糖尿病合并妊娠和妊娠期糖尿病母儿并发症诊治探讨

目的:探讨妊娠合并糖尿病的母婴并发症及诊治。方法:回顾性分析83例糖尿病合并妊娠患者(A组)及90例妊娠期糖尿病患者(B组)的临床资料,并比较其妊娠结局,包括孕产妇并发症(妊娠期高血压疾病、胎膜早破、DKA、早产、羊水过多、胎儿宫内窘迫、剖宫产率、产后出血)及新生儿并发症(巨大儿、新生儿低血糖、胎死宫内、RDS、畸形、窒息)。结果:A组的孕妇并发症除产后出血较B组明显升高;巨大儿、新生儿低血糖、胎死宫内、畸形的发生率明显升高,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:糖尿病合并妊娠对孕妇及胎儿有更大的危害,要加强对其孕前、孕期及孕后的管理。     

132例中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征妊娠结局分析

目的探讨中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征（ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome，OHSS）对患者妊娠结局有无影响。方法对于2004年至2005年在我院行体外受精-胚胎移植而发生中、重度OHSS的132例患者（妊娠患者72例）临床资料进行回顾性分析，并与同期未发生中、重度OHSS的妊娠患者861例就妊娠结局进行对比性分析。结果（1）132例中、重度OHSS患者，其中87例移植，临床妊娠率为82．8％（72／87），妊娠结局为：单胎分娩53．5％，双胎分娩25．4％，流产16．9％，胎死宫内1．4％，宫外孕1．4％，因胎儿畸形引产1．4％，其中出生缺陷共1．4％。同期非OHSS患者上述比率分别为：55．0％、19．5％、18．7％、0．6％、6．1％、0．1％，其中出生缺陷共2．4％。（2）OHSS患者与未发生OHSS的患者在单胎与双胎分娩比率，妊娠丢失（流产＋死胎）与分娩（早产＋足月产）比率上均无显著性差异（P〉O．05）；但OHSS患者早期流产率（7．0％）低于晚期流产率（9．9％），而非OHSS患者早期流产率（13．3％）高于晚期流产率（5．4％）（P=0．075）。（3）OHSS患者与未发生OHSS的患者在早产与低体重儿比率，妊娠期并发症（妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病与前置胎盘等）比率上均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论OHSS的发生对妊娠结局未产生明显不良影响。     

妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的发生率变化趋势及经规范治疗后的不同类型糖代谢异常的母、儿结局。方法 1995年1月至2004年12月,在北京大学第一医院妇产科分娩的妊娠合并糖代谢异常患者共1490例,按照糖代谢异常情况分为糖尿病合并妊娠79例（DM组）,妊娠期糖尿病777例（GDM组,其中A1型355例,A2型316例,分型不明106例）,妊娠期糖耐量异常634例（GIGT组）。采用回顾性分析的方法对3组的母、儿结局进行分析,并对糖代谢异常孕妇的发生率进行统计。同期分娩的19013例糖代谢正常孕妇作为对照组。结果 （1）妊娠合并糖代谢异常的总发生率为7．3％,呈逐年上升的趋势。第一阶段即1995年1月至1999年12月,发生率呈缓慢增长,平均为4．3％（376／8739）;第二阶段即2000年1月至2001年12月,发生率呈快速增长趋势,平均为10．8％（445／4133）;第三阶段为2002年1月至2004年12月,基本稳定于8．9％（678／7640）。（2）3组糖代谢异常孕妇总的巨大胎儿、子痫前期、早产的发生率分别为12．1％（180／1490）、9．5％（141／1490）和9．4％（140／1490）,均明显高于对照组孕妇（P〈0．01）。3组糖代谢异常孕妇子痫前期、早产、宫内感染、羊水过多、酮症的发生率相互比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而3组的巨大儿发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）3组糖代谢异常孕妇围产儿总死亡率为1．19％（18／1513）,其中,DM组为4．93％（4／81）,显著高于GDM组的1．14％（9／787）和GIGT组的0．78％（5／645）（P〈0．05）。而且,DM组新生儿窒息、低血糖及转诊的发生率均高于GDM组和GIGT组（P〈0．01）。（4）3组1505例新生儿中仅有0．6％（9／1505）发生呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）,均发生于早产儿。结论 （1）妊娠合并糖代谢异常的发生率逐年上升,应重视提高对孕期糖尿病的筛查、诊断和处理。（2）经过孕期规范化管理,巨大儿、子痫前期和早产仍是糖代谢异常孕妇最常见的并发症,DM孕妇的母、儿合并症显著高于GDM和GIGT孕妇,今后应进一步加强该类型糖尿病孕妇管理。（3）新生儿RDS已不再是新生儿的主要合并症。     

