空腹血糖受损与糖耐量减低者血浆载脂蛋白A5、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能的比较

目的比较空腹血糖受损(IFG)与糖耐量减低(IGT)者的血浆载脂蛋白A5(apoA5)、甘油三酯(TG)、胰岛素抵抗(IR)及胰岛β细胞功能,初步探讨IFG与IGT发病机制中的差异。方法选取23例空腹血糖受损者(IFG组)、24例糖耐量减低者(IGT组)及30例正常糖耐量者(NGT组),行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT),测0~10min胰岛素水平,计算急性胰岛素反应0-10(AIR0-10),并采用ELISA法测定空腹apoA5水平,比色法测定空腹游离脂肪酸(FFA)及糖负荷后120min FFA(2hFFA)水平,稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-B),探讨apoA5与AIR0-10、TG、HOMA-B、HOMA-IR、FFA、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)、FPG及2hPG的关系。结果 IFG组和IGT组apoA5、AIR0-10、HOMA-B显著低于NGT组(P<0.05),而TG、FFA、2hFFA、HOMA-IR、FINS明显高于NGT组(P<0.05);IFG组apoA5、AIR0-10、HOMA-B、FINS、2hPG显著低于IGT组(P<0.05),TG、FFA2、hFFA、HOMA-IR、FPG明显高于IGT组(P<0.05)。相关分析显示,apoA5与AIR0-10、HOMA-B、HDL-C呈正相关,而与TG、FFA、2hFFA、LDL-C、FPG、2hPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、BMI、WHR呈负相关;多元逐步回归分析显示,AIR0-10、TG、FFA、HOMA-IR是apoA5的独立影响因素。结论 IFG人群的IR和胰岛β细胞分泌功能受损较IGT人群更严重,其机制可能与IFG人群血浆中apoA5水平更低有关,提示apoA5可能是预防及延缓IFG进展为糖尿病的新靶点之一。     

代谢综合征与糖尿病

代谢综合征(MS)及其重要危险因子胰岛素抵抗(IR)概念的形成和发展,使糖尿病的诊治观念也随之发生了某些变化[1]。1糖尿病定义研究进展在IR作为一个概念被明确提出之前,有关糖尿病的定义中并无IR的确切含义,多描述为胰岛素绝对缺乏或相对缺乏。随着学术界对MS和IR研究的深入,糖尿病定义也发生了改变。众多文献将IR的含义纳入糖尿病定义中,或在发病机制中对其进行阐述。2糖尿病发病机制研究进展[2]糖尿病,尤其是2型糖尿病的发病机制较为复杂,至今尚未完全阐明,但对糖代谢由正常向异常甚至糖尿病过渡的过程已基本清楚,即其是IR和胰岛β细胞功能缺陷2个因素共同作用的结果。由于血糖正常的超重者及许多糖耐量异常患者中均存在高胰岛素血症,因此,有学者推论,在产生IR后,机体为维持血糖于正常范围,会出现胰岛β细胞功能代偿状态,糖耐量异常及糖尿病的发生则取决于胰岛β细胞的代偿能力或其功能储备。尽管如此,仍然难以阐明IR与胰岛β细胞分泌缺陷的关系。以往对糖尿病发病机制的研究主要集中在IR方面,并已取得较多研究成果。近年来,一些学者开始关注胰岛的作用机制,提出胰岛是2型糖尿病发病的“中央舞台”,并加强了对糖尿病胰岛β细胞结构与功能变化...     

腰围、体重指数和高胰岛素血症在代谢综合征评估中的意义

目的 评价腰围(WC)、体重指数(BMI)和高胰岛素血症(HIns)在代谢综合征(MS)评估中的意义.方法 分别收集经糖尿病筛查后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)的中老年人群(A组)和年度查体直接采用OGTT行糖尿病筛查的某单位整体人群(B组)的查体资料,各项体检指标、化验检查均由专人负责测量,收集数据并录入专项数据库,由专人用SAS 5.0软件进行统计分析.WC异常根据国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)标准判定,MS相关代谢异常及BMI异常根据中国糖尿病学会(CDS)提出的标准判定,HIns按空腹胰岛素(FIns)≥15mU/L、糖负荷后2h胰岛素(2hPIns)≥80mU/L判定.结果 WC、BMI和HIns在以上两组中均是影响糖代谢、高血压和血脂紊乱的危险因素.A组糖尿病高危人群中WC异常和HIns的检出率均明显高于B组,总体胰岛素水平也高于B组;BMI异常在B组检出率高,HIns在糖耐量低减和正常血糖人群中检出率高,中老年糖尿病高危人群中WC异常率高,三项异常的检出各有一定的人群特异性.WC和BMI标准评估肥胖的一致性分别为77.5%(A组)和74.3%(B组),在B组单用WC作为诊断MS的指标,比用BMI异常作为标准诊断MS会遗漏约28.2%的患者.结论 WC异常、BMI异常和HIns均是影响糖代谢、高血压和血脂紊乱的危险因素,其在不同人群的检出率有所不同.结合WC异常、BMI指标和HIns对早期MS评估更有益.     

