曲安奈德在眼科的应用

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德可治疗多种原因引起的黄斑水肿，减轻炎症反应、抑制增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的发生和减少眼内新生血管的形成，并可辅助玻璃体切除术。可出现术后眼压升高、白内障和眼内炎等并发症。     

曲安奈德在眼科的应用

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德可治疗多种原因引起的黄斑水肿,减轻炎症反应、抑制增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的发生和减少眼内新生血管的形成,并可辅助玻璃体切除术。可出现术后眼压升高、白内障和眼内炎等并发症。     

玻璃体内注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病视网膜病变及其并发症

玻璃体内注射曲安奈德被越来越多地应用于糖尿病视网膜病变中,如糖尿病黄斑水肿、增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变、由增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变引起的新生血管性青光眼和糖尿病性视网膜病变手术后持续性低眼压的并发症等。同时随着应用的日益广泛,其产生的并发症也越来越不容忽视,其并发症主要有眼压升高、眼内感染等。我们总结介绍了玻璃体内注射曲安奈德在糖尿病视网膜病变方面的运用,并就其产生的常见并发症作一扼要综述。     

曲安奈德球周注射联合激光光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿

近年来,人们在临床上采用玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德(IVTA)治疗弥漫性黄斑水肿(DME),取得了一定的疗效,但IVTA可能发生玻璃体积血、眼内炎、视网膜脱离及继发性青光眼、并发性白内障等手术后并发症[1].     

玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德的应用进展

曲安奈德(triamcinoloneacetonide,TA)又称丙酮氟羟泼泥松龙等,最初主要应用于呼吸道及皮肤系统的各种变态反应性疾病和风湿性、类风湿关节炎。20世纪80年代始用于眼科,近年来,为达到药物在眼内局部高浓度及长时间持续作用,临床采用玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德,以辅助一些内眼手术及控制视网膜、葡萄膜和视神经的炎症,抑制增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(proliferativevitreor-etinopathy,PVR)和视网膜、脉络膜及虹膜的新生血管形成,并治疗各种病变所致的黄斑水肿等,临床观察疗效良好,且无明显的视网膜毒副作用。一、曲安奈德的临床应用曲安奈德玻璃…     

糖尿病黄斑水肿的早期诊断和治疗

糖尿病黄斑水肿是引起糖尿病患者视力下降的主要原因之一，因此其早期诊断尤为重要。OCT、HRT、RTA等的出现，尤其是视网膜厚度、视网膜体积、水肿指数等客观评价黄斑水肿的量化指标，代表了近年视网膜成像技术的新进展。OCT良好的纵向分辨率可早期发现细微的黄斑区视网膜增厚，且技术已相对成熟，应成为黄斑水肿诊断的常规检查。激光光凝或（和）曲安奈德眼内注射以及玻璃体手术是目前治疗顽固性黄斑水肿的重要手段，其早期诊断有利于使治疗局限在局部光凝或眼内注射。     

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德治疗黄斑水肿的临床应用

玻璃体内注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病、视网膜静脉阻塞、葡萄膜炎等各种原因所致的黄斑水肿,显示出良好的临床效果和较为广泛的应用前景。减少血-视网膜屏障的破环,抑制花生四烯酸的途径,以及下调血管内皮生长因子可能是曲安奈德治疗黄斑水肿的作用机制。随着应用的日益广泛,其产生的并发症及黄斑水肿复发的现象不容忽视,因此,其长期疗效和安全性有待进一步研究。     

曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射的并发症

曲安奈德（Triamcinolone acetonide TA）作为一种长效皮质类固醇激素已在眼科得到广泛应用，给药方式主要包括结膜下注射、Tenon，s囊下注射和球后注射，但由于治疗部位的有效浓度低、治疗效果不明显使这些给药方式受到一定的限制。近两年来，玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德（Intravitreal Triamcinolone acetonide IVTA）由于局部药物浓度高已得到推广。玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德主要用于治疗各种内眼性、新生血管性、增殖性或水肿性疾病，诸如弥漫性糖尿病黄斑水肿，视网膜静脉阻塞所致黄斑水肿，增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变，增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变，年龄相关性黄斑变性所致视网膜下新生血管，慢性早期结核性低眼压∥慢性葡萄膜炎和白内障术后持续性黄斑囊样水肿。曲安奈德确切的治疗机制虽尚不清楚，但是有几个假说，例如降低局部炎症介质，使钙通道上调，降低血管内皮生长因子的浓度，改善血——网膜屏障的功能。目前国内外已在广泛应用玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德，临床效果也很明显，但与此相关的并发症也有报道。玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德的并发症主要分为两类：手术相关性并发症和激素相关性并发症。     

糖尿病黄斑水肿的早期诊断和治疗

糖尿病黄斑水肿是引起糖尿病患者视力下降的主要原因之一,因此其早期诊断尤为重要。OCT、HRT、RTA等的出现,尤其是视网膜厚度、视网膜体积、水肿指数等客观评价黄斑水肿的量化指标,代表了近年视网膜成像技术的新进展。OCT良好的纵向分辨率可早期发现细微的黄斑区视网膜增厚,且技术已相对成熟,应成为黄斑水肿诊断的常规检查。激光光凝或(和)曲安奈德眼内注射以及玻璃体手术是目前治疗顽固性黄斑水肿的重要手段,其早期诊断有利于使治疗局限在局部光凝或眼内注射。     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床研究任重道远

视网膜分支静脉阻塞由多种因素联合作用引起,目前缺乏有效治疗手段。治疗前视力可能是重要的预后因素。黄斑格栅光凝、眼内注射曲安奈德（triamcinolone acetonide,TA）或抗血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）以及玻璃体手术是目前用于治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的主要方法,但均存在一定的局限性和并发症。     

The use of intravitreal corticosteroids, evidence-based and otherwise

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide a current update on the use of intravitreal corticosteroids as a treatment for a variety of retinal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that a single 4 mg injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide is present in the vitreous for up to 3 months. Many recent studies demonstrate a significant reduction in macular edema often with a significant improvement in vision for up to several months followed by a waning of treatment effect and recurrence of macular edema. Retreatments have been shown to be efficacious. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide may help lead to a reduction in subfoveal hard exudates in diffuse diabetic macular edema. It has been shown to be a more potent treatment than sub-Tenon's and retrobulbar triamcinolone acetonide for persistent macular edema. It may also be a significant adjunctive treatment for choroidal neovascularization treated with photodynamic therapy. Intravitreal corticosteroid implants have also been shown to be beneficial in early trials for persistent macular edema. SUMMARY: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide provides a potent short-term treatment for persistent macular edema and may be a useful adjunctive treatment for choroidal neovascularization. It remains to be determined whether intravitreal corticosteroids can provide long-term visual gain or stabilization. The side-effect profile of intravitreal corticosteroids is significant with corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure rises. With longer-term studies, the rate of posterior subcapsular cataract formation is higher than previously reported, and there is a small but potential risk of endophthalmitis.     

激光光凝联合眼球周旁注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿疗效分析

目的观察格栅状激光光凝联合眼球周旁注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿的疗效。方法对经眼底检查、眼底荧光血管造影及光学相干断层扫描确诊的弥漫性和(或)囊样黄斑水肿23例(23只眼)行眼球周旁注射曲安奈德40 gL~(-1),随后行格栅状激光光凝。术后随访视力、视野和黄斑区视网膜厚度的变化。结果治疗前平均视力为0.07,治疗后4周、3个月、6个月平均视力分别为0.133、0.162及0.153;黄斑区视网膜平均厚度治疗前201μm,术后分别为180μm、155μm及158μm。结论激光光凝联合眼球周旁注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿可促进黄斑水肿消退,改善视力,。     

Loss of visual function after repeated intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide in refractory uveitic macular oedema

Purpose The effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on macular oedema have been evaluated in many studies. Good short-time effects are usually reported on visual function and macular oedema. However, adverse events like intraocular hypertension and cataract formation have been described in humans, and retinal toxicity is found in experimental studies. Case report We report on a 56-year-old male patient with a bilateral macular oedema in idiopathic intermediate uveitis, treated with two and six intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide, respectively, and followed for 6 years. Results The macular oedema disappeared after each intravitreal injection, but each time it recidivated some months later. Visual acuity improved only after the first injections. After six intravitreal injections, visual acuity was limited to counting fingers in the absence of macular oedema. OCT and ERG results show central and peripheral retinal damage that could be a consequence of a retinotoxic property of triamcinolone acetonide. Conclusion Repeated intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide does not show any long-term efficacy on uveitic macular oedema and can even lead to irreversible global retinal damage.     

