曲安奈德兔眼内注射治疗金黄色葡萄球菌眼内炎的有效性

目的:正确评价曲安奈德作为金黄色葡萄球菌性眼内炎辅助治疗的有效性。方法:30只健康青紫蓝兔所有右眼玻璃体腔注射ATCC25923标准金黄色葡萄菌104CFU/0.1mL混悬液,0.1mL建立眼内炎模型。建立眼内炎模型后24h,随机将实验动物分为3组,每组10眼进行不同干预,A(空白对照)组、B(玻璃体腔万古霉素)组、C(玻璃体腔万古霉素 曲安奈德混悬剂)组。干预后每日间接眼底镜观察结膜、角膜、前房、虹膜、玻璃体的变化并按照规定的时间进行临床炎症评分;注射细菌后24h及干预后14d所有实验动物行B超检查;干预后5d进行玻璃体腔细菌学培养;干预14d后处死所有动物行光镜检查并进行病理评分。结果:B,C组较A组炎症明显减轻。不同时间3组进行临床炎症评分,A组评分明显高于B,C2组,A,B,C3组间评分均有显著性差异(P<0.05),5,7,14d验证评分B,C2组间均无显著性差异(P=0.717,0.694,0.543);7,14d前房闪辉分级B,C组间无显著性差异(P=0.796,0.562);A,B,C3组间细菌学培养检出率无统计学意义;B超显示A,B,C3组视网膜脱离发生率无显著性差异(P=0.830);光镜下见A组各组织结构均失去正常形态不易辨认;B、C组组织结构能够辨认。对角膜、前房、玻璃体、视网膜进行病理评分,A,B,C3组间有显著性差异(P=0.000),组间比较B,C视网膜分级有显著性差异(P=0.011),其余均无显著性差异。结论:金黄色葡萄球菌性眼内炎治疗中玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德对眼组织的保护作用具有局限性。     

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德术后并发症分析

目的探讨玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德(TA)的并发症及防治措施。方法76例(76只眼)行玻璃体内注射曲安奈德(TA),对其并发症进行回顾性分析。结果28只眼出现眼压升高(36.9%);2只眼(2.6%)在短期内白内障加重明显;1只眼出现无菌性眼内炎(1.3%);2只眼(2.6%)在随访期间发生玻璃体出血。结论曲安奈德在临床的应用需进一步认真和谨慎地总结和研究,防止临床滥用现象的发生。对于玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德的并发症,应提高认识,密切随访,发现问题及时处理。     

玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德的眼压变化

目的观察玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德对眼压的影响。方法因治疗视网膜病变对28例（30眼）进行玻璃体腔内注射0.4mg/0.1mL曲安奈德,随访16周,并进行术前、术后不同时间眼压测量。结果30眼中25眼（83.33%）眼压上升5mmHg以上,术前眼压（13.74±4.32）mmHg,与术后最高眼压（25.53±5.24）mmHg之差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。眼压上升者应用抗青光眼滴眼液眼压都恢复正常。结论玻璃体腔内注射0.4mg/0.1mL曲安奈德可致眼压升高。滴用抗青光眼药物能有效降眼压。     

玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后的眼压变化

目的观察玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德（TA）后的眼压变化。方法回顾性收集我院接受TA玻璃体腔注射治疗黄斑水肿的138例（138只眼）患者的临床资料。治疗前1d测量眼压,每眼测3次,取平均值。所有患者均接受4mgTA常规玻璃体腔内注射。治疗后1周、2周、1个月同样方法测量眼压,以后每个月复查1次,随诊半年。以眼压≥21mmHg为眼压升高。对比分析治疗前后眼压的变化。结果治疗后有22只眼眼压升高,占15.94%,其中92.8%的患者高眼压出现在3个月内,治疗后5个月有21只眼恢复到基础水平,有1只眼行小梁切除术,随访期峰值平均眼压（16.39±4.37）mmHg,注药前平均眼压（14.77±2.80）mmHg,对所有数据进行t检验（P=0.004,P〈0.01）有显著差异,按照性别、年龄因素分组分析,采用方差分析,各组之间无显著统计学意义。结论 TA玻璃体腔内注射后眼压升高较常见,眼压升高多发生于3个月内,注射后至少随诊观察6个月。大多数眼压高的患者眼压能控制到基础水平,极少数患者引起激素性青光眼需手术治疗。     

