及严重程度与述情障碍无关。结论 脑血管病患者存在较多的述情障碍，不仅影响患者的治疗，而且可导致医源性疾病或延长住院时间。临床医师若能及时确切地了解患者有无述情障碍，可帮助选择心理治疗的种类指导康复期治疗。     

恢复期精神分裂症病人述情障碍的对比分析

目的　评估恢复期精神分裂症病人的述情障碍 ,并比较其缺陷型和非缺陷型的述情障碍严重程度。方法　采用多伦多述情障碍量表 (Torontoalexithymiascale ,TAS)对 6 6例恢复期精神分裂症病人及 6 2例正常人进行测查。结果　恢复期精神分裂症病人的TAS得分显著高于正常人 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,其缺陷型的TAS得分也显著高于非缺陷型 (P均 <0 0 1)。结论　恢复期精神分裂症病人大多存在述情障碍 ,其中缺陷型病人的述情障碍更为严重。严重的述情障碍可能是精神分裂症病情加重或存在原发阴性症状的一个标志。     

发作期抑郁症患者述情障碍影响因素的多元分析

目的探讨发作期抑郁症患者述情障碍的相关因素。方法采用多伦多述情量表（TAS）中文版、Beck抑郁自评量表（BDI）对80例发作期抑郁症患者进行评定,并与95名健康志愿者（对照组）比较。结果（1）抑郁症组TAS因子Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、总分及BDI评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。（2）患者住院与他人交流、抑郁总分依次进入TAS因子Ⅰ的回归方程;抑郁总分、工作学习应激、性别依次进入TAS因子Ⅱ的回归方程;受教育年限、住院与他人交流依次进入TAS因子Ⅲ的回归方程;抑郁总分、治疗信心依次进入TAS总分的回归方程。结论抑郁发作患者存在明显的述情障碍。性别、受教育年限、抑郁的严重程度等为发作期抑郁症患者述情障碍的重要影响因素。述情障碍不同因子的影响因素不尽相同。     

酒依赖患者的情绪障碍和述情障碍

目的：探讨酒依赖患者的情绪障碍和述情障碍。方法：采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、多伦多述情障碍量表（TAS）以50例酒依赖患者和50例正常对照组进行比较研究。结果：酒依赖组与对照组在焦虑、抑郁情绪和述情障碍方面存在明显差异。结论：纠正情绪和述情障碍可能有利于戒酒成功。     

小组心理护理对躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍的影响

目的:研究小组心理护理对躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍的疗效. 方法:将符合入组标准的躯体形式障碍患者63例随机分为试验组32例和对照组31例,分别对两组患者进行常规药物治疗和护理,且对试验组进行小组心理护理.对完成研究的试验组30例患者和对照组30例患者进行多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)的测试. 结果:①重复测量的方差分析发现干预因素对TAS因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ和因子Ⅳ存在主效应(F=4.291 ～5.844,P＜0.05);时间因素对TAS因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ、因子Ⅲ和因子Ⅳ均存在主效应(F=31.283～99.974,P＜0.01);干预因素和时间因素对TAS因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ和因子Ⅳ存在交互作用(F =7.815～12.541,P＜0.01).②逐步回归分析显示干预前TAS各因子分数和小组心理护理对TAS因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ、因子Ⅳ减少值具有显著的预测作用(Beta值=4.572～13.199,P＜0.01).③试验组疗效(76.7％)优于对照组(50％);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,对躯体形式障碍患者临床疗效影响从大到小的因素分别是:小组心理护理、TAS因子Ⅰ、TAS因子Ⅱ和TAS因子Ⅳ(OR =9.721～1.237). 结论:小组心理护理能够改善躯体形式障碍患者的述情障碍和临床疗效.     

抑郁症患者的述情障碍特征及情绪调节研究

背景:抑郁症患者表现出明显的述情障碍,而关于其述情障碍的机制尚未明确,也较少有关于抑郁症患者情绪调节能力的研究.目的:探索抑郁症患者的述情障碍特征,以及抑郁症状、述情障碍与个体情绪调节能力的关系.方法:采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS)和计算机情绪调节实验,对36名抑郁症患者和31名健康志愿者进行评定分析.结果:病例组中述情障碍发生率为66.67%,对照组为3.23%,两组比例差异有显著性(χ2=28.661,p<0.001).病例组的TAS得分显著高于对照组(t=7.378,p<0.001).情绪调节实验中,病例组观看中性图片的评分显著高于对照组(t=2.080,p=0.043);而负性-观看、负性-重评和负性-抑制三种实验条件下,两组评分无显著差异.在病例组中,HAMD-24、HAMA与TAS得分之间存在显著相关,而情绪调节实验得分与HAMD-24、HAMA、TAS之间均未发现相关.结论:抑郁症患者中述情障碍的发生率可能高于一般人群,其抑郁症状与述情障碍之间可能存在相互影响.情绪调节能力可能是一种独立的特质,与抑郁状态无关.     

