拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎90例

目的:观察拉米夫定对血清HBsAg、HBeAg、HBV DNA阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效。方法:180例HBsAg、HBeAg、HBV DNA阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分成对照组(90例)和治疗组(90例)。对照组采用一般保肝、降酶综合治疗;治疗组在对照组综合治疗基础上每日口服拉米夫定100mg,疗程1年。结果:对照组、治疗组患者ALT复常率分别为77例(85.6％)、79例(87.8％),两组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。对照组7例(7.8％)血清HBV DNA阴转,5例(5.6％)血清HBeAg阴转,2例(2.2％)出现HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换;治疗组78例(86.7％)血清HBV DNA阴转,64例(71.1％)血清HBeAg阴转,44例(48.9％)出现HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换;两组差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.005～P<0.001)。结论:拉米夫定能有效抑制HBV DNA复制,促使患者HBeAg转阴、HBBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换;但也有部分病例治疗无效和出现YMDD病毒变异。     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙肝病毒感染病人的疗效分析

目的：观察拉米夫定（Lamivudine）治疗慢性乙肝病毒（HBV）感染病人的疗效及影响因素。方法：60例慢性HBV感染病人予拉米夫定（100mg qd）治疗12个月。疗效评估包括血清HBV病毒学、血清HBV免疫学、血清生化学应答率。结果：治疗12个月后，HBV DNA PCR荧光定量检测总的血清HBV DNA转阴率为57.89％，HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率为6.25％，ALT复常率为68.89％。其中，（1）血清ALT异常、HBeAg阳性组病人的荧光定量检测HBV DNA转阴率为55.56％，HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率为8.33％，ALT恢复正常率为63.89％；完全应答率为8.33％，部分应答率为75.00％，无应答率为16.67％。（2）ALT正常、HBeAg阳性组的12例病人中，仅有4例病人的血清HBV DNA转阴，无1例发生HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换。（3）ALT异常、HBeAb阳性组的9例病人中，8例病人的HBV DNA转阴同时伴ALT复常。结论：本组病例分析结果表明，拉米夫定可以有效地抑制血清HBV的复制，改善肝功能。机体免疫状况对拉米夫定抗病毒治疗有较大影响，治疗前ALT水平是预测疗效的重要指标。对ALT异常的慢性HBV感染病人，HBeAg阴性者似乎比HBeAg阳性者有更好的治疗反应，可能更适合用拉米夫定治疗。病人对拉米夫定普遍耐受性良好。     

阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床疗效观察

目的观察阿德福韦酯对慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床疗效。方法随机选择慢性乙型肝炎患者39例,其中12例为拉米夫定治疗后出现YMDD变异者。治疗48周,检测血清HBV DNA及HBV血清学标志物和ALT。结果治疗48周时,全组血清HBV DNA水平下降到1.3×103copies/ml,HBV DNA转阴率为56.4%,HBeAg转阴率为35.9%,HBeAg/抗-HBe转换率12.8%,ALT复常率为69.2%;YMDD变异组血清HBV DNA水平下降到7.9×103copies/ml,HBV DNA转阴率为50.0%,HBeAg转阴率为25.0%,HBeAg/抗-HBe转换率8.3%,ALT复常率为58.3%;HBV DNA>108copies/ml组,血清HBV DNA水平下降到6.8×103copies/ml,HBV DNA转阴率为0.0%,无HBeAg转阴和抗-HBe血清转换,ALT复常率为50.0%。结论阿德福韦酯是一有效的抗HBV药物。对HBV DNA野生株、拉米夫定耐药变异株均有抑制作用,HBV DNA基线水平低者疗效好,HBV DNA>108copies/ml者,疗效差。     

拉米夫定联合卡介苗治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的比较拉米夫定和拉米夫定联合卡介苗治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效。方法66例初治的慢性乙型肝炎患者,随机分成两组,联合治疗组用拉米夫定100mg/d口服,疗程12个月,拉米夫定治疗同时给予卡介苗1mg皮下注射,2次/周,连续6个月。拉米夫定组仅给予拉米夫定100mg/d口服,疗程12个月。结果ALT复常率联合治疗组高于拉米夫定组。HBV DNA阴转率两组比较差异无显著意义。治疗6个月后及随访期内血清HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率均显著高于拉米夫定组。结论拉米夫定与卡介苗联合应用治疗CHB具有协同抗HBV效应。     

扶正祛邪饮与替比夫定联合治疗对慢性乙型肝炎HBeAg血清转换作用的非随机对照研究临床观察

目的:探讨扶正祛邪饮与替比夫定联合治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效,重点观察HBeAg血清转换指标。方法:96例患者按意愿分为联合组50例和对照组46例,联合组患者口服替比夫定片,1次/d,600mg/次,疗程12个月。另加服扶正祛邪饮,2次/d,150ml/次,疗程6个月;对照组患者单用替比夫定,用法和疗程与联合组相同。观察两组患者治疗前后的临床症状改善、肝功能好转、HBV DNA下降、HBeAg转阴及HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换的效果。结果:两组患者治疗后的ALT、AST、TBil、HBeAg转阴率、HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率、HBV DNA转阴率,与治疗前比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);两组患者治疗后的比较,联合组在ALT水平、HBeAg转阴率、HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率等早期应答方面优于对照组(P<0.05),联合组HBeAg转阴率、HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换率在治疗12月时高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:扶正祛邪饮联合替比夫定片治疗慢性乙型肝炎早期疗效明显,肝功能恢复较快,且能促进HBeAg转阴和HBeAg/抗-HBe血清转换提前应答,可作为慢性乙型肝炎治疗的辅助药物。     

拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎70例

[目的]观察拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的临床疗效。[方法]将140例CHB患者随机分为2组,治疗组70例给予拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗;对照组70例单服拉米夫定疗程均1 a。比较2组治疗后血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)复常率,HBeAg/抗-HBe转换率,HBeAg、HBV DNA转阴率,YMDD突变率。[结果]治疗组治疗后12个月血清HBeAg/抗-HBe转换率、HBeAg转阴率、YMDD突变率分别为35.7%、47.1%、12.9%;对照组分别为17.1%、27.1%2、8.6%,2组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2组ALT、AST的复常率比较均P0.05,HBV DNA转阴率P0.05。[结论]拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗HBeAg阳性CHB疗效优于单用拉米夫定治疗。     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效观察

目的探讨拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效与安全性。方法60例患者给予拉米夫定0．1口服，1次／日，疗程一年；其中13例患者进行治疗前后的肝组织病理学检查。结果治疗一年后肝组织学纤维化和炎症程度改善率为69．23％；36．3％的患者ALT复常；85％的患者HBV DNA水平由阳性转变为检测线以下，而HBeAg／抗-HBe血清转换率只有7．1％。结论拉米夫定可明显降低患者血清HBV DNA水平，并能改善肝组织学的炎症和纤维化程度，且用药安全，但HBeAg／抗-HBe血清转换率低。     

干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎出现HBsAg/抗-HBs血清转换后病情复发

目的探讨干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎出现HBsAg血清转换后再转为阳性对病情的影响。方法 5例慢性乙型肝炎患者在使用干扰素治疗发生HBsAg血清转换,而后再现HBsAg阳性的病史特点、临床表现以及治疗过程中的肝功能、HBV DNA和HBeAg等变化情况。结果 5例患者接受干扰素治疗时间为3～15个月,在治疗开始后3～18个月发生HBsAg转阴;3例HBeAg阳性患者在HBsAg转阴之前或同时出现HBeAg转阴,但未发生HBeAg/抗HBe血清转换;5例患者HBsAb持续存在6～18个月后消失,且HBsAg在同时或之后复阳;1例患者在治疗后30个月时HBV DNA为3.36×106copies/ml,ALT为98u/L,开始接受替比夫定治疗;1例患者在干扰素治疗过程中发生白癜风。结论干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者出现HBsAg血清转换后再转为阳性可能与患者未出现HBeAg血清学转换、治疗时间不够长或肝内存在HBV cccDNA等有关。     

拉米夫定联合安络化纤丸治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化30例临床观察

目的探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者通过拉米夫定和安络化纤丸联合治疗的效果。方法随机选择45例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者，分别给予拉米夫定联合安络化纤丸和拉米夫定治疗1年6个月。结果治疗结束时，联合组的血清谷丙酶和透明质酸水平下降比单用拉米夫定组优；治疗组30例中17例（56．7％）HBV DNA阴转，17例HBeAg阴转，7例出现抗-HBc（＋）；对照组15例中8例HBV DNA阴转（53．3％），8例HBeAg阴转，2例出现抗-HBc（＋）。结论拉米夫定联合安络化纤丸治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化疗效确切，安络化纤丸有较好抗肝纤维化及改善肝功能，缓解临床症状作用。但抗乙型肝炎毒复制作用不突出。     