Treatment of oedematous,proliferative and neovascular diseases by intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide may be a therapeutical possibility for treating of various intraocular neovascular, oedematous and proliferative diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS: Gain in visual acuity was relatively highest for eyes with intraretinal oedematous diseases such as diffuse diabetic macular oedema and various types of cystoid macular oedema due to reasons such as retinal venous occlusions and uveitis. Intravitreal triamcinolone may be useful as angiostatic therapy in eyes with iris neovascularisation and proliferative ischaemic retinopathies. Possibly, intravitreal triamcinolone may be helpful for exudative age-related macular degeneration. In eyes with chronic therapy resistant ocular hypotony, intravitreal triamcinolone can induce an increase in intraocular pressure. The role of intravitreal triamcinolone as adjunctive treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy has not been determined so far. Complications of intravitreal triamcinolone include secondary ocular hypertension in about 50 % of the eyes injected, with one per cent of the eyes necessitating antiglaucomatous filtrating surgery; a cataractogenic effect; and postoperative infectious endophthalmitis. Long-term studies of more than 3 years follow-up have been missing so far, so that there is no reliable information on long-term complications. The injection can be combined with cataract surgery. Cataract surgery performed some months after the injection did not show a markedly elevated rate of complications. If vision increases after the intravitreal triamcinolone injection, the injection can be repeated. The duration of the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone ranges between 2 and 9 months. Triamcinolone acetonide was detected in the aqueous humour nine months after an intravitreal injection of 25 mg. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide may offer a possibility for adjunctive treatment of intraocular oedematous, neovascular and proliferative diseases.     

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of intraocular proliferative, exudative, and neovascular diseases

Within the last three years, triamcinolone acetonide has increasingly been applied intravitreally as treatment option for various intraocular neovascular edematous and proliferative disorders. The best response in terms of gain in visual acuity after the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide was found in eyes with intraretinal edematous diseases such as diffuse diabetic macular edema, branch retinal vein occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, and pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Visual acuity increased and degree of intraocular inflammation decreased in eyes with various types of non-infectious uveitis including acute or chronic sympathetic ophthalmia and Adamantiadis-Behcet's disease. Intravitreal triamcinolone may be useful as angiostatic therapy in eyes with iris neovascularization and proliferative ischemic retinopathies. Possibly, intravitreal triamcinolone may be helpful as adjunct therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration, possibly in combination with photodynamic therapy. In eyes with chronic, therapy resistant, ocular hypotony, intravitreal triamcinolone can induce an increase in intraocular pressure and may stabilize the eye. The complications of intravitreal triamcinolone therapy include secondary ocular hypertension in about 40% of the eyes injected, cataractogenesis, postoperative infectious and non-infectious endophthalmitis, and pseudo-endophthalmitis. Intravitreal triamcinolone injection can be combined with other intraocular surgeries including cataract surgery. Cataract surgery performed some months after the injection does not show a markedly elevated rate of complications. If vision increases and eventually decreases again after an intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection, the injection can be repeated. The duration of the effect of a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone depended on the dosage given. Given in a dosage of about 20mg to non-vitrectomized eyes, the duration of the effect and of the side-effects was 6-9 months. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide may offer a possibility for adjunctive treatment of intraocular edematous and neovascular disorders. One has to take into account the side-effects and the lack of long-term follow-up observations.     

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To report the clinical outcome of a patient receiving an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide as treatment of bilateral, long-standing, cystoid macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: A 70-years-old patient suffering from bilateral central retinal vein occlusion for 2 years and 1.5 years, respectively, received transconjunctivally an intravitreal injection of 25 mg of crystalline triamcinolone acetonide in each eye, with 10 weeks between injections. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 4 months (OD) and 6 weeks (OS), respectively, visual acuity increased from 0.05 to 0.25 in his right eye and from 0.125 to 0.25 in his left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed a decrease of fluorescein leakage in the macular area. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide may be a therapeutic option for long-standing cystoid macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion.     