Obesity, alexithymia, psychopathology and binge eating: a comparative study of 40 obese patients and 32 controls]

Alexithymia may be considered as a personality feature characterized by poorness of imaginary life, speech focused on actual facts and physical sensations, general inaccuracy in or paucity of the words used to express emotions, and recourse to acting out to avoid intrapsychic conflicts. The possible link between alexithymia and psychosomatic or psychopathological disorders is now well documented. In particular, studies suggested that alexithymia may be frequently observed in obese or bulimic patients. This study was designed to investigate the link between obesity and alexithymia according to the presence or not of binge eating problems; 40 obese female patients (BMI > or = 27.3) seeking obesity treatment and 32 normal weight women used as controls were included in the study. In the obese group, 11 patients (27.5%) exhibited binge-eating disorder according to the DSM IV criteria. Alexithymia was assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), and past and current mental disorders were assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID). In addition, current depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The mean TAS score was found significantly higher in obese patients than in controls (72.6 +/- 11.8 vs 65.2 +/- 9.3, respectively; p < 0.005). In the same way, alexithymia (defined by TAS score > or = 74) was found significantly more frequent in obese patients than in controls (52.5% vs 21.8%, respectively; p < 0.03). However, among obese patients no significant difference was found between patients with and without binge-eating disorder. Current major depression was also found significantly more frequent in obese patients than in controls (15% vs 0%, respectively; p < 0.03), and the mean BDI score was very significantly higher in obese patients (12.2 +/- 8.7 vs 4.6 +/- 4.6, respectively; p < 0.0001). Comparisons between obese patients with and without binge-eating disorder showed that only past major depression was found significantly more frequent in those with binge-eating disorder (81.8% vs 10.3%, respectively; p < 0.0001), although the mean BDI score was significantly higher in patients with binge-eating disorder (18.5 +/- 11.7 vs 9.8 +/- 5.9, respectively; p < 0.02). Group by group comparisons suggested that two factors may play a role in the correlation found between obesity and alexithymia. First, the mean TAS score was found significantly higher in subjects with low educational level (p < 0.05), obese patients exhibiting significantly lower educational level when compared to controls (p < 0.002). Then, a significant positive correlation was found between TAS scores and BDI scores (Spearman's test: p < 0.01), obese patients showing significantly higher BDI scores than controls (p < 0.0001). In order to confirm these results, a logistic regression procedure was performed in the total sample (obese patients + controls). Three factors were found significantly increasing the risk to get a TAS score > or = 74: low educational level (odds ratio: 3.56), past and/or current major depression (odds ratio: 2.77), and BDI score > or = 8 (odds ratio: 2.18). Obesity in itself had no significant effect on TAS scores. Our results confirm that alexithymia is a psychological feature frequently observed in obese patients. In our study, the correlation found between obesity and alexithymia appears to be irrespective of binge-eating disorder, and seems to be mediated by the educational level and the frequency of associated depression. However, further investigations need to be done in order to specify the relationships between obesity, alexithymia, low educational level, and depression.     

Alexithymic characteristics and patient-therapist interaction: a video analysis of facial affect display

Alexithymia as a disorder of affect regulation entails a patient's reduced ability to process emotional information. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of alexithymia [as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS)-26, German version] on affective correlates in a dyadic therapeutic interaction (as recorded by the Emotional Facial Action Coding System). Interviews with 12 in-patients with various psychosomatic disorders (anxiety, depression, somatisation) were videotaped and evaluated for facial affect display. The corresponding emotional reactions of the therapists (split screen) were recorded separately. Patients with high alexithymia scores (TAS-26 total score) tended to display less aggressive affects than those with low scores. The therapists' predominant emotional reaction to alexithymic patients was contempt. Our findings underscore the deep-rooted nature of alexithymia as a disorder of affect regulation. Since facial affects play a major role in the regulation of emotional interaction, this disorder may evoke negative reactions of potential caregivers.     

The relationship between alexithymia and salivary cortisol levels in somatoform disorders

The purpose of this study was to investigate cortisol levels as a function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) in relation to alexithymia in patients with somatoform disorders (SFD). Diurnal salivary cortisol was sampled in 32 patients with SFD who also underwent a psychiatric examination and filled in questionnaires (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS scale; Screening for Somatoform Symptoms, SOMS scale; Hamilton Depression Scale, HAMD). The mean TAS total score in the sample was 55.6+/-9.6, 32% of patients being classified as alexithymic on the basis of their TAS scores. Depression scores were moderate (HAMD=13.2, Beck Depression Inventory, BDI=16.5). The patients' alexithymia scores (TAS scale "Difficulty identifying feelings") correlated significantly positively with their somatization scale scores (Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, SCL-90-R); r=0.3438 (P<0.05) and their scores on the Global Severity Index (GSI) on the SCL-90-R; r=0.781 (P<0.01). Regression analysis was performed with cortisol variables as the dependent variables. Cortisol levels [measured by the area under the curve-ground (AUC-G), area under the curve-increase (AUC-I) and morning cortisol (MCS)] were best predicted in a multiple linear regression model by lower depressive scores (HAMD) and more psychopathological symptoms (SCL-90-R). No significant correlations were found between the patients' alexithymia scores (TAS) and cortisol levels. The healthy control group (n=25) demonstrated significantly higher cortisol levels than did the patients with SFD; in both tests P<0.001 for AUC-G and AUC-I. However, the two groups did not differ in terms of their mean morning cortisol levels (P>0.05). The results suggest that pre-existing hypocortisolism might possibly be associated with SFD.     

