肌萎缩侧索硬化症90例胸锁乳突肌肌电图的特点

目的　探讨胸锁乳突肌肌电图 (EMG)检测在肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS)诊断中的价值。方法　对ALS患者均进行常规EMG检测 ,包括上肢、下肢及胸锁乳突肌 ,测定自发电位 ,募集相 ,运动单位电位的时限、波幅及多相波。比较有、无球部症状的患者之间胸锁乳突肌EMG改变的差异 ,以及不同部位即球部、颈部及腰骶部之间EMG检测结果的差异。结果　有球部症状的患者胸锁乳突肌EMG病变程度重于无球部症状者 (时限增宽幅度分别为 60 6 %± 2 1 2 %和 50 0 %± 1 9 2 % ,P <0 0 5)。胸锁乳突肌EMG自发电位、募集相、运动单位电位时限和波幅改变的程度均不同于上肢和下肢 ,存在显著性差异。结论　胸锁乳突肌EMG检测的异常与球部症状相关 ,而与肢体无关 ,其神经源性改变可反映球部下运动神经元病变     

胸廓出口综合征的诊断体会

胸廓出口综合征 (ｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃｏｕｔｌｅｔｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ,ＴＯＳ)是指臂丛神经 ,锁骨下动、静脉在肋锁间隙、斜角肌三角、胸小肌等胸廓区域 ,由于各种不同的解剖变异因素 ,造成不同程度受压而产生的神经激惹 ,上肢缺血、淤血、水肿等一系列症候群〔1〕。1　临床资料2 5例患者 ,男 6例 ,女 19例。平均 3 5 (17～ 5 5 )岁。平均病程 4年 1个月 (3月～ 10年 )。 16例 (64 % )在确诊ＴＯＳ前被误诊过一种或多种其他疾病。2 5例患者中 ,双侧病变 1例 ,共 2 6侧病变。主诉上肢麻木者 2 1例 2 2侧 ,有上肢及胸颈部疼痛者 15例 16侧 ,有肌…     

胸锁乳突肌肌电图在鉴别肌萎缩侧索硬化与颈椎病性脊髓病的研究

对106例肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)与颈椎病性脊髓病(CSM),及两病鉴别困难者进行胸锁乳突肌、肢体肌及舌肌EMG检查。结果ALS组胸锁乳突肌神经源性损害的异常率高于三肢体肌、舌肌;CSM组胸锁乳突肌无1例异常。表明该肌神经源性损害能明显提高ALS亚临床的阳性率,有助于ALS的早期诊断及ALS与CSM两病的鉴别。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症152例下胸段脊旁肌肌电图特点

目的探讨下胸段脊旁肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)诊断中的应用价值。方法总结152例确诊ALS患者的临床及电生理资料,观察下胸段脊旁肌肌电图的特点,并分析其与病程、年龄、首发部位、呼吸困难、胸锁乳突肌肌电图、舌肌肌电图的相关性。结果152例ALS中,下胸段脊旁肌肌电图出现自发电位者125例(82．24%)；胸锁乳突肌肌电图呈神经源性损害83例(55．33%),其中出现自发电位者45例。通过Logistic多元回归分析提示脊旁肌肌电图与病程、年龄有关,而与首发部位、呼吸困难无明显相关性。结论脊旁肌肌电图与ALS患者的病程及年龄有关,且下胸段脊旁肌肌电图方便易行,在ALS中诊断价值较大。     

胸段脊旁肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化诊断中的作用

目的 研究胸段脊旁肌自发电位在诊断肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis，ALS)中的价值。方法 50例确诊的ALS患者分别行胸段脊旁肌自发电位、胸锁乳突肌运动单位，部分患者行舌肌自发电位检测；同时，将性别、年龄相匹配的30例根性损害的患者和30名健康人作为对照，行胸段脊旁肌自发电位检测。结果 50例ALS患者中，41例(82％)胸段脊旁肌肌电图可见大量纤颤电位和正锐波；胸锁乳突肌肌电图无一例见自发电位，但有48例(96%)运动单位时限增宽，波幅增高，符合慢性神经源性损害改变；6例患者行舌肌自发电位检测，3例可见自发电位。30例根性病变的患者中，2例(7％)可见胸段脊旁肌有少量自发电位；健康对照组未见胸段脊旁肌自发电位。结论 胸段脊旁肌大量自发电位对诊断ALS具有一定的敏感性。     

膈神经传导以及膈运动诱发电位对呼吸功能障碍评价的初步探讨

目的：初步探讨膈神经传导及膈运动诱发电位对评价各种呼吸功能障碍的价值。方法：对３４例病人在胸锁乳突肌后缘中点用电刺激膈神经，于第７－８肋间和剑突记录膈肌复合动作电位，用磁圈置于对侧头皮进行刺激，在深吸气状态下记录膈ＭＥＰ。结果；肌病患者的ＰＮＣ均正常；格林巴利综合征，重症肌无力危象以及遗传性运动感觉神经病者的ＰＮＣ均异常，动态观察结果均表现为ＰＮＣ与呼吸功能障碍显著相关；７例睡眠呼吸暂停综合征中４     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者肌电图与ALS-FRS-R的研究

目的研究肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者肌电图(EMG)相关肌肉小力收缩时运动单位动作电位(MUAP)的波幅(Amp)和时限(Lat)与肌萎缩侧索硬化功能评分(ALS-FRS-R)之间的相关性。方法 25例ALS患者分别进行ALS-FRS-R和EMG检查,分别记录并分析左右胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时MUAP的Amp和Lat与ALS-FRS-R的相关性。结果 23例ALS患者右胫骨前肌小力收缩时Amp与ALS-FRS-R存在相关性,R2=0.173,P=0.043。左胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时的Amp及左右胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时的Lat与ALS-FRS-R不存在相关性(P>0.05)。结论 EMG中仅个别相关肌肉小力收缩时MUAP的Amp与ALS-FRS-R相关,因此EMG相关肌肉小力收缩时的Amp和Lat对ALS仅具有定性意义,不能反映ALS患者病情的严重程度。     

椎动脉横突孔段受压的手术治疗二例

例1 女,45岁。4年前感肩背部酸沉麻木,2年来常感头痛,头晕、转颈过度时头晕加重伴恶心呕吐、视物旋转,偶然出现猝倒。1986年3月入院检查,颈椎正及双斜位X线平片示颈4、5、6双侧钩椎关节骨质增生,左侧为著.椎动脉造影示:左椎动脉于颈4、5、6横突孔之间有受压现象。手术于全麻插管下颈前入路,以颈5为中点沿胸锁乳突肌前缘皮肤切口,将胸锁乳突肌、颈动、静脉牵向外侧,气管、食道牵向对侧,将颈长肌切断分离横突。发现上下横突孔之间椎动脉周围纤维组织增生变硬无弹性,椎动脉内侧壁受钩突关节外侧增生骨质压     

微侵袭手术治疗侧屈型痉挛性斜颈81例

目的研究侧屈型痉挛性斜颈(LFST)微侵袭手术治疗效果。方法将LFST相关的痉挛肌肉分成主要责任肌和次要责任肌,并明确每一肌肉的支配神经。对LFST临床分型,按不同分型制定个体手术方案。采用下列术式组合治疗。术式1:屈向侧颈痉挛肌肉选择性切除术。术式2:屈向侧颈神经1～6后支选择性切断术。术式3:屈向侧副神经切断术(或附加胸锁乳突肌、斜角肌切除术)。三种术式组合称"三联术",术式1和术式3组合称"二联术"。结果术后6～12个月评定疗效,全组81例痊愈69例(85.2%),显效8例(9.9%),进步4例(4.9%),无死亡和严重并发症。35例采用二联术治疗的患者中,痊愈27例,显效5例,进步3例,优良率91.4%(32/35);46例采用三联术治疗患者中,痊愈42例,显效3例,进步1例,优良率97.8%(45/46)。结论采用颈部痉挛肌肉选择性切除和相关神经选择性切断术治疗LFST,手术安全创伤小,效果满意。     

家族性特发性震颤合并痉挛性斜颈的临床特点(附2例报告)

目的探讨家族性特发性震颤(ET)合并痉挛性斜颈的临床特点。方法对2例家族性ET合并痉挛性斜颈患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2例患者均为中年女性,表现为双上肢或四肢不自主颤抖27年、14年,缓慢加重;头颈向右歪斜10年、2个月。1例患者家系中有上肢不自主颤抖3例,另1例患者家系中有头部或上肢不自主颤抖3例及头颈肌张力障碍1例。EMG示胸锁乳突肌、颈部肌肉有成组运动单位电位阵发性发放。经A型肉毒素局部注射治疗及心得安、苯海索、乙哌立松、扑米酮等口服治疗,症状明显好转。结论家族性ET合并痉挛性斜颈患者在青年期出现ET,十多年后出现痉挛性斜颈;有家族遗传史;EMG有自发运动单位电位;A型肉毒素局部注射治疗有效。     

27例产瘫的神经肌电图分析

目的探讨神经电图、肌电图在分娩性臂丛神经损伤(产瘫)的特点及应用价值。方法对27例产瘫患儿进行神经电图(NCV)及肌电图(EMG)检查,测定臂丛五大神经的运动神经传导及其主要支配肌肉的肌电表现,并定期进行复查。结果27例中,上干损伤9例(33.3%),上中干损伤11例(40.7%),全干损伤7例(26%),初次检查小于3月小婴儿神经电图及肌电图异常率均为100%,3~6月后复查,肌电图异常率高于神经电图。结论产瘫患儿以上干、上中干损伤占多数(74%),神经电图及肌电图在产瘫患儿不同时期的表现特点及应用价值不同。     

Superior vena cava syndrome and compression neuropathy of the right brachial plexus following cardiac pacemaker implantation]

We reported a case with the superior vena cava syndrome and compression neuropathy of the right brachial plexus after pacemaker implantation. A 27-year-old man with the second degree atrio-ventricular block had underwent pacemaker implantation via the right subclavian vein at the age of 19. Since the age of 25, he occasionally experienced paresthesia and swelling in his right arm after excessive work. These symptoms gradually resolved within a few days by rest. On June 2, 1990, he noticed swelling and paresthesia of his right face, arm and upper trunk after excessive labor. A few days later, weakness of right hand developed. On examination on June 8, the right arm was edematous, but not cyanotic. There were weakness and hypoactive muscle stretch responses in the right upper extremity with hypesthesia of all modalities in the neck, arm and upper trunk of the right side. Venous angiography showed total occlusion of the right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava and well-developed collateral channels. We speculate that swelling of the right upper extremity, which became overt when arterial blood supply to that limb outbalanced impaired venous drainage, finally compressed the right brachial plexus.     

The breathing hand: obstetric brachial plexopathy reinnervation from thoracic roots?

It has been found that in cases of obstetric brachial plexopathy, injured phrenic nerve or C3/4/5 roots may sprout into the adjacent injured upper and middle trunks of the brachial plexus. This aberrant regeneration produces co-contraction of the diaphragm and proximal upper limb muscles. This phenomenon, referred to as respiratory synkinesis or "the breathing arm", may not be limited to the upper cervical roots. We present two cases, identified through electromyographic investigations, of respiratory synkinesis selectively affecting intrinsic hand muscles, and propose that upper thoracic roots and their intercostal nerves may also produce respiratory synkinesis, resulting in a "breathing hand." This novel brand of synkinesis indicates that obstetric brachial plexus neuropathies can have quite proximal nerve injury in all trunks. The findings in our patients may not be entirely unique. The time required to develop distal muscle synkinesis and the subtle nature of our findings may suggest that with time and the assistance of EMG the breathing hand may be more common. When considering brachial plexus surgery, the significance of respiratory synkinesis should not be overlooked as its presence indicates injury at a root or proximal trunk level and may come from either nerves destined for the diaphragm or for the intercostal muscles.     

Focal upper extremity neuropathy in neonates

Focal upper extremity neuropathies are common in neonates. The brachial plexus is the most common site involved. Brachial plexus injuries may involve different structures, thus producing different clinical presentations: complete brachial plexus palsy, Duchenne-Erb palsy, upper-middle trunk brachial plexus palsy, Klumpke palsy, fascicular brachial plexus palsy, and bilateral brachial plexus palsy. The causes of brachial plexus palsy are obstetric injury, intrauterine compression, humeral osteomyelitis, hemangioma, exostosis of the first rib, neck compression, and neoplasm. The differential diagnosis of brachial plexus palsy includes pseudoparesis, amyoplasia congenita, congenita varicella syndrome, and neurological lesions at other neuroanatomical levels. The cause and the degree of injury dictate the prognosis. The prognosis of obstetric brachial plexus injury is usually good.     

An uncommon cause of brachial plexus injury

We report a case of left upper trunk neuropraxia following an uneventful case of lumbar spine fixation and fusion performed in the prone position. The cause of the injury was believed to be a very tight endotracheal tube tie in addition to the patient`s head turned to one side; both caused a compression in the left supraclavicular region compressing the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. On literature review, there are limited reports of endotracheal tube tie causing upper trunk brachial plexus reported in the English literature. Attention and care needs to be exercised to avoid this largely preventable complication.     

Brachial plexus neoplastic lesions assessed by conduction study of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.

Two cases of neoplastic involvement of the lower brachial plexus are reported. This condition was due to recurrence of lymphoma in one case and to axillary node spread of breast cancer in the other. The neuropathic origin and the location of the lesion in the lower brachial plexus between the T-1 root and the axilla was demonstrated by the presence of abnormalities on testing of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve in the symptomatic upper limb and comparing it to the healthy one. All other electrodiagnostic tests were normal. Such a finding suggests the need for imaging of the lower brachial plexus region by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.     

Chronic relapsing brachial plexus neuropathy with persistent conduction block

Idiopathic brachial plexus neuropathy (BPN) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by an acute onset of painful weakness in one or both upper extremities. The course is usually monophasic with gradual improvement over months; however, occasionally BPN can recur. Electrophysiologic studies suggest the pathogenesis is primarily axonal in the majority of cases. We descibe an unusual case of BPN in which the patient had a chronic and relapsing course of painless weakness associated with conduction blocks and other electrophysiologic features of demyelination across the brachial plexus. The patient improved following treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. The neuropathy falls within the spectrum of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and multifocal motor neuropathy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 20: 1303–1307, 1997     

超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞治疗急性带状疱疹神经痛的临床研究

目的探讨超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞治疗急性带状疱疹神经痛的临床疗效。方法将56例老年带状疱疹患者分为A组和B组,A组采用传统解剖定位法进行臂丛神经阻滞,B组采用超声引导法。所有患者均口服普瑞巴林150mg/次,2次/d。分别于治疗前、治疗后第1~6周、2个月、3个月时行VAS评分,评价疼痛程度并记录疼痛评估时普瑞巴林的服用剂量。记录疼痛完全缓解时间及PHN发生率,评估患者满意度。结果 B组疼痛时间短于A组。B组3个月后、6个月PHN发生率明显低于A组。B组3个月、6个月后患者满意度显著高于A组(P0.05)。截止到第4周,B组有25例患者疼痛完全缓解,3例(10.7%)3个月后2例轻度疼痛,6个月时1例(3.6%)发展为PHN。A组中21例患者第6周疼痛完全缓解,余7例中度疼痛患者在6个月时其中4例疼痛自发缓解,3例发展成为疱疹后神经痛,B组普瑞巴林的用量明显低于A组。结论超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞治疗急性带状疱疹神经痛是行之有效的治疗方法。     

Brachial plexus tumors--neurosurgical treatment

Tumours of the brachial plexus according to present classification are included to soft tissue tumours. Because of rare occurrence of these tumours diagnostic and operative experience is relatively small. There is also a few number of publications regarding tumours of the brachial plexus. Therefore the aim of the study was to present our experience in the surgical treatment of tumours of the brachial plexus basing on the material of 5 cases treated in the years 1997-2001. There were 4 males and 1 female, age from 17 to 58 years old. Four patients were under 27 years old. In 3 cases tumours of the brachial plexus invaded the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramen and caused spinal cord compression (type A). In 2 cases tumours involved only plexus elements (type B). In 2 cases tumours were associated with neurofibromatosis type II. Five cases of neural sheath tumours included 2 schwannomas, 2 neurofibromas and 1 schwannoma malignum. All patients underwent surgery. In case of schwannomas and neurofibromas the surgical removal was radical without impairment of brachial plexus function. In case of a giant schwannoma malignum tumor, which caused flaccid paresis and symptoms of insufficient blood, supply with severe pain in the upper limb radical extirpation was also possible. In type A tumours in the first stage intraspinal part of the tumor was removed. Follow up observation lasted from 3 months to 4 years. The result of treatment of benign tumours was very good with complete function recovery of the upper limb, pain disappearance and no symptoms of recurrence in the long postoperative period. In case of malignant schwannoma in the early postoperative period both pain and symptoms of blood supply disturbances completely disappeared. The patient died 12 months after the operation because of tumor dissemination. Benign tumours of the brachial plexus can be effectively surgically treated using microsurgical techniques and, if necessary, nerve grafting. In case of malignant tumours many authors also recommend surgery with optimal sparing of the brachial plexus function and subsequent radio and chemotherapy. Low number A few cases in our series makes impossible to draw any epidemiological conclusions.     

Improved C3-4 transfer for treatment of root avulsion of the brachial plexus upper trunk Animal experiments and clinical application

Experimental rats with root avulsion of the brachial plexus upper trunk were treated with the improved C3-4 transfer for neurotization of C5-6.Results showed that Terzis grooming test scores were significantly increased at 6 months after treatment,the latency of C5-6 motor evoked potential was gradually shortened,and the amplitude was gradually increased.The rate of C3 instead of C5 and the C4 + phrenic nerve instead of C6 myelinated nerve fibers crossing through the anastomotic stoma was approximately 80%.Myelinated nerve fibers were arranged loosely but the thickness of the myelin sheath was similar to that of the healthy side.In clinical applications,39 patients with root avulsion of the brachial plexus upper trunk were followed for 6 months to 4.5 years after treatment using the improved C3 instead of C5 nerve root transfer and C4 nerve root and phrenic nerve instead of C6 nerve root transfer.Results showed that the strength of the brachial biceps and deltoid muscles recovered to level III-IV,scapular muscle to level III-IV,latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscles to above level III,and the brachial triceps muscle to level 0-III.Results showed that the improved C3-4 transfer for root avulsion of the brachial plexus upper trunk in animal models is similar to clinical findings and that C3-4 and the phrenic nerve transfer for neurotization of C5-6 can innervate the avulsed brachial plexus upper trunk and promote the recovery of nerve function in the upper extremity.