大蒜素对脓毒症大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用

目的 研究大蒜素对脓毒症大鼠肠黏膜屏障功能的保护作用,并初步探讨其机制.方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机(随机数字法)分为假手术组、脓毒症模型组、大蒜素治疗组,每组8只.脓毒症模型采用盲肠结扎穿孔(cecum ligation and punctue,CLP),6h及12 h后用大蒜素(30 mg/kg,ip)干预,假手术组及模型组于同时间点给予等量生理盐水.24 h后处死大鼠检测血清D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)活性、荧光异硫氰酸盐葡聚糖(fluorescence isothiocyanate dextran,FITC-Dextran,FD-40)水平;检测肠组织肿瘤坏死因子[α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)活性,并取部分小肠组织进行组织病理学分析.统计方法采用单因素方差分析.结果 与假手术组比较,CLP组大鼠血清D[乳酸、DAO活性及FD40水平明显升高[D-乳酸(nmol/mL):(599.4±101.1) vs.(149.2±20.63),t=11.84,P＜0.01;DAO (ng/mL):(302.1±64.56)vs.(76.57±14.76),t=9.433,P＜0.01;FD-40 (ng/mL):(6664.0±1437.0)vs.(1446.0±205.0),t=9.704,P＜0.01];病理切片示CLP组大鼠肠道形态学损伤明显;肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6、MDA水平明显升高[TNF-α (pg/mL):(186.35±20.43)vs.(58.76±8.94),t=17.23,P＜0.01;IL-6 (pg/mL):(763.25±85.23)vs.(125.36±14.37),t=22.54,P＜0.01;MDA(nmol/mg prot):(29.36±3.27)vs.(7.24 ±0.85),t=16.61,P＜0.01],SOD活性降低[SOD(U/mg prot):(35.75 ±6.53)vs.(73.26±8.35),t=10.57,P＜0.01].大蒜素显著减少脓毒症诱导的血清中D哥酸、DAO活性及FD-40的升高[D-乳酸(nmol/mL):(330.1±81.77)vs.(599.4±101.1),t=7.086,P＜0.01;DAO (ng/mL):(171.8±49.70)vs.(302.1±64.56),t=5.45,P＜0.01;FD-40(ng/mL):(3349.0±1 167.0)vs.(6664.0±1437.0),t=6.165,P＜0.01];病理切片显示大蒜素减轻肠道形态学损伤;大蒜素明显抑制肠组织中TNF-α、IL-6、MDA水平[TNF-α (pg/mL):(95.37±12.68)vs.(186.35±20.43),t=12.29,P＜0.01;IL-6 (pg/mL):(354.27±46.27)vs.(763.25 ±85.23),t=14.45,P＜0.01;MDA (nmol/mgprot):(16.27±3.14)vs.(29.36±3.27),t=9.831,P＜0.01],增加SOD活性[SOD (U/mg prot):(55.35±6.23)vs.(35.75±6.53),t=5.522,P＜0.01].结论 大蒜素对CLP诱导的肠黏膜屏障功能具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制炎症和氧化应激有关.     

严重腹腔感染大鼠组织Toll样受体2/4基因表达及其调节机制

目的 :研究腹腔感染后主要脏器 Toll样受体 (TL R) 2 / 4 m RNA表达的变化规律及组织分布特点 ,并对其诱生机制进行初步探讨。方法 :采用大鼠盲肠结扎穿孔 (CL P)造成严重脓毒症模型。动物分为正常对照组(10只 )、假手术组 (10只 )、CL P组 (6 0只 )及杀菌 /通透性增加蛋白 (BPI)治疗组 (2 0只 )。分别检测肝、肺、肾、小肠组织 TL R2 / 4 m RNA表达及血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和白介素 10 (IL 10 )水平。结果 :CL P后 2 h肝、肺、肾及小肠组织中 TL R2 / 4 m RNA表达开始增高 ,伤后 6～ 12 h各组织 TL R2 / 4 m RNA表达迅速达峰值。 TL R4 m RNA表达于伤后 2 4～ 4 8h开始下降 ,CL P后 72 h趋于伤前范围甚至阴性 ,而 TL R2 m RNA表达则持续增高至 72 h。早期给予 BPI治疗后 ,动物 12～ 2 4 h肝、肺、肾及小肠组织 TL R2 m RNA水平均显著降低(P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,同时 CL P后 12 h各组织 TL R4 m RNA表达亦不同程度下调 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1)。BPI治疗组伤后 12 h血浆 TNFα水平显著降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,恢复至伤前正常范围 ,但伤后 2 4 h血浆 IL 10水平显著升高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :严重腹腔感染可迅速上调体内多器官 TL R2 / 4的基因表达 ,诱导促炎细胞因子产生 ,TL Rs表达与内毒素的直接刺激作用密     

Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein inhibits endotoxin-induced high-mobility group box 1 protein gene expression in sepsis

We investigated in vivo the effect of recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) on high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) expression in sepsis and its potential mechanism. Using a sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal control group, sham-operated group, CLP group, and BPI treatment group. Animals were killed at designated time points, and blood and tissue samples from liver, lungs, kidneys, and small intestine were harvested to determine related variables. In addition, we observed the effect of treatment with rBPI21 on survival rate in septic rats. The results showed that endotoxin content and expression levels of HMGB1 and LPS binding protein/CD14 mRNA in various organs were significantly increased at 12 and 24 h after CLP, which can be attenuated by treatment with rBPI21 (P<0.05-0.01). Meanwhile, treatment with rBPI21 in septic rats can markedly reduce serum alanine aminotransferase, creatinine levels, and pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity at 12 and 24 h after CLP, increase diamine oxidase activity at both time points (P<0.05-0.01), and improve the 1- to 10-day survival rates in animals subjected to CLP (P=0.012). These findings suggest that treatment with rBPI21 can significantly reduce endotoxin contents and expression levels of HMGB1 and LPS binding protein/CD14 mRNA in various organs in sepsis induced by CLP, and can protect against multiple organ damage resulting from sepsis. The effect of rBPI21 inhibiting HMGB1 gene expression in sepsis might be associated with endotoxin-dependent mechanisms.     

内源性一氧化碳对感染性休克大鼠器官保护作用及机制研究

目的探讨内源性一氧化碳（CO）对感染性休克大鼠肺、肝组织的保护作用及其机制。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔术（CLP）复制感染性休克模型，按随机数字表法将96只大鼠分为假手术对照组、CLP组、CLP＋氯血红素（Hm）组和CLP＋锌原卟啉（ZnPP）组。各组分别在制模后2、4和6h测定出入肺血中碳氧血红蛋白（COHb）水平；肺、肝组织及血液中丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性；光镜下观察肺、肝组织形态学改变；免疫组化分析血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）在肺、肝组织中的蛋白表达和分布。结果与假手术对照组比较，CLP组大鼠不同时间点的出入肺血中COHb水平以及肺、肝组织和全血中MDA含量均显著增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），SOD活性显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；光镜下肺、肝组织损伤严重，HO-1蛋白表达增多。给予Hm后不同时间点，出、入肺血中的COHb水平均较CLP组进一步升高，肺、肝组织及全血中MDA含量均显著下降，SOD活性显著增高；光镜下肺、肝组织损伤明显缓解，HO-1蛋白表达进一步增多。结论感染性休克时内源性CO产生增多可能对肺、肝组织发挥了保护作用。     