乙型肝炎病毒血清DNA定量检测的临床意义

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒感染者的HBV DNA定量检测的临床意义及与血清学HBe系统标志之间和转氨酶(ALT/AST)水平的相关性。方法:采用PCR-荧光标记探针定量技术和酶联免疫吸附法及速率法对140例乙型肝炎病毒感染者进行乙型肝炎病毒血清DNA含量的检测和血清学标志及ALT和AST的检测;同时动态检测了20例乙型肝炎患者24周拉米夫定治疗期间的血清HBe系统标志和HBV DNA含量变化。结果:HBeAg阳性组的HBV DNA含量(M=6.48)显著高于抗-HBe阳性组的HBV DNA含量(M=4.28)(H=28.48,P<0.001),差异有非常显著性意义;不同临床类型乙型肝炎患者的HBV DNA含量检测结果之间的比较差异无显著性意义(H=2.181,P>0.05);在拉米夫定治疗期间,血清HBV DNA含量的下降和转阴明显先于HBe系统血清学标志的转换。结论:HBeAg是反映HBV DNA复制的重要指标,HBeAg阳性表示乙肝病毒复制活跃,但在抗病毒治疗期间,血清学标志指标反映HBV复制状态存在局限性,HBV DNA定量检测是反映乙肝病毒复制和判断药物疗效的最直接、可靠的指标;乙型肝炎患者病程的变化、ALT/AST水平与乙肝病毒复制是否活跃没有直接相关。     

Lamivudine and famciclovir combination therapy with or without addition of interferon-alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a pilot study

Lamivudine and famciclovir combination therapy has been used in patients with chronic HBeAg-positive hepatitis B to enhance the antiviral effect and reduce the risk of development of resistance. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) can theoretically be added to the regimen to further improve the antiviral effect. Twenty patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B were given lamivudine and famciclovir combination therapy for 24 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, patients were randomized on a 1:1 basis to either the addition of IFN-alpha 2b or no addition for the last 3 months of therapy. The decline in HBV DNA levels, the loss of HBeAg and the HBeAg seroconversion rate were assessed. Patients with loss of HBeAg and/or development of anti-HBe were followed up for at least 1 y after stopping treatment. Four of 19 patients (21%) had lost HBeAg and/or developed anti-HBe 24 weeks after stopping treatment, 1 of whom had received additional IFN-alpha. During long-term follow-up post-treatment, 2/19 patients (10.5%) had a durable HBeAg seroconversion. The mean HBV DNA level declined by 5 logs during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Addition of IFN-alpha during the last 3 months of treatment did not result in any further decline in HBV DNA levels compared with the non-IFN-alpha-treated group, nor in any increase in the HBeAg seroconversion rate. In conclusion, lamivudine and famciclovir combination treatment induced seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in 4/19 patients, 2 of whom became long-term responders. Addition of IFN-alpha did not improve the seroconversion rate.     

Hepatitis B virus genotypes and the response to lamivudine therapy

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be classified into eight major genotypes (A-H) that have mainly a geographic distribution. The HBV genotype may influence disease progression, HBeAg seroconversion rates, response to antiviral treatment. The aim of study was to analyze the distribution and frequency of genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Response to lamivudine 100 mg daily therapy was examined in respect to genotype. Sixty six patients (45 (68,2%) male, 21 (31,8%) female) with chronic hepatits B were enrolled. HBV genotypes were assigned before treatment with INNO-LiPA HBV Genotyping, Innogenetics, N. V., Ghent assay, which is a line probe test based on the reverse hybridization principle. In baseline and after 12 months of treatment serological markers of HBV infection, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and HBV DNA serum levels were tested. Patients with chronic hepatitis B were infected predominantly with genotype A. HBV genotype distribution was: 78,8% for genotype A, 13,6% for genotype D, 1,5% for mixed infection with genotypes A and D. Distribution of genotypes A and D was asymmetrically regardless of sex, HBeAg status, ALT and HBV DNA levels. Four (6,1%) specimens had indeterminate A results by LiPA. There were no significant differences between patients with genotypes A and D regarding age and sex. There were also no significant differences between these two groups regarding rates of HBeAg and anti-HBe positivity, ALT activity and viral load. Twenty months of lamivudine (100 mg daily) therapy resulted in significant decreases in serum HBV DNA and ALT activities in patients with genotype A as well as with genotype D. After 12 months of treatment there were no statistical differences in HBeAg seroconversion rates, ALT activities, viral loads, frequency of HBeAg and anti-HBe between genotypes A and D.     

