阿托伐他汀和缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质中COX-2表达的影响

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀和缬沙坦对糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾皮质中环氧化酶2(COX-2)表达的影响.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组、糖尿病组、阿托伐他汀干预组和缬沙坦干预组.采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)制备DM动物模型,阿托伐他汀15 mg·kg-1·d-1、缬沙坦10 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃.运用RT-PCR方法测定肾皮质中COX-2 mRNA的表达.结果 (1)与DM组相比,两干预组大鼠的糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)及血糖(Glu)无明显差异;24 h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)显著降低(尸＜0.05),两干预组之间无统计学差异.缬沙坦干预组大鼠体重较DM组显著增加.(2)两干预组大鼠肾皮质中COX-2基因的表达显著低于DM组.结论 阿托伐他汀和缬沙坦可减少糖尿病大鼠的蛋白尿,这一作用可能与COX-2的基因下调有关.     

黄连解毒汤对动脉粥样硬化大鼠MCP-1/CCR2通路mRNA表达的干预作用

目的研究黄连解毒汤对动脉粥样硬化大鼠主动脉组织MCP-1/CCR2通路mRNA表达的影响。方法建立动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型,随机分成正常对照组、模型对照组和黄连解毒汤低,中,高剂量组,阿托伐他汀组,用RT-PCR方法检测各实验组大鼠主动脉组织MCP-1,CCR2mRNA表达。结果与模型组相比,黄连解毒汤组及阿托伐他汀组MCP-1/CCR2mRNA表达明显降低,结果有显著差异。结论黄连解毒汤能下调MCP-1,CCR2mRNA在主动脉的表达,减少局部炎症反应,减轻对血管的损害。     

霉酚酸酯对糖尿病大鼠肾小管-间质损伤的保护作用

目的观察免疫抑制剂霉酚酸酯(MMF)对糖尿病大鼠肾小管-间质单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)及CD68表达的影响,探讨MMF对糖尿病大鼠肾小管间质损伤的保护作用及机制。方法Wistar大鼠行右肾切除术2wk后,随机分为右肾切除对照组(NC)、糖尿病组(DM),霉酚酸酯治疗组(DM+MMF,MMF15mg·kg-1.d-1灌胃)。腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,65mg·kg-1)诱发糖尿病模型。检测各组8wk末的左肾重/体重比值、24h尿蛋白(Upro)、血糖(BG)、血肌酐(Scr),观察肾小管-间质形态学变化,免疫组化检测肾组织中MCP-1及CD68表达,RT-PCR测定肾组织中MCP-1 mRNA表达。结果与NC组相比,DM组大鼠血糖、Upro及左肾重/体重比值均上升(P<0.01);肾间质纤维化面积扩大(P<0.01);肾组织内MCP-1蛋白、CD68表达及MCP-1 mRNA的表达均上调(P<0.01)。DM+MMF组上述指标除BG和Scr外均被抑制(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论MMF对糖尿病大鼠肾小管-间质损害具有明显的保护作用,可能与抑制MCP-1基因及蛋白表达有关。     

阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的影响

目的观察阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的影响。方法将23只SD大鼠随机分为三组:正常对照组(NC组,8只)、高脂饲养模型组(HF组,7只)和高脂饲养+阿托伐他汀组(HF+AT组,8只)。观察大鼠血清及肝脏各指标的变化,RT-PCR分别检测肝组织核转录因子κB(NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA表达。结果与HF组相比,HF+AT组大鼠血清相关指标明显改善,肝组织脂肪变性及炎症活动得以减轻,肝脏NF-κB及TNF-αmRNA表达降低,PPARγmRNA表达增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀能减轻高脂诱导的模型大鼠NASH。     

阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食糖尿病大鼠主动脉几丁质酶-3样蛋白-1表达的影响

目的：观察阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食饲养糖尿病Sprague－Dawley（SD）大鼠主动脉炎症因子几丁质酶－3样蛋白－1（YKL一40）表达水平的影响。方法：SD大鼠被随机分为五组：正常饮食组,高脂饮食组,高脂饮食阿托伐他汀干预组,高脂饮食合并糖尿病组,高脂饮食合并糖尿病阿托伐他汀干预组,每组9只。高脂模型是单次腹腔内注射维生素D3和辅以高脂饮食;腹腔内注射链脲佐霉素（STZ）造模成糖尿病。阿托伐他汀治疗（20mg／kg）8周后,测定各组空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）、甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）水平,半定量PCR和Real－timePCR测定大鼠主动脉YKL－40的mRNA表达水平,免疫组化评价主动脉内膜YKL－40的表达。结果：高脂饮食合并糖尿病组SD大鼠FBG、HbAlC和TG水平明显高于正常饮食组（P均〈0．01）和高脂饮食组（P均〈0．05）。YKL－40的mRNA表达水平在高脂饮食组明显高于正常饮食组（P〈0．01）,尤其在高脂饮食合并糖尿病大鼠中表达最高;免疫组化的结果也显示高脂饮食合并糖尿病大鼠的主动脉内膜YKL－40蛋白表达最高。经阿托伐他汀治疗后,YKL－40蛋白和mRNA表达水平均下调（P均〈0．01）。结论：阿托伐他汀明显降低高脂饮食糖尿病SD大鼠主动脉炎症因子YKL－40表达,有助于减轻YKL－40在早期粥样硬化中的致病作用。     

阿托伐他汀对高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的:观察阿托伐他汀对两肾一夹(2K1C)高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀降血压作用可能的新的作用机制。方法:40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组(每组8只):假手术组、高血压组、缬沙坦组(20 mg·kg-1·d-1)、阿托伐他汀组(10 mg·kg-1·d-1)和阿托伐他汀组(30 mg·kg-1·d-1)。鼠尾容积法测定术前、术后1周及药物干预后4、8周的SBP变化。8周后,免疫组化法检测肾脏ACE2蛋白表达,放射免疫分析法测定心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)水平,RT-PCR法检测肾脏组织ACE2 mRNA表达。结果:高剂量阿托伐他汀组SBP较高血压组降低显著(P<0.01);高剂量阿托伐他汀组较高血压组降低心肌组织AngⅡ浓度显著(P<0.01);RT-PCR显示缬沙坦组和低、高剂量阿托伐他汀组肾脏组织ACE2 mRNA的表达较高血压组不同程度增高(P<0.05)。结论:2K1C高血压大鼠肾脏组织ACE2蛋白、ACE2 mRNA表达降低。阿托伐他汀在降低高血压大鼠SBP的同时,降低心肌组织AngⅡ浓度,增加肾脏组织ACE2蛋白、ACE2 mRNA表达。     

阿托伐他汀对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌GRP78和CHOP表达的影响

探讨阿托伐他汀对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌组织内质网应激相关因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白（CHOP）和葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）表达的影响。将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC组）、糖尿病心肌病模型组（DCM组）和阿托伐他汀治疗组（DCM+Ato组）。采取高脂肪饲料喂养加一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方式制备2型糖尿病心肌病大鼠模型,DCM+Ato组大鼠予阿托伐他汀干预8周。采用左室插管评估大鼠心功能,HE染色观察心肌组织病理学改变,TUNEL法测定心肌细胞凋亡水平,Western blot检测心肌组织的GRP78和CHOP蛋白表达量。DCM组较NC组细胞肥大,排列紊乱,形态不规则,DCM+Ato组较DCM组改善。与NC组比较,DCM组左室舒张末期压（LVEDP）显著升高,左室收缩压（LVSP）和左室压力上升或下降最大速率（LV±dp/dt max）显著降低,细胞凋亡率升高,GRP78、CHOP表达明显升高（P＜0.05）;与DCM组比较,DCM+Ato组LVEDP显著降低,LVSP和LV±dp/dt max显著升高,细胞凋亡率降低,GRP78、CHOP表达明显下降（P＜0.05）。阿托伐他汀能有效减轻2型糖尿病大鼠的心肌病理损伤及改善心功能,可能与下调内质网应激相关因子GRP78、CHOP的表达,减少心肌细胞凋亡有关。     

阿托伐他汀对糖尿病模型大鼠肾脏表达整合素α3β1的影响

目的 观察阿托伐他汀对糖尿病模型大鼠肾脏表达整合素α3β1的影响。方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型,随机将大鼠分为糖尿病组(D组)和治疗组(T组,给予阿托伐他汀20 mg&#8226;kg 1&#8226;d 1）,另设对照组(N组)。药物干预8周后检测各组大鼠尿清蛋白量、肌酐清除率(Ccr)、血糖(BS)、血脂、肾重/体重等。免疫组化法检测肾小球整合素α3β1表达情况。比色法检测肾脏丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(TAOC)的活性。光镜下观察肾组织病理改变,电镜下观测肾组织超微结构改变。结果治疗组与糖尿病组BS、血脂差异无显著性,尿清蛋白量、Ccr差异有极显著性(P＜0.01);治疗组肾组织MDA含量明显下降(P＜0.01),肾组织TAOC、整合素α3β1表达显著上升(P＜0.01);肾重/体重、肾小球面积、肾小球体积差异有显著性。结论阿托伐他汀可以减少糖尿病模型大鼠尿清蛋白量,改善肾脏病理变化,可能部分通过抗氧化应激上调肾脏整合素α3β1的表达实现。     

阿托伐他汀对急性脑梗死患者血清白细胞介素-6、内皮素及单核细胞趋化因子-1水平的影响

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对急性脑梗死( ACI)患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、内皮素(ET)和单核细胞趋化因子(MCP-1)水平以及神经功能的影响.方法 将100例ACI患者随机分为阿托伐他汀组(50例)和常规治疗组(50例),阿托伐他汀组在常规治疗基础上加用阿托伐他汀20mg,每天1次,连续服用4周.观察比较治疗前后血清IL-6、ET、MCP-1水平及神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)评定,并以30例健康体检正常者作为对照组.结果 常规治疗组和阿托伐他汀组血清IL-6、ET及MCP-1水平较对照组明显升高(t=26.38、49.10、34.51、25.77、32.23、34.68,均P＜0.05);治疗后,阿托伐他汀组较常规治疗组血清IL-6、ET及MCP-1水平下降更明显(t=10.10、13.18、23.85,均P＜0.05);两组NDS评分较治疗前明显下降(t=18.38、6.98,均P＜0.05),且阿托伐他汀组较常规治疗组下降更明显(t=12.00,P＜0.05).结论 阿托伐他汀能明显降低ACI患者血清IL-6、ET及MCP-1水平,有助于ACI患者的神经功能恢复.     

阿托伐他汀对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠脂肪细胞因子的影响

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀对高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)大鼠脂肪细胞因子脂联素、内脂素、抵抗素的影响.方法:采用高脂饮食10周建立NAFLD大鼠模型,同时以阿托伐他汀进行干预;生化法检测肝组织甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHOL)含量,HE染色光镜观察肝组织脂肪变和炎症程度,计算NAFLD活动度积分(NAS);ELISA法检测脂联素、内脂素和抵抗素水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测肝组织脂联素、内脂素、抵抗素基因的mRNA表达.结果:模型组大鼠肝组织NAFLD活动度积分和TG、CHOL含量较正常组明显增高(P＜0.01),脂联素血清含量及肝组织mRNA表达较正常组明显降低(P＜0.01),而内脂素、抵抗素血清含量及肝组织mR-NA表达均较正常组显著增强(P＜0.01);应用阿托伐他汀干预后,肝组织病理学改善,肝脏TG、CHOL含量较模型组明显降低(P＜0.05),脂联素血清含量及肝组织mRNA表达水平较模型组增高(P＜0.05),内脂素、抵抗素血清含量及肝组织mRNA表达则均较模型组显著下降(P＜0.05).结论:高脂饮食诱导的NAFLD存在脂联素、内脂素、抵抗素等炎症因子分泌的紊乱,阿托伐他汀可能通过降低脂质在肝脏沉积,上调脂联素,抑制内脂素、抵抗素的过表达,从而抑制肝细胞炎症,防止NAFLD的进展.     

