父母养育方式及其相关因素的现况调查

目的描述北京市中学生父母养育方式的现况,探索父母养育方式的影响因素,比较子女与父母对养育方式的认识的异同.方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,以"父母养育方式问卷"、"人格诊断问卷"、"一般情况问卷"调查北京市2 476名高二学生及其父母.调查结果采用成组t检验、配对t检验、单因素方差分析、相关分析进行统计分析.结果父母养育方式因子得分在子女性别、学校类型和父母的人格、关系、受教育程度、年龄以及家庭收入、居住地等之间进行比较,差异有显著性;母亲的拒绝、情感温暖和过度保护因子得分均高于父亲;父亲的养育方式因子得分与母亲的相同因子得分均相关;父亲填写的拒绝、过度保护和偏爱因子得分与孩子填写的父亲的相同因子得分呈低度正相关,母亲填写的养育方式四个因子得分与孩子填写的相同因子得分均呈低度正相关.结论父母养育方式可能受子女性别、学校类型和父母的人格、关系、受教育程度、年龄以及家庭收入、居住地等多种因素影响.母亲在养育子女的过程中作用可能大于父亲,父母养育方式在大多数家庭是比较一致的,父母自我评价的养育方式与孩子感受到的父母养育方式也基本一致.     

Pyschosocial factors associated with children's cycling for transport: A cross-sectional moderation study

Promoting children's cycling for transport is a useful strategy to increase their physical activity levels. No studies have examined to which extent children's psychosocial characteristics play a role in their transportation cycling. Furthermore, insights into the association between children's independent mobility (IM) and transportation cycling is lacking in Europe. This study examined (1) the association of children's psychosocial characteristics with transportation cycling and its moderating effect of child's gender, parents' educational attainment and IM, and (2) the association between children's IM and transportation cycling.Children (n = 1232, aged 10–12 yrs) completed an online questionnaire at school assessing their psychosocial characteristics related with transportation cycling. Parents reported child's usual transportation cycling and the distance their child is allowed to cycle unsupervised (IM). Hurdle models were used to estimate associations between independent variables and odds of being a cyclist and with minutes of transportation cycling among those cycling. Data were collected during November–December 2014 across Flanders, Belgium.Children's perceived parental modeling, parental norm, peers' co-participation, self-efficacy and IM were positively related to the odds of being a cyclist, perceived benefits were negatively associated. Parental modeling, siblings' modeling, self-efficacy and parental norm were more strongly related to the odds of being a cyclist among children with a low IM. Friends' modeling was significantly related with odds of being a cyclist among boys. IM and parental norm (only among boys) were positively related to the time spent cycling. Targeting children, their friends and parents seems therefore most appropriate when aiming to increase children's transportation cycling.     

重复人工流产相关危险因素的横向研究

目的:探讨首次人工流产女性与重复人工流产女性之间不同的个体行为和社会经济差异,确定重复流产的相关危险因素。方法:调查2009年8月～2010年7月接受人工流产治疗服务女性1 132名,年龄20～49岁,采用回归分析方法研究重复流产的相关危险因素。结果:接受问卷调查女性的重复流产率为48.45%,调查一年间重复流产率为15.85%;重复流产的危险因素,包括生育史(OR=2.45),未婚或缺乏感情基础(OR=2.14),无业或失业(OR=1.66),吸烟或成瘾性药物使用(OR=1.43),低学历教育水平(OR=1.5)。其中部分女性(n=135)认为在经济条件允许或者建立婚姻关系后愿意继续妊娠。还有部分女性认为流产后未能获得相关避孕咨询,或采取不恰当的避孕方法,是重复流产的重要原因。结论:较高的女性重复流产比例,使开展流产后计划生育服务成为提高女性健康和生育质量的重要手段。虽然可以确定一些重复流产的相关危险因素,但是女性受到身心侵害的几率较高,所以预防非意愿妊娠需要全社会关心和努力。     

广州市小学生呼吸系统疾病生活居住环境影响因素调查

研究学龄儿童呼吸系统疾病的生活居住环境相关影响因素,为呼吸系统疾病的预防与控制提供依据.方法 于2014-2015年用分层整群随机抽样的方法,选择广州市某小学三~五年级共1 016名小学生进行问卷调查.分析呼吸系统疾病与学龄儿童个体特征、家庭社会经济状况、父母疾病史以及家庭室内外环境等因素的关系.结果 多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别(OR=1.52,95%CI=1.18~ 1.96)、生活居住周围100 m内有臭水沟(OR=1.66,95%CI=1.02~2.71)、生活居住周围100 m内有垃圾站(OR=1.45,95%CI=1.04~2.03)及使用驱蚊剂习惯(OR=1.69,95%CI=1.26~2.26)可增加呼吸系统疾病的发生风险(P值均<0.05).结论 家庭居住环境因素对学龄儿童的呼吸系统健康有一定程度的影响.     