丹参酮ⅡA对脓毒症急性肺损伤小鼠多糖包被的保护作用

目的探讨丹参酮ⅡA对脓毒症急性肺损伤小鼠多糖包被的作用及机制。方法将8周龄雄性昆明小鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(S组)、脓毒症组(CLP组)及丹参酮ⅡA治疗组(TSN组)。采用盲肠结扎穿孔法建立脓毒症模型;TSN组于术后3h和12h用丹参酮ⅡA(15mg/kg,腹腔内注射)干预,S组和CLP组于同时间点给予等量生理盐水。观察CLP组及TSN组术后7d生存率。于术后24h时收集BALF及肺组织,采用ELISA法测定BALF中炎症因子及多糖包被标志物水平;HE染色观察肺部病理变化;采用比色法检测肺组织MDA含量及SOD活性。结果与S组比较,CLP组BALF中TNF-α及IL-6水平升高(P<0.01),肺损伤评分增加(P<0.01),肺组织MDA含量增加、SOD活性下降(P<0.01),肺组织syndecan-1、heparin sulfate及thrombomodulin水平明显升高(P<0.01);与CLP组比较,TSN组7d生存率升高(P<0.05),BALF中TNF-α和IL-6水平降低(P<0.05),肺损伤评分下降(P<0.05),肺组织MDA含量下降(P<0.01),SOD活性增加(P<0.05),肺组织syndecan-1、heparin sulfate及thrombomodulin水平下降(P<0.01)。结论丹参酮ⅡA可减轻肺脏多糖包被损伤,其机制可能与抑制炎症反应及氧化应激有关。     

微RNA-155激动剂对脓毒症小鼠肝损伤时炎症应答的影响

目的探讨微RNA-155（miR-155）激动剂对脓毒症小鼠肝损伤时炎症应答的影响。 方法将80只雄性小鼠分成假手术组、脓毒症组、微RNA（miRNA）组及miR-155组,每组各20只。以盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）术制备脓毒症小鼠模型,假手术组除不结扎和穿刺盲肠外,其余手术步骤相同。建模成功后48 h,miRNA组、miR-155组小鼠分别经尾静脉注射miRNA、miR-155激动剂,假手术组和脓毒症组注射等量等渗NaCl溶液。每组取10只用于观察小鼠活动状态及术后7 d存活情况;每组另取10只于术后5 d采集外周血,检测并比较miR-155及丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平;采用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测血清白细胞介素10（IL-10）及肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平。 结果CLP术后7 d,miR-155组小鼠均死亡,脓毒症组和miRNA组仍有2只存活;而假手术组小鼠10只均存活。CLP术后5 d,4组小鼠间miR-155、ALT、IL-10及TNF-α水平比较,差异均有统计学意义（F = 46.536,P < 0.001;F = 39.194,P = 0.002;F = 39.228,P = 0.002;F = 83.400,P < 0.001）。进一步两两比较发现,脓毒症组、miRNA组及miR-155组小鼠的miR-155、ALT、IL-10及TNF-α水平均显著高于假手术组（P均< 0.05）,且与脓毒症组和miRNA组比较,miR-155组小鼠的miR-155、ALT及IL-10水平均较高,而TNF-α水平均较低（P均< 0.05）。 结论miR-155激动剂可提高IL-10水平,降低TNF-α水平,从而加重脓毒症小鼠的肝损伤。     

Propofol improves endothelial dysfunction and attenuates vascular superoxide production in septic rats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of propofol on vascular functions, plasma and endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO), vascular NO, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), as well as vascular production of superoxide anion (O2*-), in septic animals. DESIGN: Prospective, multiexperimental, randomized, controlled studies. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 350-400 g. INTERVENTIONS: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), with and without propofol (25 mg/kg/hr) infusion, after sham or CLP (24 hrs postsurgery). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Plasma NOx, basal aortic NOx, and cGMP concentrations all increased, whereas acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), contractile response, and EDNO all decreased in CLP vs. sham rats (p < .001). Acetylcholine stimulated aortic NOx and cGMP significantly in sham and CLP-propofol (p < .01) but not CLP rats. Thus, propofol ameliorated the CLP-induced increases in plasma NOx, basal aortic NOx, and cGMP. It restored the CLP-induced impairment of EDR, EDNO, and acetylcholine-stimulated aortic NOx and cGMP levels. More O2*- production (measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) was noted in carotid arteries from CLP vs. sham rats (p < .001). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH; 1 mM) stimulated O2*- production in all rings, with significantly more increase in CLP vs. sham (p < .001). Propofol attenuated the excessive increase in O2*- production of CLP rings. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol treatment attenuated the overproduction of NO and O2*-, thus restoring the acetylcholine-responsive NO-cGMP pathway in CLP-induced sepsis. It also significantly improved the CLP-impaired EDR and EDNO in a parallel manner. These beneficial effects of propofol could be accounted for by improvement of the disturbed NO/O2*- balance in sepsis.     

布托啡诺对感染性休克大鼠细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨布托啡诺对感染性休克大鼠的血流动力学指标及血清细胞因子的影响.方法 在武汉大学中南医院麻醉科实验室将健康雄性SD大鼠80只,随机(随机数字法)分为4组(n=20):假手术组(C组)、手术组(CLP组)、手术加布托啡诺组(CLP+B组)、假手术加布托啡诺组(B组).CLP组、CLP+B组分别注射生理盐水5 mL/kg和布托啡诺0.5 mg/kg后30 min采用盲肠结扎加穿孔法(CLP)制备感染性休克模型.C组、B组分别注射生理盐水5 ml/kg和布托啡诺0.5 mg/kg而不行CLP.每组取10只大鼠不采血,仅观察48 h死亡率.另10只分离右侧股动脉置管监测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),并于CLP后4、12、20 h经右侧股动脉采血1 mL,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)浓度.死亡率比较采用Fisher精确概率法,如果差异有统计学意义,则进一步采用bonferroni法进行多个样本率问的多重比较.结果 CLP组死亡率明显高于C组和CLP+B组(P＜0.05).CLP组MAP呈进行性下降,HR先快后慢,CLP+B组MAP下降幅度较小,HR波动小.CLP组和CLP+B组血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10水平高于其余各组(P＜0.05),且CIP组,TNF-α和IL-6水平高于CLP+B组(P＜0.05),IL-10水平低于CLP+B组(P＜0.05);B组各细胞因子水平与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 布托啡诺可以降低感染性休克大鼠死亡率,并通过降低血清促炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6,增加抗炎性细胞因子IL-10浓度对感染性休克大鼠血流动力学稳定方面起到保护作用,而对正常大鼠血流动力学指标及细胞因子无影响.     

Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on septic mice and its mechanism

Anticholinergics can have protective effects against septic shock. Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) is a novel anticholinergic agent exhibiting few cardiovascular side effects. This work explored the protective effects of PHC on septic mice and its mechanism. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham control, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), CLP/0.3 mg/kg PHC, and CLP/0.45 mg/kg PHC, with 10 mice in each. One hour before surgery, PHC-treated mice received an intraperitoneal injection of PHC and an equal volume of saline in the other two groups. Blood plasma and tissue samples were collected at 12 h after surgery. Serum TNF-alpha, histopathology, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and expression of iNOS in lung and hepatic tissues were examined. Another 40 mice were randomly assigned to four equal groups to observe survival status during 96 h after operation. Treatment of 0.45 mg/kg PHC markedly decreased TNF-alpha, MDA content, and iNOS mRNA expression, and enhanced SOD activity (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Treatment of 0.45 mg/kg PHC might have a protective effect against sepsis. Its action mechanisms are probably involved in the inhibition of inflammatory factor production and suppression of iNOS mRNA expression and lipidperoxidation.     

不同剂量右美托咪定对脓毒症大鼠早期免疫调节的影响

目的通过对盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）后的大鼠输注不同剂量右美托咪定来评估其免疫调节作用。方法48只盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）后的 Wistar 大鼠随机（随机数字法）分为四组：（1）盲肠结扎穿孔组（CLP 组）;（2）2.5μg／（kg·h）右美托咪定治疗组（DEX2.5组）;（3）5μg／（kg·h）右美托咪定治疗组（DEX5.0组）;（4）10μg／（kg·h）右美托咪定治疗组（DEX10.0组）。监测 CLP 术后1 h、3 h 及5 h 的 HLA-DR 及细胞因子：IL-4、IL-6、IL-10及 TNF-α变化,同时监测平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）,并计算24 h 病死率。结果右美托咪定治疗组（包括DEX2.5组,DEX5.0组,DEX10.0组）,各组间在 HLA-DR 水平、炎性介质水平、平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）均无明显变化。与 CLP 组比较,右美托咪定治疗组（包括 DEX2.5组, DEX5.0组,DEX10.0组）的 HLA-DR 水平降低（P ＝0.020）,促炎介质 IL-6水平在 CLP 术后3 h时明显增加（P ＝0.011）,随后5 h 时下降,HR 明显下降（P ＜0.01）的同时 MAP 无明显变化（P ＝0.124）。与 CLP 组比较,右美托咪定治疗组的病死率的显著减少,且与剂量成正相关;CLP组,DEX2.5组,DEX5.0组,DEX10.0组病死率分别为91.7％,66.7％,25.0％和18.0％。结论右美托咪定在 CLP 脓毒症大鼠中持续输注5 h 内即开始诱导免疫调节,输注同时使 HR 显著下降并维持 MAP 稳定。随着右美托咪定输注剂量的增加,CLP 脓毒症大鼠的生存率显著改善。     

