喉外肌肌电图实验研究

<正> 本文报告9只健康成年犬喉外肌肌电图检查的结果。胸骨舌骨肌、胸骨甲状肌和甲状舌骨肌均有与呼吸和发     

恢复环甲肌功能的实验研究

<正> 本文通过对狗颈部诸喉外肌与环甲肌肌电的对照研究证明,胸骨舌骨肌和环甲肌在发音、呼吸时基本呈同步放电,为用神经肌蒂移位恢复环甲肌功能的手术提供了理论依据。同时介绍带舌下神经袢分支的胸骨舌骨肌肌蒂移植恢复环甲肌功能的治     

双侧肩胛舌骨肌合并肌皮神经变异一例

笔者在解剖一具老年男尸时,发现其两侧肩胛舌骨肌发出副肌与胸骨舌骨肌或胸骨甲状肌的肌纤维融合.同时两侧的肌皮神经与正中神经之间存在交通支变异.检索文献发现此种变异十分少见,为积累国人解剖学资料并为临床手术提供参考,现报道如下. 左侧的肩胛舌骨副肌位于肩胛舌骨肌的内侧,两者共同肌起自肩胛切迹内侧的肩胛骨上缘.该肌由外下向前内行走,在颈外静脉的深面,颈内静脉的浅面,距胸骨颈静脉切迹上方2.5 cm处,肌纤维经胸骨甲状肌的外侧缘进入并与该肌融合.副肌呈三角形,长10.9 cm,厚0.5 cm,起点处宽0.3 cm,并入处宽1.9 cm.副肌由左侧舌下神经袢发出的肌支,从前面进入支配该肌(图1).     

神经肌蒂移植至环杓后肌的应用解剖

在21具成尸标本上,针对喉返神经损伤后的有关问题观察了支配舌骨下肌群和环甲肌的神经.从解剖学角度认为神经肌蒂移植时首选肩胛舌骨肌上腹肌支、胸骨舌骨肌上肌支或环甲肌肌支。暴露环(?)后肌的手术层次是咽下缩肌、咽肌、梨状隐窝和环(?)后肌筋膜。     

单侧锁骨舌骨肌一例

舌骨下肌群正常情况下共4对,即胸骨舌骨肌、肩胛舌骨肌、胸骨甲状肌和甲状舌骨肌各一对.笔者在解剖一具成年(约27岁)男性尸体时,发现尸体右侧除含有正常舌骨下肌群外,另有1块锁骨舌骨肌,而左侧无.单侧锁骨舌骨肌甚少见,本例变异的解剖观察如下.     

左颈袢变异1例

颈袢是由第1～3颈神经前支的纤维组成,其上、下根通常在肩胛舌骨肌中间腱上,适平环状软骨弓处,颈动脉鞘浅面合成颈袢,自袢发支支配肩胛舌骨肌、胸骨舌骨肌及胸骨甲状肌.作者在解剖1例成年男性标本时,发现其左侧颈袢不形成袢的结构,而直接汇合成1个干(图1).现报道如下:     

胸骨舌骨奇肌一例

作者最近在尸体解剖中发现一例,现报告如下:作者在解剖一青年男尸的完整颈部时,发现其舌骨下肌群除正常的四对带状肌外,另有一条位于两侧胸骨舌骨肌之间的深面、在两侧胸骨甲状肌和甲状舌骨肌之间、居颈部正中线上的长带状肌。此肌下端呈分叉状,向下以很薄的腱膜移行于两侧胸骨甲状肌深面的筋膜,并藉以附着于胸骨柄和第一肋软骨的后面;     

应用Sihler氏染色研究人喉神经分支分布类型

采用Sihler氏染色,经过染色后,在立体显微解剖镜下、可清晰地观察到喉内肌肌肉神经支配类型及神经间的联系,结果:(1)喉返神经支配除环甲肌以外的所有喉内肌,环甲肌由喉上神经外支支配.(2)喉上神经内支不仅支配声门上粘膜,也支配杓间肌(包括的横肌和杓斜肌)和声门下粘膜.(3)在每侧杓间肌肉.喉返神经和喉上神经内支之间百多个吻合支.(4)喉返神经的杓间肌神经和环杓后肌神经之间常有交通支.     

狗喉神经肌蒂移植术后的肌电图观察

<正> 本文观察切断一侧喉返神经,施行环杓侧肌神经肌蒂移植术的7只狗半年后的肌电图和声带活动的恢复情况。7只狗实验侧环杓侧肌都引出肌电位,1只狗肌电位异常。7只狗     

锁骨舌骨肌二例

作者在一次指导学生操作十六具屍体中,发现有两例中年男屍具有锁骨舌骨肌的变异,其情况大致相同(图1)。民族及死因不详。于两侧胸骨舌骨肌之外侧,胸锁乳突肌之深方,均可见有一扁平之肌肉,宽度几乎与胸骨舌骨肌相等,起点位于锁骨的胸骨端的后面,但位置两侧稍有不同,例一起于邻接胸骨舌骨肌外侧缘,例二起自距胸骨舌骨肌起点之外侧约2.5厘米,上行于胸骨舌骨肌与肩胛舌骨肌之间,方向稍偏内,末端复盖于胸骨舌骨肌上腹之前,终止于舌骨体下缘前方,例一止在上述二肌的前外方,两侧几乎在中线会合,例二止点稍偏外,两侧相距约1厘米,有部分胸骨舌骨肌露出。追溯神经由舌下襻的分支支配。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.