经OGTT普查人群代谢综合征患病率及胰岛素抵抗指标的评估

目的调查北京某单位21~78岁人群(n=1022)代谢综合征(MS)的患病率及相关危险因素,比较用腰围、体重指数(BMI)评估MS和高胰岛素血症的临床意义。方法使用预定的流行病学调查表,由专业人员询问调查人群的既往史,统一行口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)试验评估糖代谢情况(测定空腹和餐后2h血糖、血胰岛素水平),另检测血脂、血尿酸、肝肾功能,并测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,计算BMI值,分别以腰围和BMI值来定义肥胖,分析不同定义的肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常(IDF定义)时人群的患病率及其高胰岛素血症的检出率。结果按腰围和BMI值计算肥胖患病率分别为20.6%和41.5%(P<0.01),且随年龄的增长而增加。糖代谢异常、高胰岛素血症、高血压、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症、MS(IDF定义)检出率分别为8.51%、8.10%、39.60%、30.20%、0.49%、9.00%。按腰围和BMI计算:肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常的检出率分别为9.0%、14.0%(P<0.01),其检出敏感性分别为40.9%、63.6%,特异性分别为85.1%、64.7%;肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常人群高胰岛素血症的检出率分别为6.64%、7.55%,分别占总调查人群的1.37%、3.13%,两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论北京某单位成年人中MS及相关代谢疾病非常常见。与BMI相比,腰围对肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常的检出敏感性低、特异性高。对高胰岛素血症患者的检出将有助于识别非肥胖人群合并有2项代谢异常者。     

老年高血压病患者胰岛素释放试验的观察

目的：观察老年高血压病患者胰岛素释放的规律。方法：检测53例老年人葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素释放试验。结果：老年人糖代谢能力迟缓,糖负 荷后出现高胰岛素血症,胰岛素水平与高血压与正相关关系。     

肝移植后糖尿病的病因分析

 目的通过对94例肝移植患者术前和术后各项糖代谢指标的观察,了解移植后糖尿病的发病率和发病机理.方法94例肝移植患者分别于术前和术后3个月行75g葡萄糖耐量试验.抽取空腹血测定血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素原、血脂和肝功有关的各项指标.计算胰岛素抵抗指数(Insulin resistance index,IRI).结果94例术前糖耐量正常患者术后3个月经过口服葡萄糖耐量实验(Oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)分为3组:糖耐量正常组(Normal glucose tolerance,NGT)41例(44%),糖耐量减低组(Impaired glucose tolerance,IGT)37例(39%)和移植后糖尿病组(Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus,PTDM)16例(17%).3组所用类固醇激素和他克莫斯的剂量相等.移植前IGT组和PTDM组的空腹和餐后2 h血糖以及胰岛素原明显高于NGT组,PTDM组的空腹胰岛素明显低于NGT组,胰岛素原/胰岛素PTDM组明显高于NGT组.3组的IRI无明显差异.术后3个月以体重增加3%为标准将患者分组,体重增加组中的PTDM组的IRI明显高于NGT组.结论移植前空腹和餐后2 h血糖,以及胰岛素原与胰岛素的比值可预测移植后糖尿病的发生与否.β细胞功能异常是主要发病机制,术前β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性的检查可预测移植术后是否发生糖尿病.     

睡眠剥夺对健康青年糖代谢的影响

目的 研究睡眠剥夺对健康青年志愿者糖代谢的影响. 方法 对象为40名血糖代谢正常的青年健康志愿者,其中男22名,女18名,年龄19～35岁.于睡眠剥夺前后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,取血测定血糖和胰岛素,用稳态模式评估法2公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素敏感指数和胰岛β细胞功能. 结果 睡眠剥夺后与睡眠剥夺前空腹胰岛素水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).睡眠剥夺后空腹血糖、糖负荷后2 h血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数均显著高于睡眠剥夺前测定值(t=2.189～7.721,P<0.05),胰岛素敏感指数、胰岛β细胞功能睡眠剥夺后均显著低于睡眠剥夺前测定值(t=2.189、6.575,P<0.05). 结论 睡眠剥夺后胰岛β细胞功能受抑,胰岛素抵抗发生.睡眠剥夺影响机体糖代谢,对飞行人员应该进行应对性预防研究.     

