长治市幼儿园学龄前儿童营养膳食调查

摘要:目的　为了解长治市某省级示范幼儿园学龄前儿童的营养膳食摄入情况,并对营养膳食调查结果进行评价与分析,为进一步合理编制营养膳食食谱与营养配餐指导提供科学依据。方法　对省级示范幼儿园1周（5 d）的膳食利用称重法与记账法并结合询问法进行调查记录,统一采用集体学龄前儿童健康管理系统,利用营养膳食计算机软件进行数据分析。结果　能量（88.7%）、蛋白质（89.8%）摄入量略低,维生素B2（74.2%）、维生素C（80.2%）摄入量偏低,而钙（67.9%）、锌（65.5%）摄入量严重不足;三大产能营养素供能比分别为蛋白质14.1%,脂肪38.1%,糖类47.8%,脂肪摄入量偏高,糖类偏低,而优质蛋白质（45.2%）摄入量符合供给标准,营养合理;蛋白质来源于动物性食物比例不足（40.3%）,除维生素A外,钙、铁、维生素B2均来源于植物性食物,脂肪主要来源于植物油,儿童超重率为10.2%,肥胖率为3.1%,龋齿率为36.7%、弱视率为6.1%,而贫血检出率为3.5%;以上结果均从体格检查与营养指标测定结果中得到证实。结论　基于幼儿园食谱存在的问题,根据合理营养、平衡膳食原则和学龄前儿童的生理特点,应加强幼儿园营养膳食管理,优化食谱,提高学龄前儿童的营养状况,确保学龄前儿童健康快乐发育成长。     

基于价格和营养质量指数的配餐法在南宁市幼儿园膳食管理中的应用

目的 提供一种结合食物价格及营养质量指数的实用方法,以改善幼儿园不合理的膳食。方法 结合当地食物价格,计算INQ指数/食物可食部分价格比值,构建基于价格和INQ指数的食物数据库并指导南宁市3所幼儿园的膳食配餐,干预期为2个月,干预前后分别进行1次膳食调查,计算并分析干预前后幼儿园膳食结构、营养素摄入量和营养素-价格比的差异。结果 干预前,3所幼儿园的膳食结构不合理,儿童的大部分营养素摄入量低于5岁男孩的RNI标准。干预后膳食能量来源结构较干预前有所改善,儿童的营养素量摄入量较干预前均有不同程度增加,除硒和钙外,其余营养素的摄入量均超过了RNI标准,其中干预前后能量、蛋白质、脂肪、核黄素、钙等多种营养素平均摄入量存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）;除幼儿园A的硒元素、B幼儿园的能量、脂肪、碳水化合物和尼克酸及幼儿园C的脂肪外,其余营养素摄入量与食物价格的比值均较干预期有所提高,干预前后视黄醇、核黄素、维生素E、钙等多种营养素的营养素-价格比差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 基于价格及营养质量指数的配餐法科学准确、简单实用,可在不显著增加经费支出情况下明显改善幼儿园膳食质量。     

中国六城市日托幼儿园儿童的膳食营养状况

为了解学龄前儿童中潜在缺乏的营养素 ,于 1 998～ 1 999年在北京、上海、广州、成都、长沙和大连分别选择 1～ 2所中等水平的日托幼儿园 ,调查了儿童的膳食营养状况。选择 1 1 70名 3～ 6岁健康儿童 ,其中男 583名 ,女 587名 ,使用称重法连续记录三天在幼儿园内的食物消耗量 ,同时由其看护人提供园外膳食记录 ,使用我国食物成分表计算每个儿童的营养素摄入量。每个年龄组的平均能量、蛋白质、铁、视黄醇、维生素E、硫胺素、核黄素和烟酸的摄入量是适宜的。但是脂肪提供的能量占总能量的百分比超过了建议的高限值。儿童一日能量摄入量在每餐中的分配比例趋势是早餐低 ,晚餐和园外零食高。钙磷比值严重倒置 ,平均值为 0 63 ,钙的摄入量仅达到推荐摄入量的 61 6 % ,而儿童的食盐摄入量较高 ,与适宜摄入量相差较大。锌的平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量的 62 9%。各年龄组维生素C摄入量均低于其推荐摄入量。结果提示 ,在我国城市儿童的膳食中 ,长期某些微量营养素的供给不足或偏食可能与城市日托儿童的生长发育状况与国际标准或发达国家仍有较大差距有关     

Menu changes and their effects on the nutritional content of menus and nutritional status of elderly, hospitalized, mental health patients

As part of the competitive tendering process for a National Health Service catering contract in a UK psychiatric hospital, new menus were devised. The theoretical nutritional content of the pre- and post-tender menus was assessed, and the nutritional status of elderly, mental health patients determined before and after the introduction of the new menus.
Results indicated that the pre-tender menu did not provide recommended intakes for vitamin D, and that theoretical intakes of sodium exceeded recommendations by 100%. Fat comprised 47% of total energy and carbohydrate 36% of energy. Total energy intakes were theoretically above the estimated average requirement, despite the wasted appearance of some patients. Clinical assessments of patients' nutritional status showed notable proportions of patients with low levels of serum folate, serum vitamin D and plasma vitamin C, evidence of low body weights and depleted protein stores.
The new menus supplied less energy overall, owing to a reduction in fat content. Intakes of vitamin D and folate theoretically increased, although vitamin D intakes still failed to meet recommendations. The proportion of fat as total energy fell to 34%, and the proportion of carbohydrate rose to 47%. The increase in carbohydrate was the result of an increased starch content. After 1 year consuming the new menu, the fat stores of the elderly mental health patients fell (probably as a result of the decreased energy intake). In addition, levels of serum and red cell folate, and vitamin D fell. Whilst acknowledging that nutritional status is affected by many factors this study shows the importance of considering all aspects of the diet, and all causes of nutritional losses when devising new menus to attempt to counter nutritional deficiencies.     

Comparative assessment of vitamin C content and evaluation of energy intake in children daily food rations

The aim of this study was comparative assessment of content of vitamin C in daily food rations orphans children aged 1-6 years by using two methods--analytical and calculation and evaluation of energy intake by calculation. The levels of energy and vitamin C intake in daily food rations were calculated using menu data and data of food composition tables and compared with the recommended dietary intake (RDI). In addition vitamin C was determined in daily food rations by high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC). Differences between two methods for evaluation of content of vitamin C were not statistically significant. Contribution of energy to individual meals and share of main nutritive components in supply of energy to daily food rations did not correspond with recommendations. Beyond this daily food rations orphans children were plentiful, monotonous and uniform without using seasonal products.     

2010年兰州市幼儿园儿童营养状况调查

目的了解现阶段兰州市幼儿园膳食模式和膳食营养状况。方法 采用称重连续5 d进行膳食调查,参照《中国居民膳食指南》及《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（Chinese DRIs）》进行评价。结果调查对象膳食结构以谷类、薯类为主,奶类、大豆及坚果类、鱼、虾类摄入不足;三大营养素供热比存在脂肪供能比例低,碳水化合物供能比例高;热量（79.86%）、脂肪（78.16%）、蛋白质（78.67%）、维生素A（78.35%）、维生素B1（78.57%）、维生素B2（57.14%）、钙（39.45%）、碘（12.67%）、镁（75.94%）、锌（60.67%）、硒（73.40%）不足RNI的80%;优质蛋白质、血红素铁的膳食来源比例低;三餐一点供能比例不合适,早餐供能比低,午餐供能比例高。结论幼儿园儿童膳食营养分布和搭配不合理,营养状况有待改善,需增加奶类、鱼虾等海产品、动物性食物摄入量,在早、中餐之间加一餐点,采用＂三餐二点＂制并合理搭配各种食物,平衡合理的膳食模式有助于提高幼儿园儿童膳食营养质量。     

福州市区6所幼儿园日托幼儿营养调查及评价

「目的」了解福州市区日托幼儿膳食和健康状况。「方法」随机整群抽取市区６所幼儿园日托幼儿１２９０名进行膳食调查和体验。「结果」不同年龄组幼儿在园的午餐和点心中的各营养素摄入量除钙,ＶｉｔＡ外,均超过ＲＤＡ标准的４０％（钙占２８．４％、ＶｉｔＡ占３３．８％）;６所幼儿园中除２所部分营养素供给不平衡外,膳食结构均比较合理;营养不良的营养过剩发生率分别为３．０％和２６．３％,贫血率为１２．４％。「结论」福州市区日托幼儿在园营养状况良好,但要注意提高钙和ＶｉｔＡ的摄入量。营养过剩问题应引起家长、学校和社会的关注。     

Energy and selected nutrients content in pre-school children diet of Warsowia district

The aim of this study was the evaluation of energy and selected nutrients content in 10 days menus (spring period) from 5 kindergartens situated in mazowiecki district. The kindergartens were located in Zyrardów, Dziekanów, Warsaw, Lomianki and Nowa Iwiczna. It was shown that amount of energy and macronutrients was unproper. Most of the food rations contained too much energy, from fat and protein, and too little from carbohydrates. Planned pre-school nutrition was not balanced properly in the meaning of energy and nutrients amount.     

芜湖市某私立幼儿园学龄前儿童营养状况调查

目的:了解芜湖市私立幼儿园学龄前儿童的膳食结构和营养状况。方法:随机抽取芜湖市某私立幼儿园学龄前儿童389人,采用记帐法和记录法进行膳食调查1个月,同时进行体格检查和生化指标的测定。结果:该幼儿园学龄前儿童热能、蛋白质、维生素B2、锌元素摄入达膳食营养素供给量(RDA)的70%~80%,维生素B1、铁元素摄入超过RDA的90.00%,脂肪摄入占RDA的88.70%,维生素C、钙元素摄入只占RDA的40%左右,视黄醇当量最低,仅达37.00%。每人每日脂肪供能占总热量的39.60%,蛋白质供能占总热量的14.60%(符合要求的12%~15%),其中动物性蛋白质占优质蛋白的50.00%。肥胖患病率11.60%,营养不良患病率3.86%,尿钙合格率23.20%。结论:该幼儿园学龄前儿童膳食结构有不同程度的热能、钙、锌和视黄醇、维生素C等的缺乏,应调整膳食结构,增加钙、锌、视黄醇当量、维生素C的供给,减少脂肪摄入量,适当增加植物性优质蛋白的摄入。纠正幼儿不良饮食习惯,增加幼儿的运动量,降低肥胖和营养不良发生率,达到平衡膳食。     

成都市托幼园所膳食营养状况分析

【目的】了解2006年成都市托幼园所膳食营养状况,指导其膳食调配。【方法】采用称重法对成都市不同等级托幼园所中11 166名儿童进行膳食调查,采用χ2检验对膳食结果、体格发育资料及实验室资料进行统计学分析。【结果】蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、铁及锌摄入量符合膳食要求,热量摄入量未达供给量标准的90%以上,钙摄入量不足。能量来源分布蛋白质摄入偏多,碳水化合物摄入不足,脂肪摄入基本符合要求。热量及营养素供给达膳食要求的儿童体格生长明显优于营养供给不足者。【结论】近年来对托幼园所的卫生保健指导是有成效的,今后仍需进一步加强并重点对二类托幼园所的膳食进行指导。     

Daily menus can result in suboptimal nutrient intakes,especially calcium,of adolescents living in dormitories

The aims of this study were to evaluate daily menus in Croatian dormitories and to assess the overall intake of dairy products among resident adolescents. For this purpose, 168 daily menus were chosen for nutritional evaluation by random sampling. In addition, 227 adolescents (133 girls and 94 boys) participated in a questionnaire focused on food intake in addition to the meals supplied in dormitories with the aim to assess the amount and the type of dairy products consumed. The results showed that only 35% of the daily menus were nutritionally balanced. Most of the menus provided an excess of energy, protein, carbohydrate, saturated fat, phosphorus, riboflavin, and vitamin A. The levels of calcium and magnesium in the menus were suboptimal. The menus offered to adolescents provided approximately 2 servings of dairy products per day. Milk was the most often supplied dairy product (1.1 servings per day), whereas yogurt had the lowest frequency of serving (0.2 servings per day). The most preferred dairy-based snack for both sexes was milk. Dairy-based snacks provided about 1 serving per day for both sexes and contributed to about 30% of the recommended dietary allowances for calcium. Adolescents who regularly consumed dairy-based snacks meet the recommendations (3.2 servings of dairy products per day and about 98% recommended dietary allowances for calcium). We conclude that the institutional menu planning should be improved because the intake of dairy snacks will continue to be a problem for achieving a healthy diet in adolescences.     

幼儿园儿童生长发育指标Z评分的膳食影响因素分析

目的:通过对幼儿园儿童进行膳食调查和体格检查,了解幼儿园儿童膳食营养状况,初步探讨儿童生长发育指标Z评分的膳食影响因素,为合理的膳食营养指导提供科学依据。方法:采用双份饭菜法收集儿童24h内膳食情况,根据食物成分表计算儿童24h内各种类别膳食的摄入量水平,采用Z评分法对其营养状况进行评价。结果:除奶类和食用油外,北京和西安幼儿园儿童在摄入粮谷类、鱼肉禽、蛋类、豆制品、蔬菜、水果、饮料、食盐等方面差异有统计学意义(P0.05),北京幼儿园儿童膳食中摄入了较多的鱼肉禽、蛋类、蔬菜、水果和饮料,西安幼儿园儿童摄入了较多的粮谷类食品、豆制品和食盐。多因素分析显示,儿童生长发育Z评分的膳食影响因素主要有豆制品、奶类和蔬菜类食物,超重儿童膳食中豆制品摄入水平较低,生长迟缓儿童膳食中奶类摄入水平较低,肥胖儿童膳食中蔬菜摄入水平较低。结论:所调查的北京和西安幼儿园儿童的膳食结构存在较大差异,豆制品、奶类和蔬菜食品的摄入量水平可能是幼儿园儿童生长发育的保护因素。     

不同性质幼儿园儿童营养状况比较分析

目的 比较抚州市公立与私立幼儿园儿童生长发育与营养状况.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,选取公立幼儿园1 037名,私立幼儿园1 179名3～7岁幼儿作为研究对象,测量他们的身高、体重,以美国国家卫生统计中心参考值作为评价标准,采用Z评分法进行营养评价,高铁血红蛋白法测定血红蛋白含量.同时采用记帐法对幼儿园膳食进行统计.结果 公立幼儿园5岁组和6岁组儿童的平均身高、平均体重、年龄别体重与年龄别身高的Z评分高于同龄的私立幼儿园儿童,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),公立幼儿园儿童每日中餐人均蛋白质摄入量及脂肪所占比例明显高于私立幼儿园,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 我市私立幼儿园儿童营养不容乐观,卫生监督部门应加大对幼儿园食品卫生工作的监督力度.     

A Multi-Center Assessment of Nutrient Levels and Foods Provided by Hospital Patient Menus

Diets of high nutritional quality can aid in the prevention and management of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of hospital patient menus. At three large acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada, 84 standard menus were evaluated, which included regular and carbohydrate-controlled diets and 3000 mg and 2000 mg sodium diets. Mean levels of calories, macronutrients and vitamins and minerals provided were calculated. Comparisons were made with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) recommendations. Calorie levels ranged from 1281 to 3007 kcal, with 45% of menus below 1600 kcal. Protein ranged from 49 to 159 g (0.9–1.1 g/kg/day). Energy and protein levels were highest in carbohydrate-controlled menus. All regular and carbohydrate-controlled menus provided macronutrients within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The proportion of regular diet menus meeting the DRIs: 0% for fiber; 7% for calcium; 57% for vitamin C; and 100% for iron. Compared to CFG recommended servings, 35% met vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives, 11% met grain products and 8% met meat and alternatives. These data support the need for frequent monitoring and evaluation of menus, food procurement and menu planning policies and for sufficient resources to ensure menu quality.     

西宁市某托幼机构集体儿童膳食调查结果分析

目的 了解西宁市有代表性的某托幼机构集体儿童膳食结构情况,为制定营养配餐提供科学依据.方法 选取西宁市某幼儿园,对2009年11月至2014年11月5年间儿童膳食采取称重法进行调查记录,并通过膳食调查软件测算其营养量,用SPSS统计软件进行分析.结果 学龄前儿童的膳食营养量呈逐年升高趋势,每人每日能量、蛋白质、维生素A、钙、铁、锌的实际摄入量占推荐摄入量的比例分别为84.21%~96.05%、98.2%~114%、41.15%~84.35%、45.17%~92.57%、285.38%~150.83%和41.25%~50.63%.蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物分别占热能的15.05%~16.32%,25.74%~35.57%,和48.11%~59.72%.结论 西宁市集体儿童膳食状况逐年得到改善,钙、维生素A的摄入量比例也逐渐合理,铁摄入比例虽大,但以植物类食物为主,锌摄入量仍不足.为确保学龄前儿童健康成长,应根据儿童生理特点调整微量元素和矿物质.     

甘肃东乡县学龄前儿童体格发育及营养状况调查

目的:了解东乡县儿童营养及体格发育状况,为营养促进提出建议。方法:2006年7月对甘肃东乡族自治县第一、第二幼儿园内179例3~6岁儿童进行体格检查,同时进行膳食调查。结果:各年龄组儿童年龄别身高、年龄别体重、身高别体重的Z评分均为负值,HAZ、WAZ、WHZ平均值男女分别为-0.258和-0.455,-1.008和-0.893,-0.851和-0.900,生长迟缓率、低体重率、消瘦率分别为4.5%、5.6%和9.0%。儿童膳食中摄入不足RNI 70%的营养素有视黄醇当量、维生素B2、钙、锌等。优质蛋白以及来源于动物性食物的铁和视黄醇比例较低。结论:东乡县幼儿园儿童总体发育水平低于甘肃城镇的平均水平,优质蛋白、维生素A、钙、锌摄入不足,应注意提供均衡营养膳食。     

强化挂面改善学龄前儿童营养状况的实验观察

目的 了解儿童营养强化挂面对改善学龄前儿童营养状况的效果。方法 采用称重法对某幼儿园儿童进行膳食调查,并测定尿中维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C营养水平。结果：儿童膳食中最易缺乏的维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量有明显的6提高。实验前、后尿中维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C营养水平差异具有显性（P＜0.01）。结论：该产品对改善儿童维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2营养状况作用明显,是一种值得推广的儿童食品。     

Menu Modeling with MyPyramid Food Patterns: Incremental Dietary Changes Lead to Dramatic Improvements in Diet Quality of Menus

The MyPyramid food guidance system provides recommended food intake patterns for members of each sex at various age and activity levels. These food intake patterns are based on recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. Actual consumption patterns of American adults compared to MyPyramid recommendations indicate that substantial changes are needed to meet the goals of MyPyramid. One method for encouraging dietary change, known as the small steps approach, involves small, gradual changes to meet a desired endpoint. Menu modeling was used to evaluate the effects of gradual dietary changes on diet quality. Seven days of baseline menus were developed to model the intake of adult women aged 31 to 50 years. Incremental changes were made to each baseline menu to create a series of three transitional menus and a final target menu. Target menus met MyPyramid energy and nutrient intake goals. Diet quality was measured for each baseline, transitional, and target menu using the Healthy Eating Index-2005. The average Healthy Eating Index-2005 score for baseline menus compared to target menus increased by more than 50 points with incremental increases observed for each transitional menu. This analysis demonstrates that small, practical changes in food choices that bring consumers closer to meeting MyPyramid recommendations result in gradual and dramatic improvements in diet quality. Food and nutrition professionals can use menu modeling to provide concrete examples and specific guidance for making progressive changes in food selections to meet current dietary recommendations.     

Inadequate Intake of Energy and Nutrients Is Common in Older Family Caregivers

The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional status, determinants of nutritional status, and adequacy of energy and nutrient intake of older family caregivers (FC). Nutritional status was measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), plasma albumin, plasma pre-albumin, and blood hemoglobin concentrations. Dietary intake was assessed with a three-day food record. Comorbidity (B −0.283, 95% CI: −0.492, −0.073), quality of life (B 0.045, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.072) and energy intake (B 0.001, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.002) were significantly associated with the MNA scores of the older FCs (n = 125). It was common for FCs to have lower than recommended intakes of energy and several nutrients, independent of the risk of malnutrition assessed by the MNA. Over half of the FCs had inadequate intake of protein, vitamin A, folate, and fiber, and 25–40% of the FCs had a low intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, thiamine, magnesium, iron, and selenium. It is important to follow both the nutritional status and dietary intake of older FCs regularly to find those with lower than recommended nutrient intake and to avoid poor nutritional status and its adverse effects hampering their ability to serve as FCs.     

Selected vitamins content in pre-school children diet in Warsaw and regions

The aim of this study was the evaluation of selected vitamins in the decade menus collected from five kindergartens in Warsaw and regions. The evaluation was done for 10 days menus of spring period Results shown the planned pre-school nutrition was not balanced properly related to too much amount of vitamin A, E, vitamin B and niacin and too little vitamin D and folate.