Hepatitis B virus genotype has no impact on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine treatment

AIM: To investigate the association of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and HBeAg seroconversion after nucleotide analogue treatment.METHODS: Chronic hepatitis B patients receiving lamivudine followed up for at least 6 months post-treatment were studied. Consecutive treatment-naïve patients who were prospectively followed up in the clinic for at least 18 months were studied as controls. HBeAg seroconversion was defined as loss of HBeAg, appearance of anti-HBe and normalization of alanine aminotransferase for at least 6 months.RESULTS: Thirty-five patients on lamivudine and 96 control patients followed up for 39 (18-49) months were studied. Lamivudine was given for 12 (10-18) months, and patients were followed up for 15 (6-34) months after drug cessation. Genotype B and C HBV were found in 43 and 88 patients and HBeAg seroconversion occurred in 12 (28%) and 16 (18%) patients, respectively (P = 0.30). There was no difference in HBeAg seroconversion between patients infected by genotype B and C HBV in the control (35% vs 21%, P = 0.25) and lamivudine-treated (14% vs 10%, P = 1.00) groups.CONCLUSION: HBeAg seroconversion after treatment by lamivudine was not influenced by the HBV genotype.     

Hepatitis B virus precore mutations and HBeAg negative reactivation of chronic hepatitis B after interferon therapy

The objective of this study was to look for HBV precore mutations in three patients with chronic active hepatitis B who developed HBV-DNA-positive/HBeAg-negative reactivation after HBe seroconversion induced by interferon therapy. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products was performed on serum collected before and after HBe seroconversion. In two patients precore sequence showed only wild-type HBV before and after interferon therapy. In one patient, precore sequence showed only wild-type HBV before interferon therapy and a mixed infection by wild-type HBV and precore mutant viruses (1858 and 1896 nucleotide mutations) after treatment. The presence of HBeAg/anti-HBe immune complexes was found after HBe seroconversion in all cases. Our results suggest that: 1) precore mutations are not always found in patients with chronic hepatitis B who develop HBV DNA-positive/HBeAg-negative reactivation; and 2) HBeAg negativity, despite the presence of wild-type HBV, might be due to HBeAg/anti-HBe immune complexes. We speculate that the production of these immune complexes may be favored by interferon therapy.     

Evolution of hepatitis B virus precore/basal core promoter gene in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients receiving lamivudine therapy

Aim: Lamivudine is effective in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic hepatitis B, but the relapse rate after cessation of treatment is high. The evolution of viral genome may contribute to the viral replication under antiviral pressure of lamivudine. We therefore determined the evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore/basal core promoter and polymerase genes in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patient during lamivudine therapy. Method: Thirteen patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis who had received short‐term lamivudine therapy (mean, 30 weeks) during 1999–2001 were enrolled. The precore/basal core promoter region and polymerase gene were amplified and directly sequenced before, during and post lamivudine treatment. Result: HBeAg loss or seroconversion occurred in 11, but eight relapsed after stopping therapy and five had reversion of HBeAg. Before treatment, basal core promoter mutation was found in 1. In the first 3 months of therapy, a rapid decline of serum HBV DNA level accompanied with basal core promoter mutation appeared in 11 of 13 patients (vs. before therapy; P=0.003). However, this mutant was replaced by wild‐type virus in four of eight patients who relapsed after treatment. There was no significant change of precore sequences before and during therapy. Conclusions: Lamivudine therapy may result in the rapid development of basal core promoter mutation of HBV, but this mutation may revert to wild type gradually after cessation of therapy.     

Hepatitis C virus eradication followed by HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion after pegylated interferon-alpha2b plus ribavirin treatment in a patient with hepatitis B and C coinfection

In hepatitis B or hepatitis C endemic areas, the number of patients with dual infections is substantial. In such patients, interferon-alpha plus ribavirin can achieve sustained hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion. Pegylated interferon (PegIFN), an established treatment for hepatitis C, is currently increasingly recognized as an efficient therapy for hepatitis B. No case of successful use of PegIFN plus ribavirin has yet been reported, however, in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV coinfection.We report on a 32-year-old man, of Kampuchean origin, with chronic hepatitis B, as documented by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen with HBeAg, who was coinfected with HCV genotype 1. On therapy with PegIFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin, HCV RNA became undetectable at week 17. At the end of the 48 weeks of treatment, HCV RNA was still undetectable, HBV DNA was reduced and HBeAg remained positive. Twelve weeks after the end of treatment, HBV DNA reduction was followed by HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion. Two years after the end of treatment, HCV RNA and HBV DNA were still undetectable, and HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion was maintained. We conclude that the combination of PegIFN plus ribavirin may induce suppression of both viral infections.     

Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Forty subjects with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion following lamivudine therapy in previous trials were monitored after treatment to assess the durability of serologic responses. Patient follow-up began a median of 4.3 months after completion of therapy in previous trials. At months 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 of year 1, and every 6 months thereafter, we tested for HBeAg and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). After a median (range) of 36.6 (4.8-45.6) months of follow-up monitoring, HBeAg seroconversion was demonstrated at the last visit by 77% (30 of 39) of patients. In a post hoc analysis of a slightly different population of all 65 patients with HBeAg seroconversion in previous trials, the 3-year durability of HBeAg seroconversion measured from the time immediately after discontinuing lamivudine therapy was 64%. Nine (9 of 40, 23%) patients were HBsAg negative at the last assessment. Seventy-four percent (17 of 23) of patients with baseline undetectable HBV DNA and normal ALT maintained these responses at the last visit. Eight patients (8 of 40, 20%) initiated retreatment for reappearance of HBV markers, and 7 showed biochemical and/or virologic improvement (including regained HBeAg seroconversion in 2). No safety issues of concern emerged. In conclusion, most HBeAg responses achieved during lamivudine therapy were durable, and most responders experienced prolonged clinical benefit after HBeAg seroconversion and subsequent discontinuation of lamivudine. Lamivudine retreatment for reappearance of hepatitis B markers can achieve resumption of viral suppression.     

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Lamivudine resistance occurs in patients with chronic hepatitis B at rates of 16%-32% after 1 year and 49% after 3 years. Adefovir dipivoxil, a nucleotide analogue recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, is effective against hepatitis B virus (HBV) but has been associated with renal toxicity at high doses. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is another nucleotide analogue with demonstrated antiviral activity against both wild-type and lamivudine-resistant HBV. Tenofovir, at its licensed dose, has not been associated with renal dysfunction. METHODS: We describe a series of 9 patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B treated with tenofovir, 300 mg, once daily before the availability of adefovir. Levels of HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) were monitored. RESULTS: The addition of tenofovir to the existing regimen of lamivudine resulted in a median decline of 4.5 log(10) copies/mL in HBV DNA levels (range, 3.2-6.3 log(10) copies/mL) after a median treatment duration of 12 months (range, 6-16 mo). HBeAg seroconversion was observed in 2 patients, with a third patient undergoing HBeAg loss while remaining anti-HBe negative. In 4 of 7 patients with elevated ALT levels at baseline, ALT levels normalized. No significant adverse events were encountered during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B, treatment with tenofovir is well tolerated and results in significant virological, serological, and biochemical improvements on par with those seen with high-dose adefovir (30 mg/day) therapy, without the complication of renal toxicity.     

Demonstration of hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the serum and the liver after spontaneous or therapeutically induced HBeAg to anti-HBe or HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

The objective was to determine the proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B in whom hepatitis B virus DNA is demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction after HBeAg to anti-HBe or HBsAg to anti-HBs spontaneous or therapeutically induced seroconversion. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on serum 6 and 12 mo after HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion in 12 patients and 2, 6 and 12 mo after HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion in 13 patients. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on liver tissue after HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion in five patients and after HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion in one patient. Serum HBV DNA was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction in 83% of patients 6 or 12 mo after HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion and in 58%, 31% and 15% of patients at 2, 6 and 12 mo, respectively, after HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion. Liver HBV DNA was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction in all patients tested. Our results show that (a) a reduced level of hepatitis B virus replication persists in most of the patients after HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion and might be predictive of reactivation, and (b) in contrast, hepatitis B virus replication progressively disappears in most of the patients after HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion.