微创主动脉瓣置换术及术后早期结果

目的 探讨微创主动脉瓣置换术的可行性及效果.方法 回顾性分析2010年6月至2011年10月,20例单纯微创主动脉瓣置换术,男12例,女8例;平均年龄(47.60±12.28)岁.患者采用双腔气管插管,股动、静脉插管建立体外循环,右胸骨旁第3肋间切口,腋前线第4肋间置入阻断钳阻断升主动脉,完成主动脉瓣置换术.结果 全组无死亡,1例因主动脉吻合口出血转为前正中开胸行升主动脉置换术,所有患者均顺利出院.19例微创主动脉瓣置换术患者平均体外循环(124.00±39.83)min,主动脉阻断(97.21±33.17) min,气管插管(13.55±3.87)h,术后ICU停留(16.34±3.82)h,术后平均住院(6.63±1.45)天.未输血患者13例.平均切口长度(4.73±0.54)cm.术后复查无瓣周漏,无瓣膜功能障碍.电话或门诊随访,l例因脑梗塞死亡,余19例均恢复良好,没有瓣周漏,心功能Ⅰ级.结论 采用股动、静脉插管技术建立体外循环,右胸第3肋间微小切口完成微创主动脉瓣置换术,手术创伤小,术后恢复快,出血、输血少,美容效果好,安全可靠,值得推广.     

Minimally invasive valve surgery

As alternatives to standard sternotomy, surgeons have developed innovative, minimally invasive approaches to conducting valve surgery. Through very small skin incisions and partial upper sternal division for aortic valve surgery and right minithoracotomy for mitral surgery, surgeons have become adept at performing complex valve procedures. Beyond cosmetic appeal, apparent benefits range from decreased pain and bleeding to improved respiratory function and recovery time. The large retrospective studies and few small prospective randomized studies are herein briefly summarized. The focus is then directed toward describing specific intraoperative technical details in current clinical use, covering anesthetic preparation, incision, mediastinal access, cardiovascular cannulation, valve exposure, and valve reconstruction. Finally, unique situations such as pulmonic valve surgery, reoperations, beating heart surgery, and robotics are discussed.     

Minimally invasive valve surgery

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery has been the last area of clinical surgery to adopt and embrace minimally invasive surgical techniques. Since the onset of arterial embolectomy in 1965, arthroscopic knee surgery performed in 1975 and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1985, huge advances in videoscopic, thorascopic and small incision surgery has taken place in all specialties which now allow change in the traditional approaches to cardiac valve surgery. In 1996, the Brigham and Women's Hospital, along with other units, began minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery for patients who had isolated valve pathology without coronary disease. Our experience now totals 689 patients, including 353 minimally invasive mitral valve repair/replacements and 336 minimally invasive aortic valve replacements, including root replacement and reoperations. METHODS: This new operative approach involves smaller incisions, the mandatory use of transesophageal echocardiogram for the monitoring of operation quality and air removal, newer perfusion techniques and some modifications in the standard valve repair/replacement techniques. With this blending of TEE, better perfusion techniques and new exposure, the safety and quality of valve operations by these techniques have been excellent. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The operative mortality is equal to (AVR) or less than (MVP) conventional open sternotomy cases and there is a shorter length of stay in the ICU and post-ICU, leading to a lower cost than conventional procedures. There are also less blood transfusions, atrial fibrillation and posthospital rehabilitation requirements, and patients have indicated that there is a faster return to normality over the conventional operative approaches. This brief report summarizes our experience from July, 1996 to January 2001.     

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIC-MVS) was introduced into clinical practice in the mid 1990s. Since then it has evolved as the standard technique at some specialized centers. The routine technique includes femoral access for extracorporeal circulation, a right lateral minithoracotomy and direct aortic clamping using special instruments. Different techniques leading to some variations have been described. There is no prospectively randomized trial comparing minimally invasive with conventional mitral valve surgery. However, several series including large patient numbers and up to 8 years of follow-up have been published. Literature results as well as different aspects of minimally invasive MVS are discussed in this review, including the development, the current technique and future perspectives. Regarding MIC-MVS the word is that it is a safe and effective operation. Lateral minithoracotomy access offers excellent exposure, visualization can be further enhanced when using endoscopic cameras. All different mitral valve repair procedures can be performed even in the presence of complex pathologies. The repair rate is excellent and reaches 75%. Patient recovery is fast leading to a significant improvement in individual quality of life. MIC-MVS can now be considered the standard approach and will reach more widespread clinical application.     

Minimally invasive aortic valve surgery: technical considerations and results with the parasternal approach

BACKGROUND: The history of surgery over the last 30 years has moved steadily toward minimally invasive surgery; more recent experience with the gall bladder, arthroscopy, and video-assisted thoracic surgery has confirmed this trend. METHODS: Our experience in minimally invasive valve surgery between July 1996 and October 1997 included 180 patients, 80 with aortic valve replacement and 100 with mitral valve replacement. The 80 aortic valve replacement patients consisted of 46 males and 34 females, with a mean age of 63 years (range 32 to 90 years) and mean New York Heart Association Functional Class 2.5. The etiology of disease was varied: degenerative in 41 patients, congenital in 17, rheumatic in 8, subacute bacterial endocarditis in 6, myxomatous in 4, and structural valve degeneration in 4. RESULTS: There were two (2.5%) operative deaths, both from multisystem organ failure. Only 16 (20%) of the 80 patients experienced new postoperative atrial fibrillation. The mean length of stay in the hospital was 5 days (range 3 to 24 days). Only 18 (23%) of the 78 surviving patients required posthospital rehabilitation, and there were no late deaths. Morbidity included cerebrovascular accident in 1 patient (1.2%), sternal infection in 1 (1.2%), groin infection in 1 (1.2%), and bleeding requiring reoperation in 1 (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery is extremely effective and has become our current technique of choice in every mitral and aortic valve patient who does not have coronary artery disease because it reduces the length of hospital stay and cost, requires fewer blood transfusions, and stimulates less atrial fibrillation.     

Minimally invasive direct access heart valve surgery

We review our experience with minimally invasive direct access (MIDA) heart valve surgery in 518 patients. Two hundred fifty-two patients underwent MIDA aortic valve replacement (AVR) or repair and 266 underwent MIDA mitral valve repair or replacement. Among the 250 AVRs, 157 (63%) were men, aged 63.2 +/- 14.6 years, NYHA functional Class 2.4 +/- 0.8. The surgical approach was right parasternal in 36 (14%) or upper hemisternotomy in 216 (86%). There were four (2%) operative deaths. Perioperative complications included 14 (5.6%) reexplorations for bleeding, 7 (3%) chest wound infections, 5 (2%) strokes, and 1 (0.4%) external iliac vein injury. Follow-up was complete in 193 (77%) patients, with a mean follow-up of 12 +/- 8 months. Late complications included 2 (0.8%) nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 4 (2%) reoperations for, respectively, 2 pericardial complications, 1 paravalvar leak, and 1 infected valve. There were five (2%) late deaths from congestive heart failure, pneumonia, hemorrhage, aneurysm, and cancer. Mean follow-up NYHA Class was 1.4 +/- 0.6. For the 266 mitral patients, 145 (54.5%) were men, age 58.7 +/- 13.6 years, functional Class 2.3 +/- 0.5. The surgical approach was right parasternal in 195 (73%), lower hemisternotomy in 53 (20%), right submammary thoracotomy in 9 (3.4%), or full sternotomy through a small skin incision in 9 (3.4%). There were 2 (0.8%) operative deaths. Perioperative complications included 4 (1.5%) reoperations for bleeding, 4 (1.5%) strokes, and 5 (2%) wound infections, and 3 (1%) ascending aortic complications. Follow-up was complete in 202 (76%) patients with a mean follow-up of 9.5 +/- 6.4 months. Late complications included one (0.4%) nonfatal myocardial infarction and three (1%) reoperations all converting repairs to replacements. There were three (1%) late deaths from suicide, pneumonia, and sudden death, respectively. Mean follow-up NYHA functional Class was 1.3 +/- 0.5. We conclude that MIDA heart valve surgery is safe and effective for the majority of patients requiring isolated elective aortic or mitral valve surgery.     

