浅筋膜蒂及轴行血管蒂在逆行皮瓣中的联合应用

临床上带蒂皮瓣可以是血管蒂，也可以是筋膜蒂。血管蒂皮瓣常存在静脉回流问题，而筋膜皮瓣由于没有知名血管，切取的面积有限。逆行岛状皮瓣是以知名动脉及其伴行静脉为蒂（如桡动脉、胫后动脉，甚至皮神经营养动脉）而形成的岛状皮瓣，皮瓣利用远端的动脉吻合支、动脉弓或动脉环而逆行供血。皮瓣的存活受动脉血供和静脉回流两个因素影响，静脉回流尤为重要。临床上，     

远端蒂筋膜皮瓣急诊修复指腹缺损

指腹缺损是手部的一种常见外伤，修复不当、术后将严重影响手指外观及功能。我们于2001年8月至2005年10月应用指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣、大鱼际桡侧缘远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复指腹缺损150例共161指，取得了良好的疗效。     

远端蒂皮神经浅静脉筋膜岛状皮瓣的模型建立

目的建立新西兰大白兔腓肠神经小隐静脉筋膜岛状皮瓣实验模型。方法对5只新西兰大白兔解剖，观察小隐静脉和腓肠神经的伴行情况、小隐静脉走行、小隐静脉瓣膜及逆行测压，并进行远近双蒂小隐静脉腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣成活的预实验。结果小隐静脉和腓肠神经位于后肢的后外侧面，无明显动脉伴行。小隐静脉出深筋膜后即分为前后2支，腓肠神经也同样分为前后2支伴静脉而行。对小隐静脉主干进行逆向插管灌注墨水，主干及前支有5～6个瓣膜，最强的1个位于前支汇入主干的远侧，可对抗60～100cm水柱逆向压力。切取双蒂皮瓣做预实验，皮瓣均完全成活。说明该模型的动脉血供和静脉回流充足。结论兔小隐静脉腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣是研究远端蒂皮瓣静脉回流的良好模型。     

改良筋膜蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的 对四肢筋膜蒂皮瓣手术方法进行改良及总结,进一步提高疗效.方法 应用筋膜蒂皮瓣修复四肢皮肤、软组织缺损48例.其中小腿中下段胫前皮肤缺损16例,足跟部皮肢缺损10例,踝关节皮肤缺损15例,膝关节周围皮肤缺损2例.骶尾部巨大褥疮1例,手腕背部皮肤缺损4例.创面范围4.5 cm×3.0 cm～19.0cm×12.0cm,根据创面不同采取四肢不同部位筋膜蒂皮瓣修复创面,其中前臂内侧皮神经、贵要静脉筋膜蒂皮瓣4例,前臂外侧皮神经、头静脉筋膜蒂皮瓣1例,顺行带隐神经、大隐静脉的筋膜蒂皮瓣3例,右大腿股后皮神经筋膜蒂皮瓣1例,带腓肠神经、小隐静脉逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣22例,带隐神经、大隐静脉筋膜蒂皮瓣7例.皮瓣范围6.0 cm×4.0 cm～18.0 cm×13.0cm.供区创面29例直接缝合,19例取大腿或下腹部全厚皮片6.0 cm×3.0 cm～13.0 cm×6.0 cm植皮修复. 结果 术后15例皮瓣肿胀、淤血,经远端小切口放血3～5d,其中12例皮瓣成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;3例远端皮缘部分坏死,经再次手术清创植皮后成活.余患者皮瓣均成活,创面愈合.供区创面Ⅰ期愈合,植皮成活.48例患者均获随访1～24个月,平均9.5个月.皮瓣色泽正常,质地柔软,外形和功能满意. 结论 四肢筋膜蒂皮瓣是修复四肢皮肤、软组织缺损的理想治疗方法.通过手术方法的改良,可使皮瓣成活率进一步提高.     

带腓肠神经远端筋膜蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨和总结带腓肠神经远端筋膜蒂皮瓣临床应用的方法和临床疗效。方法 回顾分析近5年应用带腓肠神经远端筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小腿中下段、踝、足跟部皮肤、软组织病损42例的手术方法和治疗效果，进一步评价此方法的应用价值。结果 42例皮瓣全部成活，经平均6个月术后随访，效果满意，无并发症。结论 筋膜皮瓣是修复小腿胫前、踝、足跟部皮肤缺损比较理想的方法之一，具有手术操作容易、皮瓣成活率高等优点，值得推广应用。     