妊娠期糖尿病新生儿脐血血气分析影响的研究

目的：探讨妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）新生儿脐血血气分析情况及可能影响因素。方法：选择2015年6-8月同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院分娩的单胎GDM孕妇（GDM组）152例和单胎正常孕妇（对照组）152例。152例GDM孕妇中,阴道分娩组69例,剖宫产组83例;非胰岛素治疗组141例,胰岛素治疗组11例。比较2组新生儿脐血血气分析和结局,以及不同分娩方式和治疗方式对GDM新生儿各项指标的影响。结果：GDM组脐静脉血碱剩余（BE）值较正常对照组低,差异有统计学意义（t=2.702,P=0.007）。不同分娩方式GDM新生儿脐动脉血pH值、脐静脉血pH值、脐动脉血BE值、脐静脉血BE值、脐静脉二氧化碳分压[p（CO2）]比较,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;但2组新生儿结局差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。是否采用胰岛素治疗的GDM新生儿脐血血气分析和结局比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论：血糖控制良好的GDM新生儿脐血血气分析与正常妊娠者类似,分娩方式及是否采用胰岛素治疗均不影响GDM新生儿结局。     

血清β-HCG、孕酮联合B超测定对早期异常妊娠的临床诊断价值

目的：探讨血清β—HCG、孕酮联合B超测定在异常妊娠诊断中的应用价值。方法：选取近期收治的178例早期异常妊娠患者作为研究时象,患者均进行血清β—HcG、孕酮检测和B超检查。结果：A组患者的孕酮、β—HCG水平均显著高于B组和c组,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;孕酮、β-HCG联合B超检查对B组、c组的确诊率,均显著高于孕酮联合β—HCG（P〈0．05）,差异具有统计学意义。A组宫内活胎89例（91．8％）,可见心管搏动和胚芽;B组可见宫内孕囊,42例（97．7％）无心管搏动;c组宫内未见孕囊,有34例（89．4％）在附件区可见混合性包块,32例（84．2％）存在盆腔积液。结论：血清β—HCG、孕酮联合B超检查,能有效提高早期异常妊娠的诊断准确率,值得推广应用。     

有无母体合并症及并发症的胎儿生长受限临床对比分析

目的:探讨有、无合并症及并发症的胎儿生长受限(FGR)孕妇的临床特点及围生儿结局.方法:回顾性分析2009年4月至2011年4月北京大学人民医院产科收治的38例非胎儿畸形的FGR患者的临床资料并随访.其中母体有合并症及并发症25例[FGR(A)组],母体无合并症及并发症13例[FGR(B)组].对两组孕妇一般情况、孕期病史、超声检查情况及分娩结局等进行比较分析.结果:①FGR(A)组合并症及并发症中妊娠期高血压疾病占首位(72.0％,18/25).②两组孕妇仅孕前体重指数(BMI)、胎儿脐动脉血流S/D值异常比例及剖宫产率之间的比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而孕期增重、产前BMI值和终止妊娠孕周等指标的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).③FGR(A)组中16例孕期采用宫内辅助治疗,FGR(B)组中5例采用宫内辅助治疗.④两组总胎儿丢失率为10.5％ (4/38),FGR(A)组丢失胎儿3例,其母体均合并妊娠期高血压疾病;FGR(B)组因脐带扭转胎死宫内终止妊娠1例.⑤FGR(A)组活产新生儿出生体重2051.82±359.43 g低于FGR(B)组2385.42±446.03 g(P=0.024);两组新生儿平均随访至出生后15.08月,均尚未观察到脑瘫、视网膜病变等并发症发生.结论:非胎儿畸形的FGR的母体合并症及并发症中以妊娠期高血压疾病为常见原因,其可能导致胎儿脐动脉血流S/D异常、手术产发生率升高及新生儿低出生体重等,及时、恰当地进行宫内辅助治疗,与无合并症及并发症FGR孕妇一样获得良好的妊娠结局.     