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德后眼内炎诊断和治疗(附1例报告)

目的:报道眼内抗生素注药成功治愈玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后感染性眼内炎1例。方法:病例报道。结果:患者1例在接受玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后被培养证实并发感染性眼内炎,发病90多小时后进行了玻璃体腔内联合抗生素注射取得了满意的效果。结论:玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德能够有效减轻视网膜分支静脉阻塞后的黄斑水肿,但患者应该被密切随访以警惕非感染性或细菌感染性眼内炎的发生。     

曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射的临床应用

曲安奈德注射液系一种长效糖皮质激素制剂，近年来采用其玻璃体腔内注射治疗一些难治性眼部疾病，临床中显示出良好的短期疗效，且无明显的近期视网膜毒副作用，为临床上治疗黄斑水肿、脉络膜新生血管、抑制增生性玻璃体视网膜病变等开辟了一条新途径，但对其远期疗效及毒副作用尚无统一的认识，还需要进一步研究、总结。临床中应严格掌握曲安奈德注射液玻璃体腔内注射的适应证，防止临床滥用现象的发生。     

玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德治疗黄斑水肿的眼压变化

目的:研究玻璃体腔注射4mg曲安奈德(IVTA)治疗黄斑水肿后的眼压(IOP)变化及其相关因素。方法:本研究为回顾性、连续性及非对照病例序列研究。包括93眼黄斑水肿患者,病因分别为视网膜静脉阻塞(54眼)和糖尿病视网膜病变(39眼),都接受了4mgIVTA注射。所有病例均在注射前和注射后14d,1,2,3,4,5,6mo随访眼压变化。并分析基础IOP,病因,年龄和性别与眼压的相关性。结果:注射后14dIOP显著升高(16.02±2.45mmHg,P<0.001),注射后2mo达到高峰(18.80±6.20mmHg,P<0.001)。注射后14d有2眼眼压超高21mmHg(2.2%),术后1,2,3,4,5,6mo分别是14(15.1%),18(19.5%),9(9.6%),4(4.3%),0,0。注射后14d有1眼(0.01%)眼压较基础眼压升高超过5mmHg,术后2mo达到高峰,为22眼(23.7%)。注射后1mo有5眼(5.3%)眼压升高10mmHg,2mo最高为12眼(12.9%)。IOP升高和年龄(相关系数-0.18～-0.29,P<0.05),基础眼压(相关系数0.52～0.79,P<0.001)及糖尿病(相关系数0.23,P<0.001)显著相关,但与性别无相关性(相关系数-0.002～0.04,P>0.05)。所有患眼的IOP均能通过局部降眼压药物控制到正常,没有1例发生青光眼性视神经病变。结论:4mgIVTA注射后眼压升高是很普遍的现象,注射后应该至少随访观察6mo以上。所有患眼的高眼压均能通过局部降眼压药物得到控制。对于基础眼压较高,糖尿病视网膜病变及年轻患者更应该关注注射后的眼压变化。     

曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射治疗黄斑水肿

目的评价玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德治疗黄斑水肿的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德治疗黄斑水肿35例45眼,其中由糖尿病视网膜病变引起的弥漫性黄斑水肿15例25眼,由视网膜静脉阻塞引起者20例20眼。通过眼部检查(眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、双目间接检眼镜)、眼底荧光血管造影和光相干断层扫描证实有黄斑水肿。所有病例均按照标准的玻璃体腔注射操作方法,进行玻璃体腔一次性注射40g.L-1曲安奈德混悬液0.1mL。术后定期复查,随访6个月。主要观察指标包括:视力、眼压、黄斑区视网膜平均厚度、眼内炎症反应及晶状体改变。结果随访期末,所有患者中5眼视力无变化,1眼视力下降,39眼视力有不同程度的提高。注射后最后一次复查时视力:静脉阻塞组平均视力为0.35±0.23,与治疗前0.15±0.11相比,差异有统计学意义(t=2.671,P<0.05);糖尿病组平均视力为0.26±0.21,与治疗前0.12±0.08相比,差异亦有统计学意义(t=2.786,P<0.05)。所有患者治疗后黄斑水肿均减轻或者消退,但有3眼治疗后4～6个月出现黄斑水肿复发,1眼给予再次曲安奈德注射,黄斑水肿消退。15眼治疗后出现眼压升高至21mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg)以上,给予降眼压药物后眼压得以控制。有1眼白内障明显进展。结论玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德可有效治疗因视网膜静脉阻塞或糖尿病引起的黄斑水肿,但是其远期疗效有待进一步观察,一过性眼压升高是其最常见的不良反应。     

曲安奈德注射剂对眼组织的毒性作用

曲安奈德用于玻璃体腔注射治疗眼底病，体外细胞培养实验发现常规治疗剂量的商用曲安奈德注射剂对人视网膜色素上皮细胞具有抑制作用，而去除载体后抑制作用明显下降。动物实验显示使用4mg以上的曲安奈德会出现剂量依赖性的外层视网膜改变。曲安奈德的毒性作用呈现局灶性。除视网膜外，曲安奈德注射剂对晶状体、小梁网和角膜内皮细胞也有不同程度的影响。但亦有部分研究认为曲安奈德对眼组织无毒性作用。实验动物、曲安奈德注射剂量及半衰期、防腐剂来源等因素的不同可能是造成结论相悖的原因。     

曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射治疗黄斑水肿的临床观察

目的:观察曲安奈德(triarncinolone acetonide,TA)玻璃体腔注射治疗黄斑水肿(maeular edema,ME)的疗效。方法:对22例(26眼)黄斑水肿患者行玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后定期随访3a,观察治疗前后视力、眼压及眼底黄斑区改变情况。结果:全部患者玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德后视力比术前提高,黄斑水肿消退或减轻。结论:玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德可消除黄斑水肿,提高视力,但远期效果有待进一步研究。     

Complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide

BACKGROUND: Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide appears to be a promising treatment for a variety of proliferative, edematous, neovascular and inflammatory ocular disorders. Reported complications include intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, cataract formation, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage and endophthalmitis. The purpose of this investigation was to report the complications of intravitreal triamcinolone injection that may be attributable to the injection procedure or to the corticosteroid suspension. METHODS: A total of 212 eyes of 180 patients who underwent intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for various indications were enrolled. All patients received 8 mg/0.2 mL of triamcinolone. A total of 270 injections were performed by the same surgeon under topical anesthesia. The patients were followed for a mean of 9.2 months. Complications related to the injection procedure and to the corticosteroid were recorded. RESULTS: The most common complication encountered during follow-up was transient elevation of the IOP above 21 mm Hg (44 eyes [20.8%]). The average IOP rose by 28.5%, 38.2%, 16.7% and 4.2% from baseline at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months respectively. The mean IOP values at 1, 3 and 6 months were statistically significantly higher than the mean preinjection value (p < 0.001). Fourteen eyes (6.6%) had cataract progression and underwent cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Endophthalmitis developed in one eye (0.5%); the patient underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil injection. Pseudoendophthalmitis occurred in one eye (0.5%), and pseudohypopyon was observed in two eyes (0.9%). INTERPRETATION: Intravitreal triamcinolone injection was effective in a variety of ocular disorders. Patients should be monitored closely given the potential for complications of the injection procedure or the corticosteroid suspension.     