Social and built-environment factors related to children's independent mobility: The importance of neighbourhood cohesion and connectedness

This study examines aspects of neighbourhood social environments (namely, neighbourhood safety, cohesion and connection) and child-specific built environment attributes in relation to children's independent mobility. The results suggest that children aged 8–13 years with parents who perceive their neighbourhood as more cohesive and more connected, and are located closer to school, engaged in higher levels of independently mobile trips. The qualitative component of this research revealed that for NZ European, Māori, Samoan and other Pacific parents, ‘people danger’ was the most common concern for letting their children go out alone, whereas for Asian and Indian parents, ‘traffic danger’ was the most common reason for their concern.     

Policies related to active transport to and from school: a multisite case study

Active transportation to and from school (ATS) is a viable strategy to help increase physical activity among youth. ATS can be challenging because initiatives require transdisciplinary collaboration, are influenced by the built environment and are affected by numerous policies. The purpose of this study is to identify policies and factors that influence ATS initiatives. Nine elementary schools in seven states participated in this case study. Sixty-nine stakeholders were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed using a master thematic codebook. This study identified two distinct aspects of policies: 'influential factors' which are factors that might impact policies related to ATS and 'policy actions' which are policies reported by people involved in ATS initiatives that directly affected their success. Influential factors included sidewalks, crosswalks/crossing guards, funding, personal safety concerns, advocacy group involvement and others. Policy actions included policies on school speed zone, drop-off, no-transport zones, school siting, school start/dismissal time and school choice. Despite the diversity of the schools studied, similarities included influence of built environment, safety concerns, funding and transdisciplinary collaboration. Stakeholders need to work together to stimulate action and ensure successful initiatives. Influential factors appear to be important to this process.     

Early menopause,association with tobacco smoking,coffee consumption and other lifestyle factors: a cross-sectional study

Background  

Early onset of menopause is a risk factor for several health problems. The objective was primarily to investigate the association between early menopause and current, past active and passive smoking. A second aim was to investigate the association between coffee and alcohol consumption and early menopause.     

北京市中学生视屏时间现状与影响因素研究

了解北京市中学生视屏时间现状及其影响因素,为制订切实有效的干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用横断面研究的方法,于2013年9-10月随机从北京市城区、近郊区、远郊区中各抽取2个区,每区随机抽取2所高中、2所初中,共对6个区24所学校1 126人进行问卷调查.结果 被调查中学生调查前1周平均视屏时间为(1.44±1.50)h/d,视屏时间过长比例为20.5%.其中男生平均视屏时间为(1.60± 1.73) h/d,高于女性(1.37± 1.23) h/d(P<0.05),男性视屏时间过长率为23.2%,高于女生18.9%(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析发现,和父母交流少(OR=1.975)、习惯使用网络交流(OR=1.258)、在网络上更被认同(OR=1.218)、习惯上网搜索答案(DR=1.293)是视屏时间长的危险因素;自感被同学理解(OR=0.824)、父母限制视屏时间(OR=0.791)为视屏时间长的保护因素(P值均<0.05).结论 电子屏幕设备在中学生中使用较多.中学生视屏时间受到社会支持水平影响,减少视屏时间需要家庭、学校多方面共同参与.     

河南省普通人群丙型肝炎感染的相关因素

目的了解现阶段河南省普通人群的丙型肝炎感染的相关因素。方法采用横断面调查的方法,于2012年4—7月,采取多阶段抽样的方法,选择全省30个项目县（区）1—75周岁的常住居民开展问卷调查,采集静脉血,并检测HCV抗体和核酸。结果共调查32203人,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,既往有偿采供血史（OR=11．60,95％CI：6．56～20．52）、输血史（OR=5．97,95％CI：3．71～9．60）、纹身（OR=2．66,95％CI：1．37～5．17）、不规范注射行为（OR=1．93,95％CI：1．29～2．90）和手术史（OR;1．82,95％CI：1．25～2．65）是感染丙肝的相关因素。结论为减少丙肝传播,应继续开展无偿献血和血液安全筛查,严格遵守卫生学标准开展卫生诊疗服务,普及丙肝防治知识,倡导积极健康的生活方式。     

Girls' perception of physical environmental factors and transportation: reliability and association with physical activity and active transport to school

Background  

Preliminary evidence suggests that the physical environment and transportation are associated with youth physical activity levels. Only a few studies have examined the association of physical environmental factors on walking and bicycling to school. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to examine the test-retest reliability of a survey designed for youth to assess perceptions of physical environmental factors (e.g. safety, aesthetics, facilities near the home) and transportation, and (2) to describe the associations of these perceptions with both physical activity and active transport to school.     

北京市高中生健康素养水平及影响因素分析

了解北京市高中生健康素养现况及其影响因素,为提升学生健康素养提供参考.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样方法,以研究者团队开发的高中生健康素养评价问卷为调查工具,选取北京市1 489名高中生进行调查.结果 北京市高中生健康素养平均得分为(74.77±8.54)分.以≥80分为具备基本健康素养,高中生群体具备基本健康素养的比例为28.7%.二分类Logistic回归分析显示,来自郊区(OR=1.690,95%CI=1.320~2.164)、男生(OR=1.935,95%CI=1.508~2.484)、自评学习成绩差(OR=1.401,95%CI=1.195 ~ 1.642)、学校未开展健康教育课程(OR=1.550,95%CI=1.202~1.998)是高中生不具备健康素养的危险因素(P值均<0.01).结论 北京市高中生健康素养水平有待进一步提高,学校健康教育的开展是改善学生健康素养的有效途径.     

农村居民2型糖尿病相关因素现况研究

目的探讨海宁市农村居民2型糖尿病患病的危险因素,为2型糖尿病防制提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,随机抽取4个镇（街道）18岁及以上居民进行问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测。结果海宁市农村成年居民2型糖尿病标化患病率5.17%,男性5.81%,女性4.56%;多因素分析结果显示,2型糖尿病的相关因素为年龄（OR=1.78）、超重与肥胖（OR=1.71）、糖尿病家族史（OR=16.05）。结论海宁市农村居民2型糖尿病患病率较高,应结合危险因素积极采取针对性措施,预防和控制其发生。     

Time spent playing outdoors after school and its relationship with independent mobility: a cross-sectional survey of children aged 10–12 years in Sydney, Australia

Background  

Time spent outdoors is positively associated with physical activity and has been suggested as a proxy for physical activity of children. The role of children's independence in physical activity and time spent outdoors is less understood. This study aimed to assess how much time children spent playing outdoors after school, and to explore the relationship between outdoor play and independence among children aged 10–12 years.     

A comparative case study on active transport to and from school

Introduction

This study investigates active-transport-to-school initiatives through the Active Living by Design Community Action Model framework. The framework outlines five strategies that influence physical activity: preparation, promotion, programs, policies, and physical projects.

Methods

A comparative case study was conducted to investigate active-transport-to-school initiatives at two North Carolina schools. A group of key stakeholders from each site was interviewed (N = 16), including principals, physical education teachers, public safety officers, city planners, regional transportation planners, city council members, and parent representatives. Content analysis was carried out using NVivo software, and data were evaluated using the framework.

Results

Applications designed around all five strategies positively influenced active-transport-to-school programs. Both schools used similar strategies including promotional tactics, policies, and physical projects; however, only one used all five strategies. The scope and duration of these strategies varied by school and ultimately seemed to influence their success. Enablers and challenges to active-transport-to-school programs were identified, including funding, school location, available infrastructure, community involvement, school support, parental buy-in, and sufficient program promotion.

Conclusion

The quality of the strategies, not their mere presence or use, proved important in active-transport-to-school programs. These results suggest that a multidisciplinary approach that develops promotional materials, resources, school support, and environmental changes to sustain factors that influence parental buy-in will prove critical to the success of future walk-to-school initiatives.     

江苏省吸毒人群HIV感染危险行为及影响因素分析

目的:了解江苏省吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染相关危险行为状况及其影响因素。方法:通过匿名调查,获得吸毒人群的行为学资料,用Logistic回归模型进行危险因素分析。结果:调查的952名吸毒人群中,静脉注射吸毒占59.66%,其中有44.54%的人曾与他人共用过针具,近20%的人曾与我国艾滋病流行率最高的云南和新疆地区的吸毒者一起吸食过毒品。70.38%的人有多性伴史,59.56%的人从未用过安全套。多因素分析注射吸毒的危险因素包括首次吸毒年龄(OR=0.39),吸毒年限(OR=192),吸毒圈中有云南、新疆人(OR=6.79);共用注射器吸毒的危险因素包括注射史>3年(OR=3),吸毒圈中有云南、新疆人(OR=2.1)。结论:江苏省吸毒人群中存在HIV感染流行的危险,应进一步完善目前的行为监测系统,并加大美沙酮社区维持和针具交换项目的覆盖面。     

安徽省2015年成年人血脂异常流行现状及相关因素研究

目的利用2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测数据,分析安徽省成年人血脂异常流行状况及其相关因素。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,选取成年人进行问卷调查和相关指标检测。通过问卷询问获得调查对象的人口学特征、吸烟、饮酒和身体活动等信息;通过身体测量获取BMI、腰围和血压值。采集调查对象空腹静脉血,检测FPG和血脂四项(TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C)。使用复杂加权和事后分层权重的基于设计的方法分析不同特征居民的血脂异常患病情况及其相关影响因素。结果共纳入7404人,成年居民血脂异常患病率为30.5%,男性血脂异常患病率(36.5%)高于女性(24.4%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高TC血症、高TG血症、高LDL-C血症和低HDL-C血症患病率分别为3.7%、12.2%、5.3%和19.4%。多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,年龄(OR=1.009,95%CI:1.000~1.018)、女性(OR=0.501,95%CI:0.397~0.632)、文化程度大专及以上(OR=1.728,95%CI:1.257~2.374)、饮酒量3级(OR=0.711,95%CI:0.536~0.943)、中心性肥胖(OR=1.868,95%CI:1.547~2.257)、BMI(OR=1.141,95%CI:1.098~1.186)、高血压(OR=1.259,95%CI:1.077~1.473)和糖尿病(OR=2.025,95%CI:1.446~2.835)均为血脂异常的影响因素。结论2015年安徽省成年居民血脂异常患病水平高,应密切监测和控制危险因素,包括不健康的生活方式或超重、肥胖、高血压和糖尿病患者。     

2011年平顶山市教职工代谢综合征及相关因素的现况调查

目的探讨2011年平顶山市教职工代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)及相关因素。方法利用2011年平顶山市教职工体检机会,对1 930例教职工进行问卷调查。计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,应用多因素Logistic回归危险因素分析。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果在入选的1 930例对象中,不同年龄、性别、文化程度、体力活动、饮酒情况、吸烟状况MS的患病情况比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归结果表明,女性、文化程度、体力活动是MS的保护因素(OR=0.729,95%CI为0.614~0.865;OR=0.361,95%CI为0.116~0.661;OR=0.807,95%CI为0701~0.929);而年龄、饮酒、吸烟状况是MS的危险因素(OR=1.559,95%CI为1.494~1.633;OR=1.769,95%CI为1.676~1.876;OR=1.875,95%CI为1.799~1.958)。结论年龄越大、文化程度越低、体力活动越少、饮酒及吸烟越多,发生MS的危险性越大,因此需要相关部门教育、引导教职工改变不良生活方式,积极进行体育锻炼,戒烟限酒,调整膳食结构,降低MS的发生。     

广州市中小学生运动伤害危险因素的配对病例对照分析

目的 探讨中小学生运动伤害的危险因素.方法 按性别、年龄、班级1:1配对原则,通过样本量计算选择349对运动伤害病例和对照,采用单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析.结果中小学生发生运动伤害的危险因素是:鞋底磨损大(OR=7.20,95%CI:2.37～21.84)、疲倦(OR=14.34,95%CI:2.29～89.66)、带病时参加运动的频率高(OR=1.96,95%CI:1.29～3.06)和既往伤害史(OR=2.11,95%CI:1.41～3.96).运动伤害的保护因素:体育训练时有老师指导动作(OR=0.46,95%CI:0.26～0.79)、运动时做防护措施(OR=0.36,95%CI:0.20～0.64)和运动前热身运动的频率高(OR=0.31,95%CI:0.14～0.67).结论 中小学生运动伤害与个人因素、家庭因素和社会因素有关;应提高学生和老师的安全运动意识,减少运动伤害危险行为的发生.