HIV/AIDS Reviews

Literature in Brief

HIV/AIDS Reviews     

HIV/AIDS与失明

HIV感染能严重损害人体的免疫系统,使机体的免疫能力下降或丧失,引起各种机会性感染等并发症,严重影响人体健康甚至危及生命。近年来,全球均发现HIV感染者和AIDS患者发生眼部并发症较多,轻者视力下降,重者失明。然而,评价全球HIV/AIDS对失明的影响有较大的难度,因为到目前为止,对HIV/AIDS的眼并发症发生率的研究多数是在发达国家进行的,而90％以上的HIV感染者生活在发展中国家,而且有明显的证据表明,发展中国家     

HIV/AIDS and women

Women are the fastest growing segment of people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), yet they often receive this diagnosis when the disease is in its advanced stages. New therapies have caused human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to become a chronic and treatable disease for many of those afflicted. Primary care providers must be cognizant of the initial symptoms to facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment for women with HIV. Early signs of HIV in women are subtle. Providers must consider a diagnosis of HIV in women who present with vaginal infections, abnormal pap smears, or sexually transmitted diseases that are unusually severe, recurrent, and resistant to treatment efforts. These signs and symptoms, along with a corroborating history, may be early clues to HIV. Primary care providers, in conjunction with HIV specialists, must strive to decrease the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of the disease in women.     

Community HIV/AIDS teams

This paper describes a consecutive series of 103 patients with HIV and AIDS related illnesses who were referred to, and remained in, the care of two community teams. The characteristics of the patients are outlined and the early experiences of the teams are described. The findings of this study should assist doctors and nurses caring for patients with HIV and AIDS related illnesses in the community, and provide valuable data for service planners.     

营养与艾滋病防治

自1981年全球首次报道艾滋病（AIDS）后,已有2500万人死于AIDS。HIV／AIDS正在成为历史上最具破坏性的流行病之一。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）报告,2005年全球有4030万人感染艾滋病病毒（HIV）,其中2005年新感染病例490万。     

结核病与HIV／AIDS

结核病与人类免疫缺陷病毒感染 /艾滋病 (humanim munedeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome ,HIV /AIDS)是相互促进病变进展、恶化 ,迅速导致患者死亡的伴发病〔1〕。随着当前结核病和HIV/AIDS流行的日益严重 ,两者合并发病的可能性有所增加 ,严重威胁着人类健康和社会进步。1　结核病与HIV/AIDS相互影响的现状当前 ,全球受结核分枝杆菌 (mycobacteriumtuberculosis,MTB)感染的人数约 2 0亿 ,活动性结核病约 2 0 0 0万〔1〕;HIV /AIDS人数已达 3 4 3 0万〔2〕。HIV阳性者感染MTB后 ,结核发病是HIV阴性者的 3 …     

Developmentally-based AIDS/HIV Education

A growing number of health and education professionals argue that AIDS/HIV education curricula should be developmentally-based. They suggest the principles of developmental psychology be used to design curricula based on the sequentially ordered ways children of different ages understand AIDS. Relying on findings of research on development of children's conceptions of illness, a specific developmentally-based approach to educating school-age children about AIDS/HIV is presented in this paper. For each of three major age groups, the paper describes general characteristics for children's thought processes, ways in which children assimilate information about various aspects of AIDS, and implications for educating children about causes, prevention, and fear of AIDS. The focus of AIDS/HIV education can move from reducing fear in the younger group, to identifying and differentiating causes and noncauses of AIDS in the intermediate groups, to articulating strategies for AIDS prevention in the older group.     

结核病与HIV/AIDS

艾滋病(acquired immuno-deficiency syn-drome,AIDS)是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immu-nodeficiency virus,HIV)感染引起的一种获得性免疫缺陷疾病.截至2007年底我国现存艾滋病病毒感染者和病人约70万.全人群感染率为0.05%,其中艾滋病病人8.5万人,2007年新发艾滋病病毒感染者5万,因艾滋病死亡2万人.     

HIV/AIDS and blindness

Nearly 34 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS: ocular complications are common, affecting 50% to 75% of all such patients at some point during the course of their illness. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is by far the most frequent cause of vision loss in patients with AIDS. Although the prevalence of cytomegalovirus retinitis is decreasing in industrialized countries because of the widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, between 10% and 20% of HIV-infected patients worldwide can be expected to lose vision in one or both eyes as a result of ocular cytomegalovirus infection. Less frequent but important causes of bilateral vision loss in patients with HIV/AIDS include varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus retinitis, HIV-related ischaemic microvasculopathy, ocular syphilis, ocular tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and ocular toxic or allergic drug reactions. At present, most patients with HIV/AIDS in developing countries who lose their vision have a very limited life expectancy. As antiretroviral therapy makes its way to these countries, however, both life expectancy and the prevalence of blindness related to HIV/AIDS can be expected to increase dramatically.     

Das Kompetenznetz Schlaganfall

In 1999 the German Ministry of Education and Research initiated a funding initiative for competence networks in health research in order to improve research and health care for major diseases with high morbidity and relevance to public health. All major players in a given field were invited to cooperate. The aims were to improve horizontal as well as vertical networking in order to improve research quality and the transfer of new results into general clinical practice. Another aim was to establish sustainable structures for lasting cooperation. After a highly competitive application round, the Competence Network Stroke was among the very first to be funded. The incidence of stroke in Germany is about 250,000 new patients per year, it is the leading cause of adult impairment and its societal impact is dramatic.