Study on measuring burden of disease

DALY（Disability Adjusted Life Years) was recommended as a new indicator to measure burden of disease(BOD) .Although BOD combines information from both morbidity and mortality,it only reflects the burden from the patients themselves because of their illness or death.As a common indicator.BOD should not only include the burden from the patients,but also the burden to the society around the patients.such as the input and support from the society to the ill person,and the losses from the related events.The aim of this study is to explore the scope and the magnitude of the burden to the society using stroke as an example.Results show that the burden due to time lost for caring for patients in hospitals accounts for 2.4% of total BOD (in a narrow sense),which indicates that BOD may be underestimated if the burden to the society is ignored.     

深圳市艾滋病疾病负担分析

目的 利用残疾调整生命年(DALY)指标分析深圳市201 1年艾滋病(AIDS)的疾病负担,确定AIDS防治工作重点,为合理分配卫生资源提供科学依据.方法 计算2011年深圳市AIDS疾病DALY,并进行各年龄组、性别的比较.结果 2011年深圳市AIDS疾病DALY为7458.42人年,其中,YLL为5234.42人年,占70.18％,YLD为2224.00人年,占29.82％.负担强度为0.71人年/千人,YLL/YLD为2.35∶1.DALY主要集中在20～44岁年龄组,男性高于女性.结论 对艾滋病高危人群进行健康教育,降低发病率和病死率,提高患者生活质量,可以降低疾病的间接经济负担.     

广州市居民恶性肿瘤疾病负担研究

目的综合分析恶性肿瘤疾病负担,为确定疾病防治重点,合理配置卫生资源提供依据。方法利用广州市2008年恶性肿瘤死亡资料,统计分析恶性肿瘤死亡率和伤残调整寿命年(DALY)等,评价恶性肿瘤疾病负担。结果广州市恶性肿瘤标化死亡率为116.74/10万,恶性肿瘤每千人造成的DALYs损失为17.77,男女性分别为22.16和13.22;早死所致寿命损失年(YLLs)和残疾所致寿命损失年(YLDs)分别占DALYs的84.40%和15.60%;每千人DALYs随年龄增加而上升,70～79岁组最高。恶性肿瘤疾病负担前3位为气管、支气管和肺,肝脏,鼻咽,DALYs/千人分别是4.62、3.25和0.99,男性排位基本与之一致,女性前3位为气管、支气管和肺,乳房,肝脏。结论广州市居民气管、支气管、肺,肝胆,鼻咽,乳房恶性肿瘤疾病负担较重。应加强早诊早治,采取有效的干预措施,降低广州市恶性肿瘤的疾病负担。     

2009 年保定市区居民恶性肿瘤疾病负担分析

目的 评价 2009 年河北省保定市区居民的主要恶性肿瘤的疾病负担,确定预防控制重点,使有限的卫生资源得到合理配置。方法 对 2009 年保定市 3 个区居民恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡病例资料进行分析,通过由早死生命损失年 (YLL) 和伤残生命损失年 (YLD) 计算的恶性肿瘤伤残调整寿命年 (DALY) 来评价保定市区居民 2009 年的恶性肿瘤疾病负担。结果 2009 年保定市区居民恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率分别为232.44/10万和75.58/10万;居民恶性肿瘤疾病负担前5位的是 支气管与肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌和直结肠癌,每 1 000 人 DALY 分别为 4.8、1.9、1.2、1.1 和 0.9 年;2009 年恶性肿瘤造成保定市每 1 000 人损失 12.8 个寿命年;恶性肿瘤的疾病负担主要集中在 45 岁以上居民。结论 保定市区居民支气管与肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、食管癌和直结肠癌的疾病负担较重,主要集中在 45 岁以上人群。     

脑卒中的归因疾病负担分析

目的探讨归因于高血压的疾病负担对脑卒中总疾病负担的影响。方法采用DALY指标测量脑卒中及其归因于高血压的疾病负担,并分析高血压患病率下降后脑卒中疾病负担的变化情况。结果归因于高血压的负担占脑卒中总疾病负担的1／2左右。结论降低人群高血压患病率是降低脑卒中疾病负担的有效途径。     