小剂量曲安奈德玻璃体腔重复注射的安全性观察

目的评价小剂量曲安奈德玻璃体腔内重复注射的安全性。设计前瞻性、非对照干预研究。研究对象31例(31眼),包括黄斑水肿16例、糖尿病性黄斑水肿6例、渗出型老年黄斑变性4例、中央或分支视网膜静脉阻塞3例和非感染性葡萄膜炎2例。方法4mg曲安奈德玻璃体腔内重复注射,在距首次注射分别(2.9±1.1)个月和(4.5±2.5)个月时,分别进行了第2次(31眼)和第3次(9眼)注射,每次注射后监测视力和眼内压等。平均随访(8.4±1.6)个月。主要指标眼压、视力。结果相对于曲安奈德玻璃体腔内单次注射,重复注射并未导致特殊并发症发生。在第1、2、3次注射后分别有23(74.2%)、24(77.4%)和7(77.8%)眼眼压保持正常。3次注射后(每次)眼压的平均值之间比较无显著统计学差异。2眼(6.5%)白内障进展迅速需手术治疗。结论短期随访,小剂量曲安奈德玻璃体腔内重复注射对眼压等无明显影响。     

增生型糖尿病性视网膜病变术前玻璃体内注射曲安奈德的价值

目的　探讨术前玻璃体内注射曲安奈德（ｔｒｉａｍｃｉｎｏｌｏｎｅａｃｅｔｏｎｉｄｅ,ＴＡ）对于增生型糖尿病性视网膜病变（ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｖｅｄｉ-ａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＰＤＲ）行玻璃体视网膜手术效果的影响。方法　选择我院２０１４年３月至２０１５年６月收治的ＰＤＲ患者（Ⅴ期或Ⅵ期）６０例（６０眼）。随机分为治疗组（术前１周行玻璃体内注射ＴＡ）和对照组（直接行玻璃体切割术）,每组３０例。比较两组患者术中出血情况、医源性视网膜裂孔发生率、眼内填充物的使用、平均手术时间及术后视力。结果　治疗组术中发生中、重度出血率为１６．７％,显著低于对照组的３６．７％,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）;治疗组术中医源性视网膜裂孔发生率为１０．０％,显著低于对照组的３３．３％,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）;治疗组硅油填充率为４０．０％,对照组为６０．０％,差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）;治疗组手术时间为（４０．２３±１３．９０）ｍｉｎ,明显短于对照组的（５５．８２±１４．４３）ｍｉｎ,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）;治疗组术后视力为０．３１６±０．１０１,优于对照组的０．２０２±０．１３２,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　ＰＤＲ患者在玻璃体切割术前１周行玻璃体内注射ＴＡ,可降低手术难度,减少术中并发症,进而缩短手术时间,有助于术后视力改善。     

玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量曲安奈德治疗白内障术后黄斑囊样水肿

目的：探讨玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量曲安奈德(TA)治疗白内障术后黄斑囊样水肿(PCME)的疗效。

方法：回顾性分析。选取2015-01/2018-12于我院就诊的典型PCME 患者12例12眼行玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量TA。通过0.22μm的滤膜将TA 混悬液置换成眼内灌注液,取置换后的TA溶液2mg/0.05mL注射。观察注药后2wk,1、3、6mo的最佳矫正视力、黄斑中央厚度、眼压、局部和全身并发症。

结果：与注射前比较,所有患者注药后视力均显著提高; 黄斑中央厚度显著减低(P<0.05), 而眼压无明显升高(P>0.05),所有患者均未观察到眼部及全身并发症。

结论：玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量TA治疗PCME安全、有效,克服了以往导致眼压升高的副作用,价格低廉,能够使患者受益。但尚需大宗病例的临床随机对照研究和长期疗效的随访观察。     

Safety of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide:an electrophysiologic and histopathological study in rabbits

AIM

To evaluate the retinal safety of various doses of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in rabbits.

Methods

Thirty New Zealand albino rabbits were divided into five groups (six animals each). In group 1 (control group), each animal received a single intravitreal injection of 0.1mL phosphate buffered saline. In groups 2, 3, 4 and 5, each rabbit received a single intravitreal injection of 4, 8, 16 and 32mg of TA, respectively. Each dose was contained in 0.1mL phosphate buffered saline. Clinical ocular examinations were performed before the injection and on the 1st, 3rd, 10th and 17th post-injection days. A standard dark adapted electroretinogram (ERG) was obtained before injection and on the 3rd, 10th and 17th post-injection days. After 17d, animals were sacrificed and their eyes prepared for pathological examination.

RESULTS

By monitoring ERG as a functional index for the retina, intravitreal injection of 4mg TA showed no significant ERG changes. At doses of 8, 16 and 32, hyper-abnormal responses in a- and b- waves of ERG were detected on the 3rd post-injection day. These changes gradually returned back to normal limits after 17d. Histopathological examination of the retina of all animals showed no pathological changes.

CONCLUSION

High doses of intravitreal TA seemed to have enhancing effects on the retinal function with gradual return to normal limits with no pathological changes detected in examined eyes.     

Safety of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide:an electrophysiologic and histopathological study in rabbits

AIM: To evaluate the retinal safety of various doses of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in rabbits.Methods: Thirty New Zealand albino rabbits were divided into five groups (six animals each). In group 1 (control group), each animal received a single intravitreal injection of 0.1mL phosphate buffered saline. In groups 2, 3, 4 and 5, each rabbit received a single intravitreal injection of 4, 8, 16 and 32mg of TA, respectively. Each dose was contained in 0.1mL phosphate buffered saline. Clinical ocular examinations were performed before the injection and on the 1st, 3rd, 10th and 17th post-injection days. A standard dark adapted electroretinogram (ERG) was obtained before injection and on the 3rd, 10th and 17th post-injection days. After 17d, animals were sacrificed and their eyes prepared for pathological examination.RESULTS:By monitoring ERG as a functional index for the retina, intravitreal injection of 4mg TA showed no significant ERG changes. At doses of 8, 16 and 32, hyper-abnormal responses in a- and b- waves of ERG were detected on the 3rd post-injection day. These changes gradually returned back to normal limits after 17d. Histopathological examination of the retina of all animals showed no pathological changes.CONCLUSION: High doses of intravitreal TA seemed to have enhancing effects on the retinal function with gradual return to normal limits with no pathological changes detected in examined eyes.     

Efficacy and complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory cystoid macular edema associated with intraocular inflammation

Purpose  To assess the effects and complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for posterior sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (PSTA)-resistant cystoid macular edema (CME) with intraocular inflammation. Methods  Medical records of eight eyes of six patients with PSTA-resistant CME were retrospectively examined. Each eye received a 4-mg IVTA, and an additional injection was performed when CME recurred. Visual acuity as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP), and central macular thickness (CMT) were assessed before and after each treatment. Results  CME improved in six eyes (75%) with mean visual acuity recovering from 0.56 ± 0.29 to 0.41 ± 0.195 (logMAR, P = 0.13) and mean CMT decreasing from 470 μm (range, 275–660 μm) to 297 μm (range, 150–697 μm) (P = 0.04) 2 months after the initial IVTA. CME recurred an average of 9 months (range, 5–11 months) after IVTA. A higher dose (16-mg) IVTA was effective for two eyes refractory to repeated 4-mg IVTA. IOP was elevated in two eyes (25%), of which one required filtration surgery (12.5%). In phakic eyes, cataracts progressed and necessitated surgery. Conclusions  IVTA is effective for PSTA-resistant CME with intraocular inflammation, and its efficacy might be dose dependent.