不同糖耐量个体游离脂肪酸、脂联素与胰岛β细胞功能的关系探讨

目的探讨不同糖耐量个体游离脂肪酸(FFA)、脂联素(APN)与胰岛β细胞功能的关系。方法选取35例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者(DM组),30例糖耐量降低者(IGT组),36例正常对照(NGT组),行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT),ELISA法测定空腹APN,比色法测定空腹FFA及糖负荷后120min FFA(FFA120)。计算0～10min胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、急性胰岛素反应0-10(AIR0-10)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及稳态模型胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-B),并探讨FFA与空腹血糖(FPG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、AUC、AIR0-10、APN、HOMA-B及HOMA-IR的关系。结果DM组、IGT组的APN、AUC、AIR0-10显著低于NGT组(P<0.05),且DM组显著低于IGT组(P<0.05)。DM组、IGT组空腹FFA明显高于NGT组(P<0.05)。FFA与AUC、AIR0-10、HOMA-B、APN、HDL-C呈负相关,与FFA120、TG、FPG呈正相关;APN与FFA、FFA120、TG、LDL...     

不同类型肥胖儿童代谢紊乱的特点

目的探讨不同类型肥胖儿童代谢紊乱的特点。方法纳入2006年7月-2009年3月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院门诊确诊的单纯性肥胖儿童145例,同期80例体检正常儿童作为对照组。测量所有儿童的身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压、体重指数(BMI),并检测血脂、血糖、胰岛素水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。根据BMI和腰围再将肥胖儿童分为腹型肥胖组及非腹型肥胖组,比较各组间血压、血脂、血糖、胰岛素水平的差异。结果145例肥胖儿童中,腹型肥胖组127例(87.6%),非腹型肥胖组18例(12.4%)。腹型肥胖组空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和血压均高于非腹型肥胖组和对照组(P<0.05);非腹型肥胖组FPG、TC、LDL、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、血压与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但TG高于正常儿童(P<0.05)。腹型肥胖组检出胰岛素抵抗77例,空腹血糖受损14例,糖耐量受损7例,高TG血症24例,高TC血症13例,高LDL血症10例,血压升高者15例。非腹型肥胖组中仅检出胰岛素抵抗2例。结论儿童肥胖以腹型肥胖为主,腹型肥胖儿童比非腹型肥胖儿童更易出现代...     

2型糖尿病患者血糖、血脂、氧化应激与β细胞功能的相关性研究

目的探讨不同糖耐量个体血糖、血脂及氧化应激与胰岛β细胞第一时相分泌功能的关系。方法纳入新诊断2型糖尿病患者(T2DM组)40例,糖耐量减低者(IGT组)37例,糖耐量正常者(NGT组)43例。分别行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT),测定血糖、血脂、8-羟基脱氧尿苷(8-OHdG)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)等,计算0~10min胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、急性胰岛素反应3-5(AIR3-5)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及稳态模型胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-B)。分析氧化应激指标与空腹血糖(FPG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、AUC、AIR3-5、HOMA-IR及HOMA-B的关系。结果 IGT组、T2DM组SOD、AIR3-5、AUC显著低于NGT组(P<0.05)。IGT组、T2DM组LDL-C、TG8、-OHdG和MDA显著高于NGT组(P<0.05)。IGT组SOD、AIR3-5、AUC显著低于T2DM组(P<0.05),而LDL-C、TG、8-OHdG和MDA则显著高于T2DM组(P<0.05)。MDA、8-OHdG与FPG、TG、LDL-C呈正相关,与FINS、HOMA-B、AUC、AIR3-5呈负相关;SOD与FINS、HOMA-B、AUC、AIR3-5呈正相关,与FPG、TG、LDL-C呈负相关。多元逐步回归分析显示,8-OHdG、SOD的独立影响因素是FPG、LDL-C;且8-OHdG、SOD是AIR3-5的独立影响因素。结论 T2DM患者存在明显的糖脂代谢紊乱以及氧化应激,氧化应激对胰岛β细胞第一时相分泌功能有显著影响,可能与T2DM的发病机制相关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.