汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷

目的:探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷.方法:以47名四、五年级阅读障碍儿童和43名正常儿童为对象,系统考察了儿童的命名组词、阅读理解和阅读流畅性等阅读能力以及语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等阅读相关认知技能.结果:①阅读障碍儿童在所有阅读能力和阅读相关认知技能测验中均显著落后于正常儿童.②不同阅读相关认知技能对阅读能力的不同方面存在不同影响.③语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名相结合能有效地预测儿童是否患有阅读障碍.结论:汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等方面存在着不同缺陷,这可能是导致他们阅读能力落后的重要原因.     

影响汉语阅读障碍儿童文章阅读眼动特征的认知因素

目的:了解汉语阅读障碍儿童认知加工特征,探讨与文章阅读时异常眼动模式的关系。方法:采用病例对照研究,以19例汉语阅读障碍(reading disorder,RD)儿童和年龄、性别、年级与之匹配的19例正常儿童为对象,用韦氏智力测验测试两组被试的认知加工特征。以汉字短文为靶标进行眼动研究,采用回归分析探讨被试阅读时的眼动指标与韦氏分测验得分的相关关系。结果:①RD儿童的知识、分类、词汇、编码四项测验得分,言语智商、全智商,言语理解因子、注意/记忆因子得分均明显低于对照组(均P<0.05);②词汇、图形拼凑、数字广度、知识四项与儿童文章阅读时的平均注视时间相关,其中图形拼凑(r=0.32)、数字广度(r=0.27)得分与其呈正相关,词汇(r=-0.32)、知识(r=-0.27)与其呈负相关;木块图、知识两个分测验与阅读时平均眼跳幅度相关,其中木块图与平均眼跳幅度呈负相关(r=-0.31),知识与其呈正相关(r=0.23)。结论:汉语阅读障碍儿童智力结构存在不平衡,其知识、分类、词汇、编码及言语理解因子及注意/记忆方面存在缺陷,知觉组织方面无明显缺陷;文章阅读时的异常眼动,可能与其知识面和语词知识广度窄密切相关。     

汉语阅读障碍儿童图画知觉过程的眼动实验研究

目的探明汉语阅读障碍儿童图画知觉过程的眼动特征及其视觉认知加工特点,为其针对性的矫治方法的建立提供直接的依据。方法采用EyelinkIIHigh-SpeedEyeTracker眼动仪,分别记录汉语阅读障碍儿童(N=14)和对照组儿童(N=14)对三幅图画知觉过程的眼动数据,分析其关于注视和眼跳相应的9项眼动指标。结果主题突出型的图一的9项眼动指标,两组儿童间差异均无显著性(P>0.05);对主题一般型的图二的9项眼动指标,两组儿童间差异仍无显著性(P>0.05);图三为主题不突出型,结果眼跳指标中的平均眼跳幅度,阅读障碍组小于对照组(3.79±0.69/4.86±1.67,t=-2.29,P<0.05),其余8项指标,两组儿童差异无显著性(P>0.05);另外,两组儿童对三幅图画的细节记忆得分差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论图形记忆与加工能力的缺损不是汉语阅读障碍儿童的主要特征。但当图画背景复杂时,患儿的注意广度变小,注视效率降低。     

汉语阅读障碍儿童语言能力缺陷的初步探讨

目的:探讨汉语发育性阅读障碍儿童存在的语言能力缺陷。方法:采用学习困难儿童筛查量表(PRS)、韦氏智力测验(WISC-R)和儿童读写能力家长问卷,从广州市某小学8-12岁儿童中,筛查出13位发育性阅读障碍的儿童,按年龄、性别、年级1∶1匹配正常对照组,应用语音技能、快速命名和词形加工测验等对两组儿童的语言能力进行测试。结果:阅读障碍组在语音技能测验中的辨声母、辨韵母、语音合成三项测验的正确数均低于正常儿童(5.8±2.1/8.8±1.2,5.3±2.7/7.0±2.6,3.7±2.6/5.8±2.7,t=-4.696、-2.690、-0.555,P<0.05);快速命名测验的两项分测验-颜色和数字快速命名测验时间均长于正常儿童(37.9±8.6/28.0±4.5,19.5±2.7/15.6±3.7,t=4.348、3.048,P<0.05);而词形加工测验中,汉字命名测验成绩明显低于正常儿童(31.8±4.6/35.7±2.8,P<0.05),辨真假字两组的成绩无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:汉语阅读障碍儿童存在语音意识缺陷和快速命名缺陷等语言能力缺陷。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视觉注意广度缺陷

目的:探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍(DD)儿童的视觉注意广度缺陷与阅读困难的关系。方法:研究对象是45名3～6年级儿童,包括15名DD儿童、15名生理年龄匹配正常发展儿童(CA组)和15名阅读水平匹配正常发展儿童(RL组)。使用视觉图形测评任务测量视觉注意广度(VAS),记录反应时、正确率,并计算辨别力d'值。结果:DD儿童的视觉注意广度任务d'值低于CA儿童[(0.1±0.3) vs.(0.4±0.4),P0.05],但与RL儿童差异无统计学意义[(0.1±0.3) vs.(0.2±0.2),P0.05]。相关分析结果表明,DD儿童的视觉注意广度任务的d'值和其句子朗读正确率呈正相关(r=0.58,P0.05)。结论:汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视觉注意广度缺陷可能与其较低的阅读水平有关。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童图形和汉字的视觉加工特点

目的:考察汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童图形和汉字的视觉辨识能力,探索其视觉加工特点.方法:采用病例对照设计,根据ICD-10诊断标准筛选出53名阅读障碍儿童,按照年龄、性别、家庭一般状况等匹配条件,按1:1的比例选择同班级53名正常儿童为对照组.根据汉字特点,采用人机对话的方式.比较两组儿童完成图形视觉加工任务和汉字视觉加工任务的正确率和平均反应时.结果:图形视觉辨别任务显示:阅读障碍儿童正确率为(0.78±0.10),正常儿童正确率为(0.81±0.08);阅读障碍儿童平均反应时为(2494.42±488.23)ms,正常儿童为(2358.59 ± 593.48)ms,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).汉字视觉辨别任务显示:阅读障碍儿童正确率为(0.96±0.04),正常儿童为(0.96±0.04),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);阅读障碍儿童平均反应时[(1715.21±343.76) ms]有长于正常儿童[(1598.72±318.03)ms]的趋势(P=0.073).结论:视觉加工能力对汉语儿童的阅读能力有一定的影响,但不够显著,视觉加工能力可能只是汉字识别的必要条件,而非充分条件.     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视听时距加工缺陷：基于时距二分任务的证据

目的：探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的听、视时距加工缺陷。方法：比较了汉语发展性阅读障碍组(DD组）、生理年龄匹配组（CA组）、阅读年龄匹配组（RA组）分别在视、听觉时距二分任务中的表现。结果：DD组在视觉和听觉时距二分任务中的差别阈限值均较CA组及RA组大,但主观相等点则与CA组和RA组儿童无显著差异。进一步基于DD组数据的相关分析发现,视、听觉时距加工的差别阈限与阅读流畅性测验得分、语音意识测验得分、言语工作记忆测验得分（倒背任务）显著负相关,但是与言语短时记忆测验得分（顺背任务）无显著相关。结论：相对于CA和RA组,DD组在视、听时距加工中存在缺陷,为时间采样框架理论提供了新证据。     

发育性阅读障碍儿童的临床特征

目的:评估汉语发育性阅读障碍儿童的临床特征。方法:采用韦氏儿童智力量表(WSIC-CR)、学习障碍儿童筛查量表(PRS)、儿童阅读与书写能力家长问卷对17例汉语发育性阅读障碍(SRD)儿童和与之匹配的32名正常儿童的临床特征进行调查评估。结果:SRD组在WISC-CR中的言语智商、总智商、言语理解因子、记忆/注意因子分值均低于对照组(98·3±13·5/111·7±13·7,97·1±14·5/110·2±14·3,40·4±9·2/47·6±7·7,25·9±6·3/32·0±7·3,OR=0·88~0·94,P<0·05),回归分析表明,只有言语理解因子进入回归方程(OR=0·90);PRS中五大功能区得分、言语分、非言语分及总分,SRD儿童均显著低于对照组(9·6±1·5/13·3±2·6,10·8±3·1/15·6±3·6,11·1±1·4/14·1±3·6,7·1±1·9/9·7±1·9,19·7±3·5/24·7±5·7,20·3±4·1/28·9±5·7,37·9±5·6/48·5±7·0,58·2±8·5/77·3±11·9,P<0·05)。回归分析表明,只有言语分进入回归方程(OR=0·69);儿童阅读与书写能力家长问卷中,SRD儿童在除家庭阅读背景外其余七个因素得分均比对照组高(P<0·05),但只有朗读听写进入回归方程(OR=2·14)。结论:汉语SRD儿童言语能力明显损害;其阅读各环节均受损,但朗读听写能力缺陷可能是主要问题;记忆/注意集中困难、书写困难、动作技能、口语能力及社会适应能力的缺陷可能是汉语SRD儿童临床普遍伴发的症状。     

汉语阅读障碍儿童的视觉空间注意能力及其与汉语阅读的关系

目的:探究汉语阅读障碍儿童的视觉空间注意与汉语阅读的关系。方法:依据识字量测试和瑞文智力测试得分筛选出阅读障碍(DD)儿童55例,并按年龄、智力匹配同年龄正常对照组(CA)儿童66例。采用数字划消测试测查两组儿童视觉空间注意能力。对所有被试进行阅读流畅性、阅读准确性、语音意识、语素意识等测试。结果:汉语DD儿童的注意划消得分低于CA儿童[(29.6±6.8) vs.(32.3±6.3),P0.05]。相关分析表明视觉空间注意与阅读流畅性(r=0.31,P0.01)和阅读准确性(r=0.31,P0.001)呈中度正相关。多重回归的结果表明语素意识和快速命名可以预测儿童的阅读准确性(β=0.4,P0.01;β=-0.39,P0.01)与流畅性(β=031,P0.01;β=-0.50,P0.01)。结论:视觉空间注意缺陷可能是引起汉语阅读障碍的原因之一,并且这种缺陷与阅读能力存在关系。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的快速命名与正字法加工技能

目的:探查汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童快速命名和正字法加工的特点。方法:运用小学生识字量评价量表和标准瑞文智力测试,从171名小学二至四年级学生中选出20名发展性阅读障碍(DD)儿童、22名同年龄对照组(CA)儿童、18名同阅读水平对照组(RL)儿童。三组儿童进行数字、图片快速命名,和正字法加工技能测试,即真字、假字、非字判断任务,记录反应时和错误率。结果:DD组在数字、图片快速命名上的反应时均长于CA组(均P0.01),图片命名的反应时与RL组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而数字命名反应时短于RL组(P0.05)。DD组和RL组均表现出拒绝假字的时间长于拒绝非字(均P0.05),而CA组儿童此效应无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:本研究提示汉语阅读障碍儿童存在数字快速命名缺陷,其图片快速命名速度落后,与其阅读水平表现一致。本样本中的发展性阅读障碍儿童表现出明显的正字法效应,即能很好地判断假字和非字。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.