精神分裂症患者述情障碍与自我和谐的相关性

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者述情障碍与自我和谐的相关性。方法:采用单纯随机对照研究,将62例符合《国际疾病分类》第10版诊断标准的精神分裂症患者作为研究组,并随机选取70名正常健康者为对照组。采用多伦多述情障碍量表与自我和谐量表分别对两组进行测评。结果:研究组多伦多述情障碍量表各项因子分高于对照组(P均0.05)。研究组自我和谐量表中的自我与经验的不和谐因子分和自我的刻板性因子分高于对照组(P均0.05),自我灵活性因子分低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组多伦多述情障碍量表的缺乏识别情感的能力因子与自我和谐量表的自我与经验的不和谐和自我的刻板性因子呈正相关(r=0.433,r=0.345;P均0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者存在述情障碍,其自我和谐性差;精神分裂症患者的述情障碍与自我和谐存在一定的相关性。     

Alexithymia in Parkinson's disease is related to severity of depressive symptoms

The authors investigated the possible relationship between depression and alexithymia in a population of hospitalized patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). Fifty-eight PD patients without dementia participated in the study. Alexithymia was screened using the 20 item version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS 20). Depression was diagnosed using a Structured Clinical Interview (SCID I) for DSM-IV. Severity of depression was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The prevalence of Alexithymia was about 21%. PD patients with major depression were significantly more alexithymic (TAS 20 average score = 61.4) than PD patients without depression (TAS 20 average score = 47.4) and, also, tended to be more alexithymic than PD patients with minor depression (MiD; TAS 20 average score =50.6), whereas no difference was found between PD patients with MiD and PD patients without depression. Moreover, high scores obtained on the BDI were found to strongly predict high level of alexithymia in these patients. These results extend to a cohort of PD patients previous data from the literature evidencing a strong association between alexithymia and severity of depressive symptoms.     

述情障碍与心理健康状况的相关性分析

目的 了解述情障碍与心理健康状况的关系。方法 对274名高中生进行TAS、SCL-90自我测试,对所获资料进行相关分析。结果 被试对象TAS总分与SCL-90总分及各因子分显著相关(P<0.01),同时SCL-90总分与TAS各因子分显著相关(P<0.01)。结论 心理健康水平在一定程度上取决于述情障碍的水平,述情障碍可能是心理健康水平的人格基础。     

Alexithymia and affective expression in endogenous and non-endogenous depression

Clinical observations and psychopathological reports on patients with endogenous depression suggested a high frequency of alexithymic characteristics in these patients. 21 inpatients with unipolar endogenous depression and 21 inpatients with neurotic-reactive depression, classified according to ICD-9 and DSM-III criteria, were assessed with the content analysis method of Gottschalk-Gleser and the Beth Israel Alexithymia Questionnaire (BIAQ) as well as other questionnaires at two points of time. The gorup with unipolar endogenous depression showed significantly less separation anxiety, diffuse anxiety, total anxiety, hostility directed inward, total hostility and depressivity at both points of time. The endogenous depression group showed significantly higher scores in the BIAQ than the group with neurotic depression. The specifity of alexithymia in psychosomatic patients, its high frequency and the significance of this phenomenon in endogenous depression are discussed.     

Alexithymia and somatization. A Rorschach study of four psychosomatic groups

The construct of alexithymia has been postulated as a predisposing factor in psychosomatic illness. The alexithymia construct has achieved wide currency in psychosomatic research and theorizing despite its doubtful psychometric foundations. Also, the question of between-group variability in alexithymia has not been addressed. In this study we proposed and tested a Rorschach measure of alexithymia on four groups of psychosomatic patients (back pain, gastrointestinal, dermatology, migraine headache). It was hypothesized that psychosomatic groups would be more alexithymic than nonpatients. To examine the question of between-group variability in alexithymia, it was hypothesized that back pain patients would be more alexithymic than other psychosomatic groups. Both hypotheses were supported. Additionally, exploratory comparisons between psychosomatic groups revealed a number of differences between the groups in basic personality processes. The findings show promise for the use of the Rorschach test as an alexithymia measure. Based on the current study, heterogeneous grouping of psychosomatic patients in research designs and treatment programs appear to be a highly questionable procedure.