小腿后侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿和足踝部骨关节、肌腱及内固定物外露的创面，采用小腿后侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复后的临床效果。方法1998年8月-2004年7月，小腿后侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣局部移位修复34例小腿中下段及足踝部软组织缺损患者。男27例，女7例，年龄17～61岁。病程4h～8个月。小腿中下段软组织缺损18例，足踝部缺损11例，足跟负重区缺损5例。其中伴胫骨或跟骨慢性骨髓炎者13例，创面感染8例，骨外露3例。所取皮瓣范围6cm×4cm～15cm×12cm。供区创面直接缝合或中厚皮片加压包扎。结果术后31例筋膜皮瓣全部成活，3例部分坏死，对症处理后愈合。患者均获随访6～12个月，皮瓣质地及外观均满意，小腿及足踝部血运、功能活动均恢复正常。结论应用小腿后侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部骨关节、肌腱及内固定物外露的创面，具有取材方便，操作简便，不牺牲小腿主要血管，皮瓣成活率高，术后外形美观等优点。     

小腿后侧远端带蒂筋膜皮瓣的临床运用

1手术方法 1.1皮瓣设计根据缺损部位,可选用3种切取方法:(1)外踝上后外侧筋膜皮瓣:该皮瓣血供来自腓动脉在外踝后上方的穿支.以腓肠神经的走行路线为轴心线,即小腿后正中线中点与外踝、跟腱中点的连线.旋转轴点在外踝上5cm.皮瓣前界不应超过腓骨前缘,但后界可超过后正中线,近端可达小腿中部,长×宽=13～17cm×5～6cm,基底蒂部可略窄,但不应小于3cm.(2)内踝上后内侧筋膜皮瓣:血供来自胫后动脉的内踝上筋膜穿支.轴点:内踝上5cm.轴心线:胫后动脉中下段的走行线即胫骨内髁中点与跟腱、内踝中点的连线,旋转轴点;内踝尖上方7cm.皮瓣上界于膝下10cm,两侧至前后正中线,但长宽小于15cm×4cm为宜.(3)包括整个小腿后方的筋膜皮瓣;血供来自胫后动脉和腓动脉的筋膜穿支,旋转轴在踝间线上6～8cm,上界可达横纹下5cm,两侧达内外正中线.     

浅静脉干不同处理方法对远端带蒂皮瓣影响的实验研究

目的　探讨浅静脉干用不同处理方法后对远端带蒂皮瓣的影响。方法　将 2 0只新西兰大白兔建立成远端带小隐静脉腓肠神经筋膜蒂的岛状皮瓣动物模型。按手术先后随机分为 4组 ,每组 10个皮瓣。第 1组在蒂部保留小隐静脉干 (流入 ) ;第 2组在蒂部远端 1cm将小隐静脉干结扎 (阻断 ) ;第 3组在近端重新吻合小隐静脉干 (流出 ) ;第 4组仅在皮瓣表面切开 (渗出 )。结果　第 1、4组的小隐静脉压力较第 2组显著增高 ,且超过毛细血管动脉压。皮瓣存活率第 3组 (94.5 % )与第 1组 (2 2 .7% ) ,第 2组(5 5 .5 % )和第 4组 (2 4.0 % )相比 ,差异有非常显著意义 (t =8.77、10 .2 7、P <0 .0 0 1)。第 2组较第 1、4组皮瓣的存活率明显要高 (t =3 .70、2 .82 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　在近端重建浅静脉流出通道或在远端阻断浅静脉血流灌入 ,均能显著提高远端蒂皮瓣的存活率     

颞浅血管预构扩张皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨颞浅血管预构扩张皮瓣在修复面、颈部较大皮肤软组织缺损中的应用及其修复效果。方法:通过将颞浅动、静脉植入颈部皮下,皮下置入扩张器,经过3个月的组织扩张,形成以颞浅动、静脉为蒂的颈部预构扩张皮瓣,转移修复同侧面、颈部的皮肤软组织缺损。结果:2001年至2006年,应用此方法修复10例面、颈部瘢痕挛缩患者的面颊部及颏颈部皮肤软组织缺损,均取得了成功。随访6个月,效果满意。结论:采用颞浅动、静脉颈部预构扩张皮瓣修复面、颈部皮肤软组织缺损是一种可行的方法。     

Augmentation of venous drainage by a venous anastomosis for pedicled flaps

Recently several studies have addressed the venous problem and confirmed that venous ischemia is more injurious to tissue viability than arterial ischemia of equivalent duration. There are different methods of managing venous-compromised pedicled flaps. Between June 1996 and November 2003, our center treated two submental, five Becker, nine posterior interosseous, three distally based sural, and three colon pedicled flaps (22 flaps in total), which had venous congestion either at the time of flap elevation or immediately after inset of the flap. These cases of venous congestion were managed with an immediate additional venous anastamosis. After vein anastomosis, venous congestion reduced gradually, then improved, and finally disappeared completely in the postoperative follow-up days with all flaps surviving in their entirety. Reexploration was not required for the microsurgical venous anastomosis. In conclusion, flap necrosis resulting from venous congestion causes prolonged hospitalization, multiple debridements, and additional procedures to cover the exposed structures. Additional vein anastomosis, which is a simple, rapid, and reliable auxiliary procedure, may increase complete flap survival and lead to successful end results, both functional and cosmetic.     