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery for aortic valve disease

Recent surgical advances leading to good operative results have contributed to the trend to useminimally invasive approaches, even in cardiac surgery. Smaller incisions are clearly more cosmetically acceptable to patients. When using a minimally invasive approach, it is most important to maintain surgical quality without jeopardizing patients. A good operative visual field leads to good surgical results. In the parasternal approach, we use a retractor to harvest an internal thoracic artery in coronary artery bypass surgery. Retracting the sternum upward allows for a good surgical view and permits the use of an arch cannula rather than femoral cannulation. When reoperating for aortic valve repair, the j-sternotomy approach requires less adhesiolysis compared with the traditional full sternotomy. No special technique is necessary to perform aortic valve surgery using the j-sternotomy approach. However, meticulous attention must be paid to avoiding left ventricular air embolisms to prevent postoperative stroke or neurocognitive deficits, especially when utilizing a minimally invasive approach. Transesophageal echo is useful not only for monitoring cardiac function but also for monitoring the persence of air in the left ventricle and atrium. This paper compare as the degree of invasion of minimally invasive cardiac surgery and the traditional full sternotomy. No differences were found in the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome between patients undergoing minimally invasive cardiac surgery and the traditional technique. Therefore it is concluded that minimally invasive surgery for patients with aortic valve disease may become the standard approach in the near future.     

Minimally invasive approaches to aortic valve surgery: Brigham experience

Aortic valve surgery is a proven and effective therapy for severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency. Conventional aortic valve surgery is performed with a full sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass, and replacement of the diseased aortic valve. Unlike minimally invasive (or "off-pump") coronary artery bypass, minimally invasive aortic valve surgery still requires cardiopulmonary bypass but refers primarily to smaller incisions and access. Minimally invasive approaches to aortic valve surgery have evolved over the past decade and have become the standard in institutions that perform large-volume minimally invasive cardiac surgery. The upper hemisternotomy has become our standard approach to isolated aortic valve surgery. It is a safe and effective technique with a similar morbidity and mortality to conventional aortic valve surgery. Patients derive clear benefits from this minimally invasive approach including less pain, shorter length of hospital stay, and faster return to preoperative function levels.     

Minimally invasive direct access mitral valve surgery.

We reviewed our experience with minimally invasive direct-access mitral valve surgery in 207 patients through February 1999. Three patients underwent associated procedures, a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with right internal mammary artery to right carotid artery (RIMA-RCA), a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) debridement for endocarditis, and a primum atrial septal defect (ASD) repair, and were excluded from analysis. Of the 204 remaining patients, 120 (59%) patients were men, aged 58.7 +/- 13.2 years, functional class of 2.3 +/- 0.5. The cause was myxomatous in 162 (79%) patients, rheumatic in 28 (14%) patients, endocarditis in 8 (4%) patients, congenital in 3 (2%) patients, and ischemic in 3 (2%) patients. Mean preoperative EF was 60% +/- 10%, with 184 (90%) patients showing ejection fraction (EF) greater than 50%. The valve was approached through a 5- to 8-cm right parasternal (n = 180, 88%) or right inframammary (n = 24, 12%) incision. One hundred nineteen (58%) patients had open femoral artery-femoral vein cannulation, and 85 (42%) patients had direct cannulation of the aorta and percutaneous cannulation of the femoral vein. One hundred seventy (83%) patients underwent successful valve repair, and 34 (17%) patients required valve replacement. The mean duration of aortic clamping and cardiopulmonary were, respectively, 100 +/- 34 and 146 +/- 44 minutes. There were 2 (1%) surgical deaths. Nonfatal perioperative complications included 3 (1.5%) ascending aortic complications, 3 (1.5%) reoperations for bleeding, 4 (2%) strokes, 2 (1%) transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 2 (1%) myocardial infarctions, 3 (1.5%) pericardial effusions requiring drainage, 9 (4.5%) vascular complications, and 3 (1.5%) wound complications. Mean length of stay (LOS) was 6.1 +/- 3 days, with 63 (31%) patients being discharged in less than 5 days. One hundred twenty-nine (63%) patients did not require blood transfusions. Follow-up was complete in 165 (81%) patients, with mean follow-up of 13.2 +/- 8 months. Late complications included 1 (0.5%) myocardial infarction, 3 (1.5%) reoperations, all converting repairs to replacements, 3 (1.5%) wound hernias requiring reoperation and repair with mesh, 5 (2.5%) thromboembolic events, and 3 (1.5%) deaths of suicide, pneumonia, and sudden death, respectively. Mean follow-up New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was 1.2 +/- 0.5. We conclude that minimally invasive direct-access mitral valve surgery is safe, effective, and applicable for most patients presenting for isolated mitral valve surgery. We now consider it the standard of care for selected patients.     