1990年和2019年中国胰腺癌疾病负担及危险因素研究

  目的  分析1990年和2019年中国胰腺癌发病、死亡和疾病负担情况。  方法  利用2019年全球疾病负担数据库,分析总人群、不同年龄组间1990年和2019年我国胰腺癌发病、死亡、伤残调整寿命年(DALY)、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLL)和伤残损失寿命年(YLD),并对胰腺癌进行危险因素归因分析。  结果  2019年中国胰腺癌发病人数为11.49万,发病率为8.08/10万,较1990年分别增长了330.34%和257.52%。2019年死亡人数为11.74万,死亡率为8.25/10万,较1990年分别上升了333.21%和260.26%。2019年中国胰腺癌DALY、YLD和YLL分别为280.52万人年、2.39万人年和278.13万人年,较1990年分别上升了274.33%、319.30%和273.98%。2019年胰腺癌发病率、死亡率和DALY率均随年龄增长而升高,发病率、死亡率和DALY率最高的年龄组均为＞70岁年龄组,分别为44.75/10万、50.09/10万和742.81/10万。中国胰腺癌归因于吸烟导致的死亡人数、DALY和YLL分别为26 552人年、612 359人年和607 033人年。  结论  我国胰腺癌的疾病负担在1990—2019年间有较大增长,应采取积极的预防措施以减轻胰腺癌的疾病负担。      

1990—2019年全球牙周病流行病学负担及社会经济差异所致负担不公平程度分析

目的：基于伤残调整生命年（DALY）描述全球牙周病流行病学负担,并评估由社会经济发展水平差异造成的流行病学负担不公平情况。方法：从全球健康数据交换中心（GHDx）和人类发展报告获取1990—2019年全球和各国基于牙周病的年龄标化DALY率以及人类发展指数（HDI）。描述1990—2019年全球牙周病流行病学负担变化情况,采用线性回归分析2019年年龄标化DALY率与HDI的相关性,使用基尼系数和集中指数评价1990—2019年全球牙周病流行病学负担不公平情况及发展趋势。结果：1990—2019年,全球牙周病导致的年龄标化DALY率从78.63上升至85.48,牙周病流行病学负担未出现显著增长。2019年,牙周病年龄标化DALY率在不同社会经济发展水平国家间差异存在统计学意义（χ²=44.315,P<0.01）。线性回归分析进一步表明,牙周病年龄标化DALY率与HDI呈负相关（β=-0.417,P<0.01）。1990—2019年,全球牙周病流行病学负担基尼系数从0.361减少至0.281,集中指数从0.0339下降至-0.0538。结论：1990—2019年,全球牙周病流行病学负担虽未显著增长,但存在由社会经济水平差异造成的不公平现象。牙周病流行病学负担更集中于低社会经济发展水平国家,且自2000年后不公平程度呈加重趋势。     

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare disorder characterised by brief and frequent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements induced by sudden movement. This disorder has not been reported previously in Sri Lanka. We studied six patients with respect to clinical presentation, aetiology, family history and response to treatment, and describe the Sri Lankan patterns of this illness. All the patients were males and the age at onset was from 11 to 22 years. The involuntary movements in all were dystonic and affected one or both sides, involving the face in the majority. All had difficulty in speaking during the attacks. One patient had an occasional attack during exercise. In all, the illness was sporadic, none had a family history of a similar illness and in none was it due to a secondary cause. The attacks usually lasted 10-60 seconds, and occurred up to 20 times a day. All patients responded well to anticonvulsants. PKD in Sri Lanka has a pattern similar to that described worldwide.     

广东省居民6种疾病负担研究

目的：以广东省居民6类重大疾病抽样调查资料为依据，推算各年龄组的伤残失能调整寿命年DALYs。进而评价其居民疾病负担与经济负担。方法：利用1998年广东省第2次卫生服务调查资料和8个死因监测点资料，采用DALYs调整生命年龄指标及人力资本法，对广东省居民患有呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、心血管病、脑血管病、糖尿病、损伤与中毒等6类重大疾病的疾病负担与疾病经济负担进行测量。结果：1998年广东省女性居民因患呼吸系统疾病、癌症、心血管病、脑血管病、糖尿病、损伤与中毒而负担的平均DALY损失分别为11．33年、9．78年、29．21年、9．88年、8．01年和8．75年；相应的平均经济损失分别为21350．59元、15491．58元、42333．45元、14197．79元、12199．92元和12662．84元。男性居民相应负担的平均DALY损失分别为12．02年、12．19年、13．72年、12．17年、11．18年和11．86年；相应的平均经济损失分别为19823．99元、19515．8元、19955．39元、17675．54元、16966．00元和30680．40元。结论：1998年广东省居民6类重大疾病负担测量结果可为广东省重点疾病防治工作提供量化管理依据。     

应用DALYs评价烟台市恶性肿瘤疾病负担

目的 了解烟台市恶性肿瘤疾病负担现状,为科学制定恶性肿瘤防控政策提供依据.方法 利用2012年烟台市肿瘤登记报告资料和全国疾病监测系统死因监测资料,使用早死所致的寿命损失年(YLLs)、残疾所致寿命年损失(YLDs)和伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)等指标分析恶性肿瘤疾病负担情况.结果 2012年烟台市居民恶性肿瘤DALY率为31.05/千人;男性DALY率(39.12/千人)高于女性(22.96/千人);城区DALY率(25.70/千人)低于县(32.03/千人)和区(31.12/千人);恶性肿瘤DALYs前5位依次为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和乳腺癌;恶性肿瘤DALYs随年龄增加而增加.结论 烟台市恶性肿瘤的疾病负担高于全球水平,应针对肺癌、肝癌、胃癌等重点肿瘤和县、区居民,中老年男性等重点人群加强该地区的肿瘤防治工作.     

Validity and reliability of Tamil version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire self-report

BACKGROUND: Child and adolescent mental health services are scarce in Sri Lanka. Moreover there are no validated instruments to measure the mental health problems of Tamil speaking adolescents in Sri Lanka. Hence, strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) self-report was translated into Tamil and validated in the District of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. SDQ self-report was translated from English to Tamil using standard translation and back translation method. The Tamil version of the SDQ self-report was validated against a gold standard (ie. diagnosis made by a consultant psychiatrist). Both clinic and community samples were included in the validation study. Thirty-five adolescents (11-16 years) attending a psychiatric clinic and 91 adolescents from the community were included. The consultant psychiatrist made the diagnosis independent of the SDQ responses. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to measure the validity of SDQ. Reliability was measured using internal consistency. RESULTS: The ROC curve indicated high validity for the identification of adolescents with mental health problems: area under the curve 0.87 (95% - CI = 0.79-0.93). International cut-off point of 15 gave a sensitivity of 69.4% and specificity of 92.2%. Cronbach's alpha values (0.67-0.78) were good in all subscales and total difficulties scale. CONCLUSION: The SDQ self-report Tamil version can be used effectively for screening of adolescents to identify mental health problems as well as for research purposes.     

Prevalence of colorectal cancer and survival in patients from the Gampaha District, North Colombo region

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and survival of colorectal cancer in Sri Lankans has not been previously reported. We did a retrospective and a prospective survey, in the region of North Colombo, Sri Lanka between 1992 and 2004. The aim was to study cancer burden, sites of colorectal cancer and survival after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 175 patients with colorectal cancer between 1992 and 1997 in the selected region of were analysed retrospectively. A prospective study was performed in 220 new patients with colorectal cancer between 1996 and 2004. Data evaluated were demographics, tumour stage and survival. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 1997 the crude annual incidence of colorectal cancer was 1.9 per 100,000, which increased over the years. The current national crude annual incidence is 3.2 per 100,000 in women and 4.9 in men. Median age at presentation was 60 years with similar prevalence of cancer in men and women. In the entire group, 28% of cancers were in those less than 50 years old. Survival at 2 and 5 years was 69% and 52%. The majority of cancer related deaths were within the first 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: The burden of colorectal cancer in Sri Lanka is on the rise. Up to a third of cancers occur in those under 50 years, and the majority of cancers are in the rectum or rectosigmoid region. Flexible sigmoidoscopy offers a useful screening tool.     

1990-2019年中国女性卵巢癌疾病负担分析

目的:分析1990-2019年中国女性卵巢癌发病率、死亡率及伤残调整寿命年(DALY)变化趋势，以期为其防治提供科学依据。方法:利用全球疾病负担数据库和中国卫生与经济社会发展统计数据库数据，采用估计年变化百分比和95%可信区间分析中国女性卵巢癌发病率、死亡率和DALY率的变化趋势，分析卵巢癌的归因疾病负担，比较城市和农村卵巢癌年龄标化死亡率，对比不同国别卵巢癌的疾病负担。结果:1990-2019年中国女性卵巢癌发病率、死亡率、DALY率呈上升趋势，分别增长258.68%、262.05%、203.59%。从45岁以上年龄组开始，疾病负担呈上升趋势，上升趋势最大的三个年龄段分别为≥60岁且≤64岁、≥65岁且≤69岁、≥70岁且≤74岁年龄组。2013-2019年中国城市卵巢癌年龄标化死亡率高于农村，从增幅看，农村标化死亡率增幅大于城市。从国别看，英国、美国、澳大利亚、日本等国卵巢癌疾病负担高于中国，而30年间疾病负担呈下降趋势。结论:中国女性卵巢癌疾病负担仍不断增加，发病呈年轻化趋势，应针对高危因素减少卵巢癌的发生，加强“三早”防治，以降低卵巢癌的疾病负担。     

中国眼病疾病负担现状及三十年变化趋势

目的：分析1990—2019年中国眼病的疾病负担状况和变化趋势。方法：利用2019年全球疾病负担研究结果,分析1990—2019年中国眼病患病人数、患病率、年龄标化患病率、伤残调整生命年（DALY）、DALY率、年龄标化DALY率及变化趋势,以及年龄标化DALY率与国家社会经济发展水平之间的相关性。结果：2019年中国人群眼病患病人数为2.1亿,年龄标化患病率为9511/10万;总DALY为472万,年龄标化DALY率为247.4/10万。疾病负担较重的眼病依次为近视力丧失、屈光性眼病和白内障,年龄标化DALY率分别为73.8/10万、70.3/10万和59.2/10万。男性患各类眼病的风险均低于女性。疾病负担较重的年龄段为50~<70岁和≥70岁。相比于1990年,2019年中国人群眼病患病数增加了134.6%,总DALY增加了113.0%。然而,总体年龄标化DALY率下降了7.5%,与国家社会经济发展水平呈明显负相关（P<0.01）。结论：在中国,近视力丧失、屈光性眼病和白内障是疾病负担较重的眼病。尽管近年来随着国家的发展,眼病年龄标化DALY率有所下降,但人口增长和老龄化导致了眼病造成的疾病负担显著上升。     

云南省彝族伤残调整生命年分析

目的 分析彝族居民的疾病负担.方法 以伤残调整生命年(disability adjusted life years, DALY)作为疾病负担的测量指标.结果 彝族居民每千人口早死生命损失年(YLL)大部分年龄组是男性高于女性;精神神经疾病DALY负担汉族彝族均居首位;围产期疾病、消化系统疾病对彝族造成的疾病负担比汉族严重,肿瘤反之.结论 应加强对彝族居民的精神神经疾病、围产期疾病、消化系统疾病的预防和治疗工作.     

A preliminary study of the impact of long-term psychotic disorder on patients' families

OBJECTIVE: To assess impact of long term psychotic disorders on caregivers. DESIGN: A questionnaire based, interviewer administered, cross-sectional survey using the translated version of a Burden Assessment scale (BAS). SETTING: Outpatient clinic of the University Psychiatry Unit, National Hospital, Sri Lanka. SAMPLE: 50 caregivers of patients suffering from psychotic disorders for more than 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: The BAS was administered to 50 caregivers to assess degree of distress and domains of concerns. RESULTS: 60% of caregivers felt very anxious and depressed. 54% experienced a financial decline, and 82% felt responsible for meeting the entire financial needs of the patient. 54% felt that their workload increased due to the illness. 58% of the caregivers were parents. CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers of patients with long term psychotic disorders are distressed, and have several concerns. Interventions focused on these will relieve the distress of caregivers and help patients. A majority of caregivers are parents. This has future implications, as many patients are not capable of independent living.     

平顶山市“因病致贫、因病返贫”人口健康状况调查

目的 掌握平顶山市“因病致贫、因病返贫”人口的健康状况、生活质量和经济负担,为开展针对性的防控提供依据。方法 采取普查的方式,对全部“因病致贫、因病返贫”人口进行逐户逐人现场调查,了解其健康状况、患病情况、生活质量、疾病负担等内容。结果 调查6个县（市、区）83个乡镇432个村 17 719户“因病致贫、因病返贫”贫困户55 248人。患病20 970人,患病率为379.56‰,男性患病12 877人,患病率397.22‰,女性患病8 093人,患病率354.49‰,男性患病率为女性的1.12倍。患病年龄最小的0岁、最大的106岁,随着年龄的增长,患病率逐渐上升。患病前5位的病种依次为：脑血管病、重性精神病、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺气肿、关节病,累计患病13 790例,占65.76%。男女患病顺位有所差异,重性精神病和慢性阻塞性肺气肿对男性影响较大,而糖尿病、关节病、类风湿性关节炎对女性影响较大。因病致贫、返贫人口中需长期服药的16 849人,占30.50%;无劳动能力的18 470人,占33.43%;生活需要人照顾的5 487人,占9.93%。2016年家庭人均收入均值为2 464.31元,医疗支出均值为1 627.44元,医疗支出占家庭人均收入的66.04%。结论 首次描述了平顶山市因“病致贫、返贫”人口的疾病谱、生活质量和疾病负担,为今后的针对性防控和健康扶贫政策制定奠定了基础。由于疾病降低了这部分人的劳动能力,他们的家庭人均收入低,医疗支出占家庭收入比例高,经济负担重,应是社会帮扶和政府救助的重点对象。     

Thalassaemia control in developing countries--the Sri Lankan perspective

Beta thalassaemia is a Mendelian recessive disorder. The economic and social cost of the disease is high due to patients' life long need for monthly blood transfusions and treatment with desferrioxamine, an iron chelating agent. Wider availability of cheaper drugs is on the horizon. If there is no concomitant reduction in the number of new thalassaemia major births, there will be a cumulative increase in numbers requiring treatment. The frequency and severity, and the economic and social costs of thalassaemia, support the case for the introduction of a carrier screening and counselling program in Sri Lanka. A three-pronged plan emphasising professional, political and public education in outlined.     

Stroke subtypes in Sri Lanka--a hospital based study

AIM: Data on stroke subtypes in Sri Lanka are limited, mainly due to the unavailability of brain imaging facilities in most government hospitals. In two leading private hospitals in Colombo, a high proportion of stroke patients have computerised tomography (CT) scanning. Hence we studied stroke patients admitted to these two hospitals to determine the stroke subtypes. METHODS: A prospective study of 103 consecutive first ever stroke patients who were under the care of the first author during the period 15 May 1995 to 30 August 1996 were studied. Diagnosis of stroke was made according to the WHO definition, and transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) were not included. The pathological subtype was confirmed by CT scan in 99 patients. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 37 to 94 years (mean 64.5). 87 patients were over the age of 50 years. The proportion of pathological subtypes confirmed by CT scanning was cerebral infarction (CI) 74.7%, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) 19.1% and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) 62.2%. Of the infarcts 31 (42%) were cortical, 30 (41%) lacunar, 12 (16%) cerebellar and brainstem, and 1 (1.3%) was a border zone infarct. CONCLUSION: Direct comparisons with stroke subtypes seen in other countries are not valid due to differences in methodology. In developed countries in the West cerebral infarcts account for about 80% of all first ever strokes and of these 13 to 21% are lacunar strokes. Countries in the East (e.g. Japan and Hong Kong) have reported a higher proportion of haemorrhages (27% of first ever strokes in Hong Kong). In Sri Lanka the proportion of stroke subtypes seem to be intermediate between these countries in the West and East. Lacunar strokes are commoner in Sri Lanka than in other countries.     

甘肃省主要恶性肿瘤疾病负担分析

目的分析甘肃省居民主要恶性肿瘤的疾病负担,为制定肿瘤干预措施及合理配置卫生资源提供科学依据。方法以WHO公布的最新疚病负担数据及甘肃省第3次死因回顾抽样调查报告为基础,用伤残调整生命年测算各肿瘤的疾病负担。结果甘肃省疾病负担较重的前四位恶性肿瘤依次为胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、肺癌。结论甘肃省恶性肿瘤的疾病负担远高于全球和中国区水平,应加强该地区恶性肿瘤的预防和控制工作。