糖尿病患者孕期糖化血红蛋白变化与妊高征发病的关系

目的：了解糖尿病患者孕期血糖控制对妊高征发病的影响。方法：对１４６例糖尿病孕妇（不包括妊娠期糖病）的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果，糖尿病孕发妊高征的发生率为３６．３％。孕期首次糖化血红蛋白（ＨｂＡＩｃ）测定值高于正常者占６３．７％。孕期血糖控制不良致ＨｂＡ１ｃ积分≥５分及Ｗｈｉｔｅ分型Ｄ－ＲＦ型患者，妊主征发生率较ＨｂＡｌｃ积分〈６分及ＷｈｉｔｅＢ、Ｃ型患者高（Ｐ〈０．０１，Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：     

糖尿病合并妊娠伴视网膜病变孕妇的临床观察

目的：研究糖尿病合并妊娠伴视网膜病变孕妇的妊娠结局及孕期视网膜病变。方法：回顾性分析１９８１～１９９５年间４９例糖尿病孕妇妊娠情况。伴视网膜病变的１６例分为第Ⅰ组；无视网膜病变的３３例分为第Ⅱ组。第Ⅰ组糖尿病病程平均为８．９２±４．３５年；第Ⅱ组为３．１１±１．７４年。结果：第Ⅰ组孕妇并发症及围产儿发病率较高，但两组比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３１．１％孕妇视网膜病变在孕期加重，但仍属单纯型（背景期）。结论：糖尿病合并妊娠伴眼底病变时，仍可以继续妊娠，但孕期应密切观察眼底变化和严格控制血糖。     

妊娠中晚期双绒毛膜双胎一胎胎死宫内妊娠结局分析

目的：比较双绒毛膜双胎之一选择性减胎与自发一胎胎死宫内（single intrauterine fetal death,SIUFD）的围生期结局,并比较不同减胎孕周对围生期结局的影响,探讨选择性减胎的临床应用。方法：纳入2011年1月—2019年12月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院产科终止妊娠的55例双胎之一胎死宫内或行选择性减胎术将双胎减至单胎的临床资料,根据减胎或死胎原因将其分为选择性减胎组（39例）和自发SIUFD组（16例）,回顾性分析比较其围生期结局。结果：55例患者总妊娠丢失率为9.1%（5例流产）,活产率为90.9%。选择性减胎组的减胎/死胎孕周明显低于自发SIUFD组,总体终止孕周、活产率明显高于自发SIUFD组,而剖宫产率、流产率则低于自发SIUFD组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组的早产率、足月产率、存活儿出生体质量、出生体质量百分位数、新生儿健康出院率、新生儿重症监护病房（neonatal intensive care unit,NICU）入住率比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。根据选择性减胎的孕周将选择性减胎组再分为减胎孕周≤20周组（24例）和减胎孕周>20周组（15例）,2组新生儿出生体质量百分位数比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但与减胎孕周>20周组比较,减胎孕周≤20周组的早产率低、足月产率高,存活儿出生体质量更高,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：双胎妊娠发生SIUFD后会对存活儿围生期结局产生不良影响,对于有减胎指征者,选择性减胎有利于提高存活儿围生期的活产率及改善新生儿结局,对多胎妊娠的围生期结局有益。     

不同营养干预方式对妊娠期糖尿病妊娠结局及新生儿出生体重的影响

目的 探讨常规营养健康教育与医学营养跟踪干预对妊娠期糖尿病妊娠结局及新生儿出生体重的影响。方法选取80例妊娠期糖尿病患者作为研究对象,依据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（40例,实施常规营养健康教育）、观察组（40例,实施医学营养跟踪）。比较两组干预前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 h PG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平,以及干预后不良妊娠结局发生率、新生儿体重与新生儿低血糖发生率。结果 与干预前相比较,干预后两组患者FPG、2 h PG、HbA1c水平均呈现降低趋势,且观察组更低,与对照组相比较,观察组患者不良妊娠结局发生率、新生儿体重及新生儿低血糖发生率均更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 医学营养跟踪的应用可帮助妊娠期糖尿病患者更好地控制血糖,避免因高血糖引发各种危险事件,同时有助于改善患者的妊娠结局,控制新生儿体重,安全性较高。     

甲状腺乳头状癌术后妊娠患者母儿结局分析#br#

Objective?To investigate the maternal and fetal outcomes after papillary thyroid cancer surgery. Methods?From January 2014 to January 2020, 57 pregnant women with thyroid papillary cancer after surgery who were registered in the Department of Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital and hospitalized for delivery were selected as the research group. A total of 122 single pregnancy cases registered in our hospital were selected as normal control group. The study group was divided into subclinical hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism group), subclinical hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism group) and normal thyroid function group according to the thyroid function during pregnancy. Results?There were 61 pregnancies in 57 patients. 56 cases achieved live birth, 4 cases underwent induced labor because of fetal malformation during the second trimester, 1 case underwent inevitable miscarriage. There were 34 cases of vaginal delivery (60.7%) and 22 cases of cesarean section (39.3%). The research group showed higher incidence in gestational diabetes mellitus, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage and fetal malformation than the control group（P＜0.05）. In the research group, there were 14 pregnant patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, 3 with subclinical hypothyroidism, and 44 with normal thyroid function. Compared with normal group, there was no difference in the incidence of maternal and fetal complications between subclinical hyperthyroidism group and subclinical hypothyroidism group (P>0.05). Conclusion?It was suggested that there were maternal and fetal complications among patients after papillary thyroid cancer surgery. Management of these patients requires a careful gestational monitoring and surveillance to improve the outcomes.     

Pregnancy and delivery course in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess mother and fetal outcome in gestational diabetic women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study covered 689 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. All women had been taken care of II Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Warsaw Medical University in 1997-2001 years. The following parameters were analyzed: the patients ages, past obstetric experience, gestational age of GDM diagnosis, pregnancy complications, delivery course and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Among study group 11.9% patients required insulin to maintain blood glucose concentration in normal range. GDM was mostly (44.1%) diagnosed between 29 and 34 weeks of pregnancy. At the recommended gestational age of screening tests--24-28 weeks--there were detected only 33.4% GDM. The most frequent pregnancy complication was imminent preterm delivery (16.7%). Delivery at term occurred of 89.1% of cases. Percentage of preterm deliveries was 10.9%. Spontaneous vaginal deliveries were the most frequent (72.5%). 23.2% women were delivered by Cesarean section. The most frequent indication of surgical labor were the symptoms of intrauterine fetal asphyxia (35.6%) and cephalo-pelvic disproportion (26.3%). Most of the newborn (83.3%) had normal birth weight between 2500 g and 4000 g. Among infants the most frequent complications were: hyperbilirubinemia (17.3%) and hypoglicemia (15.6%). Intranatal death occurred in 0.1% of cases, whereas neonatal death--0.4%. Congenital defects were found in 4.3% of all offspring. The most frequent congenital malformation was heart defect--1.3% of newborns (almost half of all congenital defects) CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus and specialists obstetric surveillance prevent of pregnancy complications and perinatal mortality, morbidity.     

The effect of established and gestational diabetes on pregnancy outcome

OBJECTIVE--To study the prevalence and type of glucose intolerance in pregnancy and the effect of different types on perinatal mortality and fetal size. DESIGN--A prospective case-control study with data collected by patient interview and examination of all available records during a 16-months period between 1984 and 1986. SETTING--A large maternity hospital in Kuwait where diabetes in pregnancy is common. SUBJECTS--The cases were a consecutive sample of 731 women, delivered during the study period, recorded in the labour ward register as being diabetic or having abnormal glucose tolerance, the control group was formed from the next woman in the register (provided she was not known to be diabetic). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Type of diabetes followed the WHO classification, with subdivision depending on level of fasting plasma glucose. Type of perinatal death was examined in detail and birthweight centile calculated. RESULTS--Of the 731 cases, 22% were established diabetics, most were treated with oral hypoglycaemic drugs before pregnancy and insulin during pregnancy. Of those discovered during pregnancy, 43% were classified as gestational diabetes and the remainder as impaired glucose tolerance. Overall, 50% of cases were treated with insulin. Established diabetics had a perinatal mortality rate nearly four times greater than non diabetics (RR, 3.7, 95% CI 2.6 to 6.4) and for gestational diabetics RR was 2.0 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7). Unexplained deaths were particularly common, both in established diabetics (RR, 18.4, 95% CI 3.9 to 85.7) and in gestational diabetics (RR, 13.4, 95% (CI 2.9 to 61.6). Cases with impaired glucose tolerance had no stillbirths and had a lower perinatal loss than the controls, though this was not statistically significant. Heavier babies were seen in all case groups compared with controls, though the impaired glucose tolerance group had lower birthweights than the other two case groups. CONCLUSIONS--Type 2 diabetes was found to be common, most cases being diagnosed in pregnancy. Under the conditions found in Kuwait, diabetes, in the sense of a raised fasting glucose, is accompanied by a high rate of perinatal loss from unexplained stillbirth. This applies whether the condition was present before pregnancy or was discovered during pregnancy. Fetal macrosomia was also common in both situations. Impaired glucose tolerance, where fasting levels remain normal, does not appear to increase fetal loss, but may be associated with fetal macrosomia. As these women age they are likely to develop overt diabetes in the non-pregnant state, and subsequently to develop serious complications of this disease. Improving glycaemic control, both during preg     

精子来源与数量对单精子卵胞浆内注射术妊娠结局的影响

目的:分析不同精子来源和数量对单精子卵胞浆内注射术(ICSI)妊娠结局的影响。方法:2000年1月至2003年6月在本中心进行ICSI治疗而妊娠的271例,据精子来源与数量分为精液正常组(39例)、少弱精组(144例)与手术取精组(88例)。比较精液正常组、少弱精组、手术取精组的临床妊娠率、流产率、分娩率、妊娠并发症、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重、畸形、围生儿死亡率等组间差异。结果:精液正常组、少弱精组与手术取精组患者的临床妊娠率、流产率、分娩率、双胎率、妊娠期高血压疾病发生率、前置胎盘发生率、早产率、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重、先天性畸形发生率(4.5%、6.3%、4.0%)、围生儿死亡率差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:精液正常组、少弱精组与手术取精组ICSI治疗后临床妊娠率、流产率、妊娠期并发症、新生儿出生体重、先天性畸形发生率、围生儿死亡率相似,不同精子来源与数量不影响ICSI治疗后的妊娠和围生儿结局。     

50例妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇的妊娠期管理分析

目的 :探讨妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇的妊娠期管理方法。方法 :将 5 0例妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇与 4 8例正常孕妇比较。结果 :5 0例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中有 38例 ( 76 % )经饮食疗法后血糖控制效果良好 ,另 12例需饮食疗法加胰岛素治疗方能将血糖控制在正常范围内。经临床治疗后 ,5 0例妊娠合并糖尿病的孕妇 ,除早产发病率高于非糖尿病组孕妇外(P <0 0 5 ) ,妊高征、感染、产后出血、羊水过多、羊水过少、胎儿窘迫、巨大儿、胎儿生长受限 (FGR)、新生儿窒息、新生儿高胆红素血症等发病率与非糖尿病组孕妇无区别。结论 :加强妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇的妊娠期管理 ,用饮食疗法或胰岛素治疗控制血糖 ,适时终止妊娠 ,可有效降低母婴并发症的发生     

Maternal hypoglycemia: is it associated with adverse perinatal outcome?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if maternal hypoglycemia is associated with adverse perinatal outcome, particularly low birth weight. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective study, all patients after 24 weeks' gestation were screened for gestational diabetes using 50 gm of glucola (oral) followed by a 1-hour plasma glucose measurement and hypoglycemia was defined as < or = 88 mg/dl. RESULTS: In these 426 women the mean (+/- SD) 1-hour plasma glucose value was 99.8 +/- 22.7 mg/dl. Of these, 16 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes and 46 were lost to follow-up leaving 364 patients; 116 with hypoglycemia and 248 with euglycemia. Women with hypoglycemia weighed less at the beginning of pregnancy and at delivery, but total weight gain during pregnancy was similar between both groups. There was no difference between groups in maternal symptomatology, birth weight, or the rate of fetal growth restriction. CONCLUSION: Hypoglycemia on the 1-hour glucola screen is not predictive of fetal growth restriction or other adverse perinatal consequence.     

The study of maternal and fetal plasma catecholamines levels during pregnancy and delivery.

BACKGROUND: To study maternal and fetal plasma levels of catecholamines (CA) during pregnancy and delivery, especially changes in CA levels during fetal distress and conditions of different modes of delivery. METHODS: Maternal and fetal plasma NE, E and DA levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for 16 non-pregnant women, 19 cases of early pregnancy, 17 cases of mid pregnancy, late pregnancy, spontaneous vaginal delivery and 53 cases of cesarean section. RESULTS: Plasma NE and DA levels decreased gradually with the advance of gestational weeks, and levels of plasma NE were significantly lower than those of non-pregnant women (P < 0.05). The levels of plasma CA in patients who had elective cesarean section were significantly lower than those who had vaginal delivery and emergency cesarean section (P < 0.01). However, CA levels of the cord artery in the vaginal delivery group were significantly higher than those in the cesarean section group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Vaginal delivery is better than cesarean section for the newborn. If cesarean section is necessary, it is best for the newborn after onset of labor.     

Outcome of fetuses in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pregestational diabetes on pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Data of 126 women with pregestational diabetes prospectively collected and controlled in a single tertiary center. HbA(1C) levels at early pregnancy were registered. Adverse pregnancy outcome was defined as spontaneous abortion, congenital defect, stillbirth, or neonatal death. RESULTS: There were 10 spontaneous abortions (7.9%) and 17 fetuses with congenital anomalies (13.4%), including 8 major malformations (6.3%). Compared with pregnancies with a favorable outcome, a higher HbA(1C) concentration in early pregnancy was observed in pregnancies with adverse perinatal outcome [mean (SD): 6.3 (1.6) vs. 7.2 (1.7), P=0.001]. A positive correlation between increased maternal HbA(1C) levels and the rate of fetal malformations was observed, and the group of women with poor metabolic control (early maternal HbA(1c) concentration >7%) showed a 3 to 5-fold increase in the major malformation rate. Cardiovascular and genitourinary defects accounted for 58.8% of the anomalies, and the ultrasound examinations detected seven of them (41.2%). For major malformations, the detection rate was 50% (4/8). Perinatal mortality rate was 26 per thousand (3/116). There was almost 5-fold increase in the total pregnancy loss rate in the poor control group compared with the group with fair control [22.2% vs. 5.3%, OR (95% CI): 5.1 (1.4-17.1)]. Only 11.9% of mothers used a preconception care program. CONCLUSIONS: Pregestational diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for the developing fetus. Spontaneous abortions and congenital defects are more common when a poor metabolic control is present in early pregnancy. It is most important to improve access to preconception care programs for achieving a good metabolic control in early pregnancy. Ultrasound examinations have a low performance for detecting congenital defects in diabetic pregnancies.     

Group B streptococcus infection rate unchanged by gestational diabetes

Objective: Group B streptococcal colonization in pregnancy has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including intra-amniotic infection, postpartum endometritis, and neonatal sepsis. We sought to determine whether gestational diabetes increases the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity from group B streptococcal colonization.Methods: Gestational diabetic and nondiabetic women who underwent vaginal or anogenital culture for group B streptococcus colonization in pregnancy were followed up for pregnancy outcome. Antibiotic prophylaxis was not routinely given. Major perinatal morbidity included intra-amniotic infection, endometritis, and neonatal sepsis. Potential confounding variables included induction of labor, cesarean delivery, prematurity, maternal antibiotic use, and prolonged rupture of membranes.Results: We compared 446 gestational diabetic women to 1,046 nondiabetic women for outcome. Overall, 12% were colonized with group B streptococcus, with no difference in colonization rates between gestational diabetic (12%) and nondiabetic (12%) women. There were no differences in intraamniotic infection rates between gestational diabetic and nondiabetic women, whether group B streptococcus positive (16% compared with 13%) or group B streptococcus negative (10% compared with 11%). Likewise, endometritis did not differ (6–9%) regardless of diabetes or group B streptococcus status. Neonatal sepsis was higher in group B streptococcus-positive women overall (3% compared with 1%, odds ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval 1.23, 10.81), but did not differ between diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies.Conclusion: Gestational diabetes does not alter the perinatal morbidity associated with group B streptococcal colonization in pregnancy.