Minimally invasive imageless computer-navigated knee surgery: initial results

The combination of imageless computer-aided surgery (CAS) and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has not been reported. This study presents the initial 30 procedures in which imageless CAS was combined with MIS for TKA by the senior author. Coronal alignment of femoral and tibial components with respect to the mechanical axis of the lower limb was measured when patients could achieve full extension. Component position was acceptable for all implants. The mean coronal tibial alignment was 90.35 degrees (range, 88 degrees -93 degrees ) and mean coronal femoral alignment 90.10 degrees (range, 88 degrees -93 degrees ) to the mechanical axis. Tourniquet time averaged 90 minutes (range, 60-118 minutes). There was no significant reduction in tourniquet time with increasing familiarity with the technique. Our results demonstrate that CAS combined with MIS for TKA maintains the accuracy of component alignment despite the minimally invasive approach. These initial results demonstrate no significant learning curve associated with the technique.     

经胸微创非体外循环下封堵室间隔缺损:多中心经验和近中期随访结果

目的 总结多中心应用食管超声引导、经胸微创小切口、非体外循环(CPB)下封堵室间隔缺损(VSD)的临床经验和近、中期随访结果.方法 432例病儿,男235例,女197例;年龄3个月～15岁,平均(3.2±1.9)岁;体重4.0～26.0 kg,平均(13.3±5.6)kg.膜周部VSD 351例,嵴上或嵴内型VSD 57例,肌部VSD 24例(17例多发VSD).VSD直径3～12 mm,平均(5.3±1.6)mm.膜周部VSD,经剑突下或胸骨下端3～4 cm小切口进胸;嵴内或嵴上VSD,经胸骨左缘第3肋间2～3 cm小横切口进胸.暴露右心室表面,在食管超声引导和实时监测下,穿刺右心室游离壁,导引钢丝经右心室腔穿过VSD到达左心室腔,沿导引钢丝导入输送鞘管建立轨道.通过输送鞘管直接将封堵器安放在VSD部位.经食管超声多切面反复评估封堵器的位置和与周边组织的关系,若无异常情况即可释放封堵器.结果 432例中417例封堵成功(96.5%),15例(3.5%)术中改为常规CPB手术.封堵成功者中,选用对称伞238例(57.1%),偏心伞179例(42.9%).13例(3.1%)发生新的微量至轻度三尖瓣反流,11例(2.6%)术后发生不完全右束支传导阻滞,3例(0.7%)术后发生一过性完全性房室传导阻滞.术后383例(91.8%)病儿在2 h内拔除气管插管,3～5天出院.术后416例(96.2%,416/432例)随访12～38个月,平均(19.3±11.6)个月,无近、中期死亡.1例术后6个月发生完全性房室传导阻滞.其余无明显异常.结论 应用食管超声引导、经胸微创非CPB下封堵VSD技术,是一种相对简单有效的治疗方法,近、中期临床结果满意,但远期结果需要进一步观察.

Abstract：

Objective Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided, minimally invasive perventricular device occlusion of ventricular septal defects ( VSDs) without cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB) has been applied in multiple centers. We reported experiences and the mid-term results. Methods Four hundred and thirty-two cases from 4 cardiac centers were involved in the study. There were 235 males and 197 females, aged from 3 months to 15 years, with a body weight varying from 4.0 to 26.0 kg. Three hundred and fifty-one patients had perimembranous VSDs, 57 had intracristal or supracristal VSDs and 24 had muscular VSDs (17 had multiple muscular VSDs). The diameter of the VSD ranged from 3 to 12 (5.3 ±1.6 ) mm.For those with perimembranous or muscular VSDs, a 3 to 5 cm inferior sternotomy was made, but for those with intracristal or supracristal VSDs, a 2 to 3 cm incision was made parastemally through the left third intercostal space. Being monitored and guided with TEE, the device was deployed to occlude the VSD through the puncture at the free wall of the right ventricle. TEE was used for assessing the residual shunting, the left and right ventricular outlet tracts, valvular function and for detecting any arrhythmia, The devices would be released if the heart rhythm was normal, as well as the residual shunting and valvular regurgilalion were not detected. Results The procedure was completed successfully in 417 cases(96.5% ) and converted to traditional surgical closure with CPB in the other 15 cases(3.5% ). Concentric devices were used in 238 cases(57.1% )and eccentric devices were used in 179 patients(42.9% ). Successful procedures finished in less than 90 minutes, and the deployment and evaluation of the devices were completed in 5 to 60 (18. 2 ± 8.6) minutes. No residual shunt and detectable aortic or tricuspid insufficiency and arrhythmia was observed. Patients were extubated within 2 hours and discharged 3 to 5 days after the operation. During fellow-up period from 3 months to 2 years, no clinically significant complications occurred. Conclusion The minimally invasive device closure of VSD under TEE guidance without CPB is proved to be a simple, safe and effective treatment for a considerable number of children with VSD. Its use in the clinical practice should be encouraged.     

早期胃癌的微创外科治疗

开腹手术一直是早期胃癌的有效治疗方式,但开腹手术创伤大,术后并发症多,如何降低早期胃癌手术的创伤、减少并发症一直是外科医师致力解决的问题.随着早期胃癌发现率的提高和微创外科技术的发展,越来越多的外科医师和患者倾向于使用微创技术治疗早期胃癌.早期胃癌微创治疗方式多样,从当前文献报道来看都取得了不错的进步,但也都存在不足....     

微创冠状动脉旁路术33例中期结果报告

目的总结33例经左胸小切口微创冠状动脉旁路术(minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass,MIDCAB)的中期疗效. 方法 2000年11月～2003年4月共行MIDCAB 33例,单纯MIDCAB 29例,杂交技术4例.25例采用经典MIDCAB,4例胸腔镜辅助,4例AESOP机器人辅助. 结果全组无手术死亡,无手术并发症.呼吸机脱机时间(7.5±1.9) h,引流量(274±197)ml,输血率9.1%(3/33),术后住院(6.9±1.7)d.随访33例,时间(24.3±5.7)个月,无远期死亡,心绞痛复发率9.1%(3/33).术后再次冠状动脉造影4例,1例吻合口狭窄50%,余3例前降支与左乳内动脉吻合口通畅.术后导管再次血管化2例(6.1%). 结论 MIDCAB术中期效果满意.     

Minimally invasive, robotic, and off-pump mitral valve surgery

A significant transformation is occurring in the management of mitral valve disease. Earlier surgery is now recommended. Mitral valve repair is the standard of care, and newer methods of reconstructing the mitral valve are developing. Surgery with videoscopic assistance can be effectively performed without sternotomy. Robotics systems are gaining wider adoption. Implantable devices to repair or replace the mitral valve off-pump and percutaneously are emerging.     

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a review of the literature

Purpose

Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) is a heterogenous concept referring to a gamut of surgical approaches to the mitral valve. When compared to conventional sternotomy (CONV-ST), MIMVS appears to offer superior patient satisfaction and recovery time. However, published results differ between institutions due to variations in technique, and mid- to long-term data is relatively scant. Despite the limitations of the evidence base, patient demand for minimally invasive operations remains strong. This demand is only likely to rise in the future as surgery is being recommended earlier in the course of disease and patients are referred for operation at a younger age. This review therefore isolates each MIMVS technique to evaluate its place in current surgical practice, as well as areas of future research.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Search terms included ‘minimally invasive surgical procedures’, ‘mitral valve’, ‘sternotomy’, ‘thoracotomy’, ‘mitral valve repair’, and ‘mitral valve replacement’. Articles were also gathered from other sources, including manual searches through reference lists of articles and recommended ‘related articles’.

Summary

MIMVS has evolved from using smaller incisions to endoscopic surgery, robotics, and, most recently, percutaneous off-pump procedures. It is now standard practice at centres around the world. At present, the right minithoracotomy is the most common approach, though robotic and percutaneous techniques are suitable for certain patients. Collaboration between cardiothoracic surgeons, interventional cardiologists, and other disciplines will be essential in furthering the newest minimally invasive techniques. Future research should depend on long-term data, broad patient sampling, and high-tier evidence.