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的临床观察

目的通过对玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德(TriamcinoloneacetonideTA)治疗糖尿病视网膜病变所致黄斑水肿临床结果的分析,评价此种疗法的有效性,安全性。方法15例经眼底检查,荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)和光学相干断层扫描(OCT)检查确诊的糖尿病黄斑水肿的患者15眼接受玻璃体腔注射40mg/ml曲安奈德0.1ml治疗,随访时间最少3m,最长6m,研究对象包括接受治疗前与治疗后1w,1m,3m和最终随访的最佳校正视力、眼压,接受治疗前与治疗后1m的光学相干断层扫描(OCT)结果。结果接受治疗前最佳校正视力与治疗后1w,1m,3m和最终随访的最佳校正视力相比均无显著性差异(P>0.05),接受治疗前黄斑区视网膜厚度与治疗后1m相比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德可以在短期内改善糖尿病视网膜病变所致黄斑水肿患者的视力,加速视网膜下液的吸收,是一种有效的治疗方法。但其长期的治疗效果及临床应用的安全性,反复注射时机的掌握还需要进一步的研究。     

Triamcinolone acetonide facilitates removal of the epiretinal membrane and separation of the residual vitreous cortex in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to a macular hole

PURPOSE: To study the usefulness of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection during vitrectomy in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to a macular hole. METHODS: Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 6 patients with retinal detachment resulting from a highly myopic eye with a macular hole. After separation of the posterior hyaloid and removal of any visible epiretinal membrane, triamcinolone acetonide was injected over the posterior pole. Excised specimens were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Upon injection of triamcinolone acetonide, the entire epiretinal membrane and residual vitreous cortex could be visualized in all patients. The epiretinal membrane and residual posterior vitreous cortex were completely removed. Successful reattachment was performed without retinal damage in all cases. Electron microscopy revealed a cellular epiretinal membrane within a collagenous matrix lining the smooth internal surface of the internal limiting membrane. No complications related to the use of triamcinolone acetonide were encountered. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative visualization of the epiretinal membrane and residual posterior vitreous cortex with triamcinolone acetonide was found to be a useful adjunct to vitrectomy. Using triamcinolone acetonide during vitrectomy may facilitate both removal of the epiretinal membrane around the macular hole and separation of the residual vitreous cortex from the retina in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment.     

Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion with triamcinolone acetonide: an optical coherence tomography study

Central retinal vein occlusion is one of the most common retinal vascular disorders. Many patients have decreased visual acuity as a result of macular edema. We report a retrospective review of 8 patients at the University of Wisconsin with macular edema from CRVO who were treated with an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to help assess the effect of this intervention. Mean baseline visual acuity was 20/500. Mean visual acuity at the 3-month follow up was 20/220. The average gain in visual acuity was 3.3 lines (range -1 to +10). Four of 8 patients experienced a visual acuity gain of 2 or more lines at the 3-month follow up. Four of 8 patients were unchanged (within 2 lines of baseline) at the 3-month follow up. No patient had a decrease in visual acuity (2 or more line decrease from baseline). Seven of 8 patients had complete resolution of macular edema on clinical examination at the 3-month follow up. No adverse effects such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment or endophthalmitis were noted. We conclude that intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide may be a safe and effective treatment in some patients with macular edema due to CRVO. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated significant anatomic improvement in the majority of patients with macular edema due to CRVO treated with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide.     

Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion with triamcinolone acetonide: an optical coherence tomography study

Central retinal vein occlusion is one of the most common retinal vascular disorders. Many patients have decreased visual acuity as a result of macular edema. We report a retrospective review of 8 patients at the University of Wisconsin with macular edema from CRVO who were treated with an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to help assess the effect of this intervention. Mean baseline visual acuity was 20/500. Mean visual acuity at the 3-month follow up was 20/220. The average gain in visual acuity was 3.3 lines (range -1 to +10). Four of 8 patients experienced a visual acuity gain of 2 or more lines at the 3-month follow up. Four of 8 patients were unchanged (within 2 lines of baseline) at the 3-month follow up. No patient had a decrease in visual acuity (2 or more line decrease from baseline). Seven of 8 patients had complete resolution of macular edema on clinical examination at the 3-month follow up. No adverse effects such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment or endophthalmitis were noted. We conclude that intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide may be a safe and effective treatment in some patients with macular edema due to CRVO. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated significant anatomic improvement in the majority of patients with macular edema due to CRVO treated with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide.