经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血

目的探讨经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效方法。方法对32例基底节区脑出血行经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术清除血肿。结果 32例术后按日常生活活动评分(ADL)评定预后:Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级3例,死亡4例。结论经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血是一种损伤小、疗效佳、预后好的微创治疗方法。     

经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血疗效观察及脑血管保护

目的 观察经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效,探讨术中、术后脑血管保护策略.方法 随机抽取惠州市中心人民医院神经外科2008-06～2009-02基底节区脑出血急诊行经侧裂- 岛叶入路显微手术清除血肿患者30例,对临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 30例患者术后按日常生活活动评分(ADL)评定预后:Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级1例,死亡1例,无脑梗死及术后短期脑再出血病例.结论 经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血是一种安全、疗效好的手术方式;全程注重脑血管保护是经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血疗效的重要保证.     

经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血

目的探讨经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效。方法对37例经cT证实血肿量为30ml以上的基底节区脑出血患者急诊行经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术清除血肿。结果术后24h以内复查头颅CT,血肿全部或大部分清除者32例（86．5％,32／37）,部分清除4例,1例术后大出血。术后随访6～18个月,按日常生活活动能力评分评定预后：I级8例,Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级3例,死亡1例,优良率达64．9％（24／37）。结论经外侧裂～岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血能够有效清除血肿,降低颅内压,是一种损伤轻、疗效优、预后好的微创治疗方法。     

经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血

目的探讨经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析取2011-04—2016-01收治的经侧裂-岛叶入路手术治疗的38例基底节区高血压脑出血患者的病例资料并探讨疗效。结果术后次日复查CT示血肿清除率达90%以上26例,75%~90%者12例,无再出血及死亡病例。结论经侧裂-岛叶入路治疗基底节区高血压脑出血具有创伤较小、血肿清除较彻底、止血安全可靠、术后神经功能恢复好等特点。     

经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术结合颅内压监测治疗基底节区高血压脑出血

目的探讨采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术结合颅内压监测治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术结合颅内压监测治疗的35例基底节区高血压脑出血患者的临床资料。结果本组患者中,死亡3例,存活32例;术后随访3~6个月,根据日常生活能力分级评定,其中Ⅰ级者8例、Ⅱ级11例、Ⅲ级6例、Ⅳ4例、Ⅴ级3例,本组患者总的良好预后率为71.4%(25/35)。结论采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术结合颅内压监测治疗基底节区高血压脑出血(血肿量30 ml),是较为安全有效的治疗方法。针对不同的患者选择合适的手术时机,个体化、精准化治疗,有助于手术安全有效及患者神经功能的恢复,改善患者的预后。     

侧裂-岛叶联合额叶皮质造瘘显微手术治疗基底节区不稳定型高血压脑出血

目的探讨经侧裂-岛叶联合额叶皮层造瘘入路显微手术治疗基底节区不稳定型脑出血的疗效。方法对27例不稳定型基底节区脑出血行经侧裂-岛叶联合额叶皮质造瘘入路显微手术清除血肿。结果27例术后按日常生活活动评分（ADL）评定预后：I级5例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级3例,死亡2例。结论经侧裂-岛叶联合额叶皮质造瘘入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血是一种损伤小、疗效佳、预后好的微创治疗方法。     

经侧裂-岛叶入路小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血

目的 探讨经侧裂-岛叶入路小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的临床疗效。方法 选取33例高血压性基底节区脑出血患者,24 h内采用经侧裂-岛叶入路小骨窗显微手术清除血肿。结果 术后24 h内复查头颅CT显示:血肿清除>90% 18例,70%~90%为11例,<70%为4例。术后死亡2例。31例术后随访6个月,恢复良好26例（83.9%;日常生活能力分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级）,恢复不良5例（16.1%;日常生活能力分级Ⅳ~Ⅴ级）。结论 经侧裂-岛叶入路小骨窗显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血,手术路径短,清除血肿彻底,手术并发症少,疗效可靠。     

超早期翼点小切口经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效观察

目的探讨高血压基底节区脑出血（HBGH）新的手术治疗方法和疗效。方法60例HBGB患者中,30例经超早期翼点小切口经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术清除血肿（侧裂组）,另30例经常规骨瓣开颅、皮质造瘘口直视下手术清除血肿（皮质组）。结果侧裂组近期和远期疗效均明显优于皮质组（P〈0．05）。结论超早期翼点小切口经侧裂一岛叶入路显微手术治疗HBGH创伤小、疗效佳、预后好。     

利用水分离技术经侧裂-岛叶显微手术治疗基底节区出血(附35例临床分析)

目的探讨利用水分离技术在经侧裂-岛叶显微手术治疗基底节区出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析35例应用水分离技术经侧裂-岛叶入路手术清除基底节区脑出血患者的临床资料。结果患者术后12h常规复查CT,血肿均完全清除,无死亡病例。35例患者术后均随访半年以上,ADL评分Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级18例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级0例。结论水分离技术在经侧裂-岛叶治疗基底节区出血中能安全、迅速分离侧裂,对脑组织损伤小,能很好的保护神经功能,手术预后好。     

小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血对脑神经功能的保护作用

目的 观察小骨窗开颅经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效及术中、术后对神经功能保护。方法 回顾分析254例基底节区脑出血患者行血肿清除术的临床资料。结果 230例患者经小骨窗开颅侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术清除,24例患者术中脑膨出明显改行大骨瓣经颞中回显微手术清除血肿,术后第1天行头颅CT复查,血肿清除量均在80%以上。住院期间死亡18例(7.1%)。6个月后随访194例患者,GOS评分Ⅴ分64例(34%),Ⅳ分88例(45%),Ⅲ分30例(16%),Ⅱ分12例(6%)。结论 小骨窗开颅经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术,术中采取适当血管及神经功能的保护措施是治疗基底节区脑出血的一种安全、高效的手术方式。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.