2型糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)进程的有关危险因素。方法:对125例2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者的眼底表现、病程、血压、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂、C肽、尿微量白蛋白、吸烟、打鼾及腰/臀比等进行分析。结果:糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度与病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂、尿微量白蛋白、吸烟、打鼾及腰/臀比呈正相关。结论:病程长、糖代谢和脂代谢紊乱、吸烟及打鼾是2型糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素。尿微量白蛋白含量可以间接反映糖尿病视网膜病变病情程度。     

糖尿病视网膜病变发生的相关危险因素分析

目的 评价糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的相关危险因素。方法 对186例2型糖尿病患者可能诱发DR的危险因素如年龄、性别、病程、血压、体重指数、空腹血糖、血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、尿素氮、肌酐、尿白蛋白排泄率进行了前瞻性研究。并用单因素χ^2检验和多因素logistic回归分析筛选和判定DR发生的危险因素。结果 115例患者合并有DR，占61．83％。经logistic回归分析，发现病程、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、尿白蛋白排泄率与DR有显著相关。结论 病程、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、尿白蛋白排泄率为DR发生的重要危险冈素，应重视并针对其危险因素加以预防。     

分析2型糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素

目的:探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)一些相关患病危险因素。方法:选取2009-09/2011-02在我院门诊就诊及住院的83例DR患者为研究对象,采用回顾性分析,对其临床资料进行统计分析。通过组间对比、单因素分析及多因素分析找出与DR有关的一些患病危险因素。结果:NPDR和PDR两组间对比分析表明:DM病程、HbA1c、眼压、CRA-RI在两组间存在统计学差异。单因素分析结果表明:与DR发生及发病有关的危险因素是CRA-RI、眼压、病程、HbA1c,SBP。经Logistic回归分析,最终有统计学意义的因素有CRA-RI,HbA1c及SBP,是DR发生及发展的危险因素。结论:随着PDR组的病程延长及病情加重,HbA1c越高,CRA-RI越大,而眼压反而比对照组(NPDR)低。就纳入本研究的因素而言,影响DR发生及发展的主要因素有CRA-RI,HbA1c及SBP,而病程在一定程度上影响着DR的发生及发展。     

2型糖尿病住院患者糖尿病视网膜病变的相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的发病危险因素。方法:选择2014-01/06收治的2型糖尿病患者380例,分为DR组126例和对照组即糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)组254例,进行询问病史、体格检查、实验室检查和相关辅助检查,采用Logistic回归分析法对DR的相关危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果:单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,病程、收缩压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、尿蛋白、眼压、颈动脉内中膜厚度、周围神经病变是DR发生的相关危险因素。对以上因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,只发现病程是DR发生的相关危险因素。结论:DR的发生是多因素共同作用的结果,病程是DR发生的独立危险因素。     

早产儿视网膜病发生的相关危险因素

目的　探讨早产儿视网膜病发生的相关危险因素。方法　以 1 35例早产儿患者为样本 ,对胎龄、性别、出生体重、吸氧时间、吸氧浓度、肺透明膜病、Apgar评分、颅内出血、支气管肺发育不良、反复呼吸暂停、动脉导管开放、眼底等检查。同时用单因素X2 检验和多因素logistic回归分析筛选和判定早产儿视网膜病发生的危险因素。结果　 2 8例患者合并有早产儿视网膜病 ,占 2 0 74 %。经logistic回归分析 ,发现吸氧浓度、吸氧时间、出生体重、胎龄与早产儿视网膜病发生显著相关。 结论　吸氧浓度、吸氧时间、出生体重、胎龄为早产儿视网膜病发生的重要危险因素 ,应重视并针对其危险因素加以预防。     

糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素logistic回归分析

目的 了解安徽省糖尿病患者中糖尿病视网膜病变（ＤＲ）的患病率及其危害因素。方法 以安徽省六地市自然人群中糖尿病患者２１６人为样本,进行年龄、性别、体重指数、血压、教育水平、病程、空腹血糖、血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、尿白蛋白排泄率、眼底等检查。结果 ６７例患者合并有ＤＲ,占３１．０％。单纯型者６２例,占２８．７％,增生型者５例,占２．３％。经Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析,发现病程、空腹血糖、收缩压及尿白蛋白排泄率与ＤＲ有显著相关关系。结论 病程、空腹血糖、收缩压、尿白蛋白排泄为ＤＲ的重要危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病( type 2 diabetic mellitus,T2DM)患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)相关危险因素。

方法：回顾性分析2013-01/2017-04收治入院的1 013例T2DM患者病例资料,将DR患者纳入观察组,非DR患者纳入对照组。分析T2DM患者DR相关危险因素。

结果：经调查统计DR发生率为27.74%(281/1 013)。经单因素分析,两组患者性别、年龄、T2DM病程、血压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肌酐以及24h尿蛋白比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,男性、年龄>60岁、T2DM病程>10a以及血压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及肌酐和24h尿蛋白表达异常均是T2DM患者并发DR的危险因素(P<0.05)。

结论：T2DM患者并发DR风险较高,男性、年龄>60岁、T2DM病程>10a以及血压、糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及肌酐和24h尿蛋白的高水平表达均可能是诱发DR的危险因素。     

新疆乌苏市糖尿病患者视网膜病变的患病率及危险因素

目的：：了解糖尿病患者糖尿病性视网膜病变( diabetic retinopathy,DR)的患病率及危险因素。方法：对已经确诊的3465例糖尿病患者进行系统的眼部检查,并对相关因素如患者的年龄、性别、居住地域、民族、糖尿病病程、空腹血糖、血脂及血压进行统计分析。结果：本组3465例糖尿病患者中,发生DR者1079例,患病率为31.14％。患者的居住地域、糖尿病病程、空腹血糖水平、血压与糖尿病人群DR患者病率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄、性别、民族及血脂与DR患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：农村糖尿病人群DR患病率高于城市人群,DR的主要危险因素是糖尿病病程、血糖控制水平和高血压。     

未成熟儿视网膜病变危险因素分析

目的分析未成熟儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of     

增生性糖尿病视网膜病变非血糖非病程相关致病危险因素分析

目的分析增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)非血糖非病程相关致病危险因素。设计比较性病例系列。研究对象连续收集2型糖尿病合并糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者191例,其中PDR患者103例,糖尿病病程≥10年的非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)患者88例;平均年龄(63.9±8.0)岁。方法所有患者均接受详细的病史采集,包括2型糖尿病病程、糖尿病家族史,以及糖尿病确诊后的吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病史;测量身高、体重及空腹血糖;并进行视力、裂隙灯显微镜、间接检眼镜、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)等系统眼科检查。根据国际糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度分级标准对所有患者眼底进行分级诊断。采用Logistic回归分析PDR患病危险因素。主要指标性别构成比、年龄、糖尿病发病年龄、体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖,高血压病史、吸烟史、饮酒史及糖尿病家族史及各危险因素的优势比(OR)值。结果 NPDR组平均糖尿病病程(15.6±4.9)年较PDR组(12.9±6.6)年长(P=0.002),两组患者平均空腹血糖分别为(7.6±2.1)mmol/L和(7.5±1.6)mmol/L(P=0.78);PDR患者中男性所占比例(53/103)较NPDR患者(30/88)高(P=0.016);PDR患者年龄和糖尿病发病年龄(55.6±9.0岁和42.9±8.4岁)均较NPDR组(63.9±8.0岁和48.3±8.1岁)小(P=0.000)。PDR组和NPDR组间BMI、高血压病史、吸烟史、饮酒史及DM家族史差异均无显著性意义。Logistic回归分析显示,矫正了血糖和病程等相关因素后,性别(男性,OR:2.048)和年龄(低龄,OR:1.126)与PDR患病有关。结论控制血糖及糖尿病病程对PDR发病的影响后,男性及低龄是PDR的致病危险因素。     

早产儿视网膜病变危险因素研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是一种视网膜血管增生性疾病,近年来随着医疗水平的不断提高,其发病率也显著增高,该病已成为我国儿童致盲的主要原因之一.目前其发病机制尚不清楚,认为早产、低出生体质量和吸氧是该病的三大危险因素.本文就可能引发该病的多个因素进行综述,旨在扩充ROP的病因和发病机制,为该病的防治提供理论依据.     

基于社区的2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变相关危险因素

目的:了解本地区社区2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的相关危险因素,为社区2型糖尿病并发症的预防和治疗提供理论依据。方法:对本地区常住居民中2型糖尿病的住院患者,进行糖尿病视网膜病变的分期并对相关因素如病程、血压、血糖水平、血脂等进行统计学分析。结果:糖尿病患者176例中,DR者53例,患病率为30.1%,糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白是DR发生的危险因素(均为P<0.05)。年龄、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿肌酐、尿素氮未成为DR发生的危险因素(均为P>0.05)。结论:糖尿病的病程、糖化血红蛋白是糖尿病视网膜病变发生的主要危险因素。     

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shandong Peninsula of China

AIM: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and estimate the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Shandong Peninsula of China. METHODS: The cases of T2DM admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Shandong Province, China, from January 2006 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The epidemiological characteristics of DR were estimated. The cases were divided into two groups according to degrees of retinopathy: non-DR group and DR group. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the related risk factors of DR. RESULTS: The prevalence of DR in patients with T2DM was 25.08% (834/3326). There was significant difference between the average age for men (59.08±15.43 years) and for women (62.92±18.19 years,P=0.0021). The majority of DR occurred in women (female: male ratio=1.76:1,P<0.0001). The incidence rate of DR in urban (489/834) was higher than that in rural area (345/834, P<0.0001). In 834 DR patients, the mean duration of T2DM was 8.90±4.15 years (range: 0-16 years); 440 people (52.76%) had received varying degrees of health education about prevention and primary care of DM; and 473 people (56.71%) suffered from other DM complications confirmed at the same time. In addition, the incidence rate of monocular (551/3326) and binocular retinopathy (283/3326) were statistically different (P<0.0001). Factors associated (P<0.05) with the presence of DR included old age, lower health educational level, intraocular surgery history, longer duration of T2DM, accompanying with other DM complications, no standard treatment procedure, lower body mass index (BMI) and higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), urine albumin (UA), total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The risk factors (P<0.05) independently associated with the presence of DR were: longer duration of T2DM, lower health educational level, higher FPG, higher UA, lower BMI and higher TC. CONCLUSION: DR is highly prevalent in the patients with T2DM in Shandong Peninsula of China. Besides blood glucose, many factors are associated with the present and development of DR.     

Diabetic macular oedema: clinical risk factors and emerging genetic influences

Diabetic macular oedema is the major cause of visual impairment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. As type 2 diabetes becomes more prevalent worldwide, the prevalence of diabetic macular oedema is also expected to rise. Current management of diabetic macular oedema is challenging, expensive and not optimal in a subset of patients. Therefore, it is important to increase our understanding of the risk factors involved and develop preventative strategies. While clinical risk factors for diabetic macular oedema have been identified, few studies have addressed potential genetic risk factors. Epidemiology and family studies suggest genetic influences are of importance. In this review, we summarise known clinical risk factors, as well as discuss the small number of genetic studies that have been performed for diabetic macular oedema.     

Diabetic care initiatives to prevent blindness from diabetic retinopathy in India

It is estimated that 65 million (17%) of 382 million persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) globally reside in India. While globally 35% persons with DM have diabetic retinopathy (DR), this proportion is reportedly lower in India, other countries in South Asia and China. We reviewed published data from 2008 onwards from PubMed, which ascertained DR in population-based representative samples. We also reviewed the risk factors for DR, on awareness regarding eye complications and on accessing an eye examination. Thirteen research studies have reported on the prevalence of DR among persons with DM; this prevalence was lower than the global level in China, India, and Nepal. Eleven studies reported DR risk factors association. The duration of diabetes and level of glycemic control were universally acknowledged DR risk factors. We identified 7 studies in the Asia region that researched the level of awareness about diabetes eye complications and the practice of accessing an eye examination. Excepting 1 study in China, others reported a significant proportion being aware that diabetes leads to eye complications. But the awareness was not translated into a positive practice-most studies reported only 20–50% of the persons with diabetes actually having had their eyes examined. The present review highlights the observation that the risk factors for DR need an integrated diabetic care pathway where the eye care team has to work in close collaboration and partnership with a diabetic care team has to reduce the risk of blindness from DR.     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者视网膜病变(DR)的危险因素。

方法：回顾性研究。选取2010-01/2020-10在南方医科大学附属南海医院就诊的204例T1DM患者,根据眼底表现将患者分为DR组(71例)和无DR组(133例),其中DR组包括非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(48例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(23例)。采集其临床资料并检测相关生化指标。通过单因素分析DR/PDR的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DR/PDR的危险因素并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。

结果：T1DM患者的发病年龄、病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病肾病(DN)、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)与DR有关(P<0.05)。病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP),合并高脂血症、DN、DPN与PDR有关。Logistic回归分析结果显示病程(OR=1.130,P<0.001)和HbA1c(OR=2.734,P<0.001)是发生DR的危险因素; 病程(OR=1.144,P=0.005)和合并DN(OR=6.500,P=0.001)是发生PDR的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,病程和HbA1c预测DR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.720、0.727,截断值分别为15.1a,8.2%,敏感性分别为50.7%、76.1%,特异性分别为86.5%、59.4%。病程预测PDR发生的AUC为0.713,截断值为18.5a,敏感性为73.9%,特异性为60.4%。

结论：T1DM患者视网膜病变与糖尿病发病年龄较晚有关。糖尿病病程和高血糖是DR的主要影响因素。HbA1c与DR的发生相关,DN与PDR的发生相关。     

Identification of independent risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy requiring treatment

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is screened by fundus photography and screening intervals are defined according to general rules to ensure that vision threatening complications are detected even if the progression of the disease is fast. The resulting superfluous examinations of patients with slow disease progression can be reduced by a more exact decision model that allows an adjustment of the screening interval to each patient’s individual risk profile. This requires an identification of independent risk factors for reaching treatment end points for diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Clinical data from 5365 patients who had undergone 23 324 examinations at the Department of Ophthalmology, Århus University Hospital between Jan 1st 1994 and Dec 31st 2007 were used to identify independent risk factors for progression of treatment requiring retinopathy. Results: The risk of reaching a treatment end point was in both diabetes types independently affected by retinopathy grade and HbA1c. Furthermore, in type 1 diabetic patients the risk of reaching a treatment end point was independently affected by disease duration and by a recommended control interval of less than 3 months, in spite of correction for retinopathy grade and other studied confounders, whereas in type 2 diabetes this risk was affected by increasing age of diagnosis of the disease. Conclusions: Only a subset of known risk factors for development and progression of diabetic retinopathy should be used to construct a decision model for optimizing screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy.     

糖尿病视网膜病变发生危险因素的病例对照分析

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生的相关危险因素。方法收集107例糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者和不伴有视网膜病变的糖尿病(NDR)患者102例,分别就其可能诱发DR的危险因素如病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血压、血脂、纤维蛋白原水平和尿白蛋白等因素进行病例对照研究。结果通过单因素方差分析发现,糖尿病患者的病程长、空腹血糖升高、血中糖化血红蛋白升高、高血压病、尿白蛋白升高和血浆纤维蛋白原升高与DR的发病呈显著正相关,血清甘油三酯、胆固醇与DR发病无显显相关关系。结论糖尿病视网膜病变的发生和发展与患者的病程、血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白、合并高血压病、尿蛋白以及血浆纤维蛋白原水平升高有关,预防上述危险因素,可减少DR的发生发展。     

四川省早产儿视网膜病变初步筛查结果及危险因素分析

目的：了解四川盆地地区早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的发病特点及其相关的高危因素。

方法：2017-07/2018-08对出生胎龄≤34周或出生体质量≤2 500g早产儿的238例476眼采用RetCamⅢ进行ROP筛查。根据筛查结果分为ROP组和无ROP组,筛查同时评估并记录受检儿全身情况和母孕期健康状况,分析ROP发生的高危因素。

结果：ROP组35例70眼,ROP检出率为14.7%,其中1期14例28眼,2期11例22眼,3期8例16眼,4期2例4眼,5期0例。需接受激光光凝治疗者12例24眼。非ROP组出生胎龄、出生体质量均明显高于ROP组(P<0.01); 不同胎龄组、不同出生体质量组ROP发病情况均有差异(P<0.01); 两组持续吸氧>72h、缺血缺氧性脑病及机械通气者所占比例均有差异(P=0.034、0.001、0.004); 两组患儿其他全身疾病、母孕期健康状况均无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：2017-07/2018-08四川盆地地区ROP检出率为14.7%; 出生胎龄、出生体质量、持续吸氧>72h、缺血缺氧脑病、机械通气是影响ROP发病率的重要危险因素。     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Saudi diabetics

Purpose: To describe the incidence of, and risk factors associated with, diabetic retinopathy in diabetic persons assessed at a Saudi diabetes centre. Methods: Five hundred and two patients with diabetes mellitus assessed by our service were studied. There were 174 patients (34.7%) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 328 patients (65.3%) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Results: The incidence of retinopathy was 157/502 (31.3%). The incidence was 42.5% in patients with IDDM and 25.3% in those with NIDDM. By logistic regression analysis, it was shown that old age (>60 years), insulin use, long duration of diabetes (>10 years), poor diabetes control, and the presence of nephropathy were significantly associated with the incidence of retinopathy. On the basis of the magnitudes of the regression coefficients in the hazard function, long duration of diabetes was the most important independent risk factor for the development of retinopathy; the presence of nephropathy, age >60 years, poor diabetes control, and use of insulin were less important (regression coefficients: 1.9, 1.71, 1.331, 0.8508 and 0.6178, respectively). The incidence of macular oedema was significantly associated with the presence of hypertension and high cholesterol levels in patients with IDDM. Polycotomous regression analysis showed that the presence of nephropathy was the only factor significantly associated with the severity of retinopathy. Conclusions: The significant associations with poor control and duration of diabetes provide further strong evidence for the benefits of optimal glycaemic control. Other potentially modifiable risk factors for retinopathy may be important, including elevated blood pressure and serum cholesterol. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.