小腿远端不同穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨应用小腿远端不同穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损的适应证和临床效果.方法 对24例小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损的患者,优选5种不同的小腿远端穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复,其中腓动脉外踝后上穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣7例,外踝后穿支筋膜蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣2例,腓动脉高位穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣2例,腓动脉外踝前上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣8例,胫后动脉内踝上穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣5例.皮瓣切取面积为5 cm ×4 cm ～ 14 cm× 12 cm.结果 除了1例腓动脉外踝前上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣发生远端部分坏死之外,其余皮瓣术后均顺利成活,切口均一期愈合.15例患者获得1～36个月的随访,皮瓣色泽、质地及厚薄较为满意,供、受区外形与功能恢复也较为满意.结论 根据小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损的具体情况,并结合小腿远端不同穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣的特点,选择最适宜的皮瓣加以修复,多能以供区最小的代价获得最佳的受区效果.     

带尺动脉腕上皮支的不同蒂皮瓣的l临床解剖与应用

自张高孟国内首先报告尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣以来,因其不牺牲主干动脉、切取方便等优点,在手外科临床中得到广泛应用[1-2].     

Use of pedicled cutaneous groin flaps in distal reconstruction of the upper extremity]

In the years 1981-1997 at the Department of Plastic Surgery Medical Centre for Postsgraduate Education in Warsaw 116 patients were treated surgically using groin flaps and 97 patients using a pedicled cutaneous groin flap. This paper reports the results of the later technique. Reconstructions were performed in 10 female patients aged 18-58 (mean age 37.5 years) and 87 male patients aged 15-67 (mean age 33.8 years). The tissue defects or acquired deformations were caused by: crush injuries (26 cases), scalping injuries (23 cases), rugged injuries (18 cases), avulsion trauma (15 cases), explosion injuries (8 cases) and electric burns (7 cases). Flap size depended upon extent of the tissue defect and the from flaps were 7-26 cm long and 4-12 cm wide. Flap area ranged from 35 to 260 square centimetres. Emergency procedures were performed in 59 patients (61%). Secondary reconstructions were carried out in 38 cases (39%). Operative technique was based on the rules described by McGregor and Jackson. The donor site was sutured primarily tubulizing its basis--as in tube flap. The flap pedicle was cut off during a one stage procedure in 41 patients 21-30 days (mean 23 days) after surgery or during a two-stage procedure in 56 cases. The two-stage procedure consisted of an incision of part of the pedicle after 15-45 days post-op (mean 21 days) followed by a complete dissection after a few days (mean 4 days). In 44 cases the flap required modelling i.e. excision of excessives kin and/or thinning of subcutaneous tissue. The flap healed in 96 patients (99%). Complications at different stages of the treatment were observed in 40 patients (41%). In 3 cases wound ischemia was observed because of too tight suturing. Removal of skin sutures lead to normalization of blood supply. In 7 patients cyanotic skin of the distal part with no significant consequences was observed. In 27 patients (28%) necrosis of the marginal tissues surrounding the operation wound after cutting of the pedicle was noted. Besides supported necrectomy a conservative treatment was also applied by putting dressings soaked with antiseptics and 0.5% neomycine solution on a daily basis. This prolonged treatment by further several weeks. No significant complications were observed at the donor site.     

双带蒂皮瓣治疗前臂软组织缺损

随着现代工业发展,机器伤数量亦随之增加,肘部以远前臂及手部可同时存在软组织缺损、肌腱及骨外露,处理不当可引起肢体伤残,甚至有截肢危险,同时修复治疗存在困难自2001年起对5例采用髂腹股沟皮瓣联合脐旁皮瓣治疗前臂软组织缺损,所有皮瓣成活,伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。1临床资料本组男4例,女1例;年龄17~34岁,平均24.2岁。均为机器绞伤,肌腱或骨外露存在,缺损面积为(6~19)cm×(6~10)cm。采用Ⅰ期清创,后择期手术治疗,皮瓣的大小为(10~20)cm×(7~12)cm,根据皮肤缺损面积确定。2治疗方法2.1皮瓣设计[1]根据创面设计皮瓣,均为顺行皮瓣,皮瓣蒂部设计为管…