The Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Bupleurum chinense DC.

从北柴胡（ＢｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅＤＣ．）根的乙醇提取液中分离得到五个化合物，经理化性质及波谱解析分别鉴定为水仙甙（１）、腺苷（２），尿苷（３）、ａ菠甾醇葡萄糖甙（４）及木糖醇（５）。均为首次从北柴胡中分离得到。     

柴胡皂甙和甘草甜素抑制Na＋，K＋－ATP酶活性的构效关系

研究在离体条件下各种单体柴胡皂甙和甘草甜素抑制Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶活性的构效关系。实验结果表明，各种柴胡皂甙抑制Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶活性的作用强度依次为：ｂ１＞ｄ＞ｂ２＞ｂ４＞ａ＞ｂ３＞ｅ＞ｃ。柴胡皂甙化学结构中的Ｃ２３ＯＨ，Ｃ１６ＯＨ及Ｃ１１和Ｃ１３的共轭双烯可能对其抑制活性起重要作用。甘草甜素（ＧＬ），甘草次酸（ＧＡ）和生胃酮（１８β甘草次酸半琥珀酸双钠盐，ＣＸ）抑制Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶活性的作用强度依次为ＧＡ≥ＣＸ＞ＧＬ。研究还证明，柴胡皂甙ｄ对Ｎａ＋，Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶的抑制为非竟争性抑制     

柴胡的药理作用及临床应用

柴胡又名北柴胡、黑柴胡、竹叶柴胡。为伞形科植物柴胡（北柴胡、硬柴胡）和狭叶柴胡（南柴胡、软柴胡）的根。主产于河北、湖北及黑龙江等地。春秋采挖,晒干,切短节。生用、酒炒或醋炒。     

HPLC测定柴胡、春柴胡中柴胡皂苷a、d的含量

目的：测定市售柴胡、春柴胡柴胡皂苷a、d的含量。方法：采用HPLC法,使用C18柱,乙腈一水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为210nm,流速1．0ml·min-1,柱温35℃。结果：柴胡皂苷a．d的线性范围分别为0．19-12．13μg（r=0．9999）,0．26～16．52μg（r=0．9999）,回收率分别为96．30％及98．23％。结论：商品柴胡的柴胡皂苷a、d含量差异悬殊,目前市场上作为春柴胡使用的南柴胡地上部分药用价值有待商榷。     

The Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Bupleurum chinense

从柴胡（ＢｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅＤＣ）的根部分离得到６个化合物，根据其性质及波谱特征鉴定为二十四烷酸（１），碳三十醇（２），α菠甾醇（３），柴胡色原酮（４），富马酸（５）和琥珀酸（６）。     

南柴胡化学成分的研究

从南柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.)根的乙醇提取物中分离得到7个化合物，根据波谱数据和理化性质鉴定为：柴胡皂甙元F（1），柴胡次皂甙F（2），3″－O－乙酰柴胡皂甙d(3),6″-O-乙酰柴胡皂甙d(4),4″-O-乙酰柴胡皂甙d(5),a″－菠甾醇（6），二十四碳酸（7）。均为首次从该植物中得到。     

柴胡酊剂物理降温的疗效观察

柴胡主要化学成份为柴胡皂苷（ｓｋａｉｋｏｓｉｄｅａ、ｂ、ｃ、ｄ四种）、甾醇（ａｓｐｉｎａｓｔａｒｏｌ）、福寿草醇（ａｄｏｎｉｔｏｌ）、微量挥发油。紫胡皂苷能溶于乙醇。有报道,紫苏乙醇浸剂用于物理降温取得很好的疗效,紫苏和柴胡同属解表药,但未见柴胡酊...     

南柴胡中的新皂甙

从南柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd）中分离出一个新柴胡皂甙。通过波谱分析，其结构定为3β,16α,23,28,30－五羟基－齐墩果烷－11，13（18）－二烯－3－O－β-D-吡喃葡萄糖－（1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖－（1→3)-β－D－吡喃呋糖甙，命名为柴胡皂甙r。     

北柴胡及春柴胡挥发油的解热作用比较

目的：通过解热作用比较北柴胡及春柴胡挥发油的差异。方法：采用干酵母所致大鼠发热模型及内毒素所致家兔发热模型，观察北柴胡及春柴胡的解热作用。结果：北柴胡及春柴胡均可降低干酵母所致大鼠体温升高和降低内毒素所致家兔体温升高，与模型组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：北柴胡及春柴胡均具有良好的解热作用，提示春柴胡在临床上可以替换北柴胡。     

RP—HPLC测定柴胡滴丸中柴胡皂苷a、d的含量

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP—HPLC）对柴胡滴丸中柴胡皂苷a、d含量进行测定。方法色谱柱为Agilent EclipseXDB-C18（4．6mm×250mm。5μm）,以乙腈和水为流动相,采用梯度洗脱,检测波长为210nm。结果柴胡皂苷a在0．49～7．84μg（R=1）范围内、柴胡皂苷d在0．0778～1．2448μg（R=1）范围内,浓度与峰面积呈良好线性关系,方法平均回收率分别为98．7％（RSD=1．5％）、99．2％（RSD=1．6％）。结论该方法对柴胡滴丸中柴胡皂苷a、d含量的测定简便易行,结果准确可靠,适用于对柴胡滴丸进行质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.