Sulfation of iodothyronines by human sulfotransferase 1C1 (SULT1C1)*

Sulfation is an important component of human thyroid hormone metabolism. The role of the human sulfotransferase 1C1 (SULT1C1) is not known. Because SULT1C1 is present in the adult thyroid, intra-thyroidal sulfation of thyroid hormones and their metabolites might occur. We tested this hypothesis by determining the ability of recombinant human SULT1C1 to catalyze iodothyronine sulfation. Apparent K(m) values for 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T(3)), 3, 3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T(2)), 3',5',3-triiodothyronine (rT(3)), and 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine (T(4)) with SULT1C1 were 28.7, 10.3, 10.2, and 59.3 microM, respectively. Thermal stability and responses to inhibitors also were tested with T(3) as the substrate. Enzyme aliquots were measured simultaneously to determine SULT1C1 substrate preferences at optimal iodothyronine concentrations. SULT1C1 activity obtained with T(3) was used as 100%, and the activities with 3,3'-T(2), rT(3), T(4), and 3,5-diiodothyronine (3, 5-T(2)) were 614, 314, 25, and 4%, respectively. We report for the first time the characterization of human SULT1C1 with T(3) and the preferences of the enzyme for various iodothyronines. The presence of SULT1C1 in the adult thyroid gland raises the possibilities that the enzyme can contribute to intraglandular thyroid hormone processing and iodide reutilization.     

Preferential induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in CCSP-positive cells.

Both benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are potent ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR). Although animal studies indicate that both compounds induce pathological changes in the peripheral lung, the specific cell type involved remains unclear. Clara cells, expressing Clara cell specific protein (CCSP) and abundant in cytochrome P450, are nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells in the peripheral lung. Here we explore the hypothesis that CCSP-positive Clara cells are highly responsive to AhR ligands and are the primary cell type involved in BaP- and TCDD-induced toxicities. The responsiveness to AhR ligands was evaluated by measuring the respective mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1) using real-time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry assays. Two in vitro models were used: primary cultures of human small airway epithelial (SAE) cells and rat lung slice cultures. In the presence of calcium, human SAE cells differentiated into CCSP-positive cells. BaP- and TCDD-induced mRNA and protein levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 levels were significantly elevated in CCSP-positive cell cultures. Similarly, AhR mRNA and protein levels were increased in CCSP-positive cell cultures, as determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. When rat lung slice cultures were treated with BaP or TCDD for 24 h, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 proteins were strongly induced in Clara cells. These results indicate that, in the peripheral lung of both rats and humans, CCSP-positive cells (Clara cells) may be more sensitive to AhR ligands than other cell types.     

Influence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 on the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of the genetic polymorphism of two enzymes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), on the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-P) in workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and in unexposed workers (controls). The study group consisted of 30 controls recruited among employees of a service company and 171 PAHs-exposed workers from two electric steel plants and an iron foundry (all males, ranging between 18 and 60 years of age). Determination of airborne PAHs and urinary 1-OH-P was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric detection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to determine the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 (CYP1A1*2A and CYP1A1*2B) and GSTM1. No influence of the genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 on the urinary levels of 1-OH-P was observed in this study.     

Phenotype of the Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1-/- triple-knockout mouse

Crossing the Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) double-knockout mouse with the Cyp1b1(-/-) single-knockout mouse, we generated the Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(-/-) triple-knockout mouse. In this triple-knockout mouse, statistically significant phenotypes (with incomplete penetrance) included slower weight gain and greater risk of embryolethality before gestational day 11, hydrocephalus, hermaphroditism, and cystic ovaries. Oral benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) daily for 18 days in the Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) produced the same degree of marked immunosuppression as seen in the Cyp1a1(-/-) mouse; we believe this reflects the absence of intestinal CYP1A1. Oral BaP-treated Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(-/-) mice showed the same "rescued" response as that seen in the Cyp1a1/1b1(-/-) mouse; we believe this reflects the absence of CYP1B1 in immune tissues. Urinary metabolite profiles were dramatically different between untreated triple-knockout and wild-type; principal components analysis showed that the shifts in urinary metabolite patterns in oral BaP-treated triple-knockout and wild-type mice were also strikingly different. Liver microarray cDNA differential expression (comparing triple-knockout with wild-type) revealed at least 89 genes up- and 62 genes down-regulated (P-value < or = 0.00086). Gene Ontology "classes of genes" most perturbed in the untreated triple-knockout (compared with wild-type) include lipid, steroid, and cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism; nucleosome and chromatin assembly; carboxylic and organic acid metabolism; metal-ion binding; and ion homeostasis. In the triple-knockout compared with the wild-type mice, response to zymosan-induced peritonitis was strikingly exaggerated, which may well reflect down-regulation of Socs2 expression. If a single common molecular pathway is responsible for all of these phenotypes, we suggest that functional effects of the loss of all three Cyp1 genes could be explained by perturbations in CYP1-mediated eicosanoid production, catabolism and activities.     

Crystal structure of 1:1 complex of barbital with 1-methylimidazole.

The prediction of a strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between barbital and 1-methylimidazole was confirmed. Two crystal complexes were obtained, 1:1 and 2:1, and the X-ray structure was determined for the 1:1 complex, which is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 12.236(3) A, b = 11.332(4) A, c = 12.495(4) A, and beta = 120.67(1) degrees. The structure contains disk-shaped hydrogen-bonded tetramers with two molecules of each kind. There is a short NH...N hydrogen bond (2.82 A) in which barbiturate provides the NH donor.     

Inhibitors of aldo-keto reductases AKR1C1-AKR1C4

The AKR1C aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) are enzymes that interconvert steroidal hormones between their active and inactive forms. In this manner, they can regulate the occupancy and trans-activation of the androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors. The AKR1C isoforms also have important roles in the production and inactivation of neurosteroids and prostaglandins, and in the metabolism of xenobiotics. They thus represent important emerging drug targets for the development of agents for the treatment of hormone-dependent forms of cancer, like breast, prostate and endometrial cancers, and other diseases, like premenstrual syndrome, endometriosis, catamenial epilepsy and depressive disorders. We present here the physiological roles of these enzymes, along with their structural properties and an overview of the recent developments regarding their inhibitors. The most important strategies of inhibitor design are described, which include the screening of banks of natural compounds (like cinnamic acids, flavonoids, jasmonates, and related compounds), the screening of and structural modifications to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the substrate-inspired design of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors, and computer-assisted structure-based inhibitor design.     

人细胞色素P450 1A1与谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的融合蛋白及其抗体的制备

采用融合蛋白技术原核表达CYP1A1（第241-381个氨基酸）与谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）的融合蛋白作为抗原,用于制备CYP1A1多克隆抗体. 根据正反重组质粒pGEX/1A1表达的融合蛋白大小不同的原理,直接表达筛选得到正向重组质粒pGEX/1A1. 通过优化表达条件, 提高了目的蛋白的表达水平. 包涵体蛋白经制备型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）分离, 获含纯化融合蛋白GST-1A1的PAGE凝胶. 直接用含GST-1A1的凝胶悬液免疫BALB/c小鼠,自腹水中获取CYP1A1多克隆抗体（1A1pAb）. 1A1pAb用切胶纯化的融合蛋白GST-2B6交叉吸收,蛋白A- Sepharose亲和层析柱来纯化. 用切胶纯化的融合蛋白GST-1A1及GST-2B6的免疫印迹反应初步鉴定1A1pAb的特异性. 纯化的1A1pAb对融合蛋白GST-1A1反应特异性较强,但仍对GST-2B6有弱交叉反应. 在实际应用中可根据反应强度来加以区分.     

In vitro biotransformation of imatinib by the tumor expressed CYP1A1 and CYP1B1

The main objective of the study was to examine the biotransformation of the anticancer drug imatinib in target cells by incubating it with oxidoreductases expressed in tumor cells. The second objective was to obtain an in silico prediction of the potential activity of imatinib metabolites. An in vitro enzyme kinetic study was performed with cDNA expressed human oxidoreductases and LC-MS/MS analysis. The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were determined for six metabolites. A molecular modeling approach was used to dock these metabolites to the target Abl or Bcr-Abl kinases. CYP3A4 isozyme showed the broadest metabolic capacity, whereas CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and FMO3 isozymes biotransformed imatinib with a high intrinsic clearance. The predicted binding modes for the metabolites to Abl were comparable to that of the parent drug, suggesting potential activity. These findings indicate that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which are known to be overexpressed in a wide range of tumors, are involved in the biotransformation of imatinib. They could play a role in imatinib disposition in the targeted stem, progenitor and differentiated cancer cells, with a possible contribution of the metabolites toward the activity of the drug.