氯胺酮对感染性休克大鼠保护作用的研究

目的　观察氯胺酮对感染性休克大鼠血流动力学、血浆肿瘤坏死因子α( TNFα)和白细胞介素 6 ( IL 6 )水平的影响 ,探讨其可能的抗休克机制。方法　取健康成年雄性 ( SD)大鼠 2 0只 ,采用盲肠结扎加穿孔 ( CL P)法复制败血症或感染性休克模型。随机分为假 CL P组、CL P组、氯胺酮 组和氯胺酮 组。假CL P和 CL P组术前 30 m in经股静脉持续输注生理盐水 5 ml· kg- 1· h- 1 ,氯胺酮 和氯胺酮 组分别输注氯胺酮 5 m g· kg- 1· h- 1和 10 m g· kg- 1· h- 1。经股动脉穿刺置管 ,持续监测平均动脉压 ( MAP)、心率 ( HR)及采集血样 ,应用酶联免疫吸附试验 ( EL ISA)检测血浆 TNFα和 IL 6水平。结果　 CL P组术后 MAP进行性下降 ,HR则先加快后减慢 ;血浆 TNFα和 IL 6水平明显升高。两种剂量的氯胺酮处理均能逆转 MAP和 HR下降 ,同时抑制血浆 TNFα和 IL 6水平升高 ,尤以氯胺酮 组作用更加明显。结论　氯胺酮对败血症或感染性休克大鼠具有明显的保护效应 ,其机制可能主要是拮抗促炎性细胞因子的产生     

Protective effects of rhizoma paridis total saponins on septic rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of rhizoma paridis total saponins and its mechanism on septic rats. METHODS: Septic model was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in Wistar rats. Rhizoma paridis total saponins was administered to observe its protective effects on septic rats. Blood was collected to determine serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta)levels at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after operation by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes of lung tissue were observed with light microscope at 72 hours after operation. The peritoneal macrophages (PMZ) in rats were isolated and the release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in PMZ after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 mug/L) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Mortality in the rhizoma paridis total saponins group was significantly lower than the CLP group (50.0% vs. 85.0%, P<0.05). The levels of TNF-alphaand IL-1beta in serum were significantly lower than those of the CLP group at the same time (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The degree of inflammatory injury to the lung was much milder than that in the CLP group. In the in vitro experiment, it was shown that rhizoma paridis total saponins in concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L could inhibit remarkably the release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta from LPS-stimulated PMZ of rats (all P<0.01). The differences in TNF-alpha levels among the groups showed no statistically significant difference(all P>0.05). The level of IL-1beta in 5 mg/L group was significantly higher than that of the 10 mg/L group (P<0.05), but showed no difference with those of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L groups (both P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Rhizoma paridis total saponins can protect the CLP rats by inhibiting the activation of rat PMPhi to release cytokines and ameliorating acute lung injury.     

卡巴胆碱对脓毒症大鼠内脏组织缺血引起脂质过氧化损伤的作用研究

目的 探讨卡巴胆碱(CAR)对脓毒症大鼠脏器组织灌流和脂质过氧化损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠64只,采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制备大鼠脓毒症模型.随机分为CAR处理组和CLP组,每组32只,术后即刻两组分别静脉注射CAR 10 μg/kg或等量生理盐水.每组16只用于观察12 h和24 h死亡率;其余16只于CLP后18 h测定平均动脉压(MAP)和肝、肾、空肠组织血流量;取血测定血浆丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和肌酐(Cr)水平;后处死动物,测定空肠组织二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性及肝、肾、空肠组织黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和组织含水量.结果 CAR组12 h和24 h死亡率分别为25.0%(4/16)和50.0%(8/16),显著低于CLP组[37.5%(6/16),75.0%(12/16),P均<0.05].CLP后18 h,两组MAP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CAR组肝、肾、空肠组织血流量均明显大于CLP组(P均<0.05),肾和空肠组织XOD活性、MDA含量及组织含水量显著低于CLP组(P均<0.05);脏器功能指标[ALT;(64.3±8.3)U/L,Cr:(96.4±7.0)μmol/L,DAO;(0.20±0.04)U/L]的改善程度也均显著优于CLP组EALT:(81.5±7.9)U/L,Cr:(117.1±6.7)μmol/L,DAO;(0.12±0.03)U/L,P均<0.053.结论 CAR能改善脓毒症大鼠内脏灌流、抑制氧自由基生成,减轻组织水肿和脏器功能损害.     

The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on apoptotic lung injury in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model

Apoptotic loss of parenchymal cells may lead to organ dysfunctions in critically ill patients with septic states. As an antioxidant, the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are documented in many experimental and clinical studies. In this experimental study, we investigated the role of chronically used NAC in septic lung injury on a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. To evaluate this, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as sham (n = 7), CLP (n = 8), sham + NAC (n = 7) and CLP + NAC (n = 8) groups. NAC was administered 150 mg kg(-1) day through intramuscular route beginning 6 h after the operations and lasting for a period of 1 week. One week later, histopathology and epithelial apoptosis were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically by M30 and caspase 3 staining to demonstrate septic lung injury. Additionally, lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrite/nitrate levels were measured. The MPO activity and MDA levels in lung homogenates were found to be increased in CLP group and the administration of NAC prevented their increase significantly (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences among the groups regarding nitrite/nitrate levels. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in CLP+NAC group than CLP group, and this finding was supported by M30 and caspase 3 expression in lung (P < 0.05). Lung histopathology was also protected by NAC in CLP-induced sepsis. In conclusion, the chronic use of NAC inhibited MPO activity and lipid peroxidation, which resulted in reduction of apoptosis in lung in this CLP model. Because lung tissue nitrite/nitrate levels did not change significantly, organs other than the lungs may be responsible for producing the increased nitric oxide during sepsis. The chronic use of NAC needs further investigation for its possible antiapoptotic potential in septic states besides its documented antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.     

持续静脉泵注利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠急性肺损伤及炎症反应的影响

目的探讨利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠肺损伤及炎症因子表达的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将60只雄性成年Sprague Dawley大鼠分为假手术组、盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）组、利多卡因组和乌司他丁组,每组各15只。假手术组大鼠打开腹腔后缝合,其他各组采用CLP法制备脓毒症模型。利多卡因组大鼠在给予10 mg/kg的负荷剂量后,以10 mg·kg^-1·h^-1的剂量通过尾静脉持续泵注利多卡因3h;乌司他丁组大鼠进行CLP的同时,以100 000 U·kg^-1·h^-1的剂量通过尾静脉持续泵注乌司他丁3 h;假手术组和CLP组用等量等渗NaCl溶液代替。于CLP后24 h处死大鼠,采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）及高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）表达水平;实时荧光定量PCR检测肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达水平;苏木素-伊红（HE）染色法观察各组大鼠肺组织病理变化。另取40只大鼠（每组10只）用于观察4组大鼠72 h死亡情况。 结果4组大鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6、HMGB1及HMGB1 mRNA表达水平比较,差异均有统计学意义（F = 189.886、237.952、175.999、179.491,P均< 0.001）。进一步两两比较发现,与假手术组比较,CLP组、利多卡因组和乌司他丁组血清TNF-α、IL-6、HMGB1及HMGB1 mRNA表达水平均显著升高（P均< 0.05）;与CLP组比较,利多卡因组和乌司他丁组血清TNF-α、IL-6、HMGB1及HMGB1 mRNA表达水平均显著降低（P均< 0.05）;与利多卡因组比较,乌司他丁组IL-6表达水平显著升高（P < 0.05）。HE染色结果显示,假手术组大鼠肺泡大小均匀、结构完整,肺泡上皮细胞形态正常;CLP组大鼠肺泡间隔增厚、间质充血水肿、炎症细胞浸润、肺泡塌陷;而利多卡因组和乌司他丁组病理学改变较CLP组均明显减轻,肺组织轻度水肿,肺泡及肺间质出现少量炎症。四组大鼠死亡构成比（0 /10、9/1、4/6、3/7）比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=17.500,P < 0.001）。CLP组、利多卡因组和乌司他丁组大鼠死亡构成比均较假手术组显著升高（P均<0.008）;利多卡因组和乌司他丁组大鼠死亡构成比均较CLP组显著降低（P均<0.008）;而利多卡因组和乌司他丁组大鼠死亡构成比比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.008）。 结论持续静脉泵注利多卡因可以有效降低脓毒症大鼠炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6及HMGB1的表达,抑制肺组织中HMGB1 mRNA表达量,减轻脓毒症对肺组织的损伤,有效提高动物存活率,其减轻脓毒症炎症反应及肺保护作用疗效与乌司他丁相似。     

高迁移率族蛋白B1表达水平与大鼠脓毒症严重程度及预后关系的实验研究

目的探讨高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）与脓毒症严重程度及预后间的关系，寻找致死性脓毒症的可靠监测及治疗指标。方法90只SPF级雄性SD大鼠（体重250～300g）被随机分为假手术组（A组）、盲肠结扎穿孔术（CLP）组（B组）及丙酮酸乙酯（EP）治疗组（C组），每组30只，分别施以假手术（A组）或CLP（B组和C组）。术后立即腹腔注射生理盐水（Ns）2ml（A组和B组）或EP2ml（130mg／kg，C组），12h重复1次。以术后0、6、12、24、48和72h为观察点，观察各组大鼠术后活动、进食、竖毛、腹泻、眼球凹陷、呼吸等情况；活杀并观察腹腔肠管扩张、充血、腹水、病灶包裹、肺表面充血等情况。另取20只大鼠以B、C两组同样的模型及处理方式观察生存时间。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）技术检测肝组织HMGBl mRNA表达水平，酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血浆白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平；绘制各组生存曲线，并进行相关分析。结果B组大鼠术后脓毒症表现最强，C组明显减轻。而A组没有相关表现或表现轻微。B组血浆IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平于术后6h显著升高，至12h已明显下降；而C组上升的幅度明显低于B组，但明显高于A组。B组肝脏HMGBl mRNA表达水平在12h开始升高，24h达高峰，并维持至48h后开始下降，且HMGBl表达水平与IL-6水平呈正相关（r=0．91）。C组生存时间较B组明显延长（P〈0．01），HMGBl表达水平与脓毒症严重程度及动物生存率显著相关。结论脓毒症晚期释放的HMGBl是脓毒症致死效应的关键炎症介质，其表达水平与实验动物的脓毒症严重程度及预后高度相关。     

脓毒症大鼠有核细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ活性与白细胞介素-6的关系

目的 观察脓毒症时有核细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR7)活性、血浆促炎介质白细胞介索-6(IL-6)的变化,探讨两者的关系.方法 按随机数字表法将90只SD大鼠分为正常对照组、假手术组、脓毒症组,每组再分为术后12、24、48 h 3个亚组,每组10只.采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制作大鼠脓毒症模型,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定有核细胞PPAR7活性及血浆IL-6水平.结果 脓毒症组术后12、24、48 h有核细胞PPART活性(A值:0.279±60.004、0.264±0.009、0.245±0.012)较正常对照组(0.292±0.007、0.293±0.004、0.293±0.005)和假手术组(0.295±0.008、0.295±0.006、0.294±0.007)明显下降,而血浆IL-6水平(ng/L:365.25±15.53、507.16±20.86、437.89±25.09)较正常对照组(43.54±11.10、48.82±10.62、42.96±9.52)和假手术组(42.43±6.77、40.32±6.48、44.10±9.36)明显升高(均P＜0.05);且脓毒症组随病情加重PPARγ活性逐渐下降,IL-6于24 h达高峰后下降,组内各时间点间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).脓毒症大鼠12 h时有核细胞PPARγ活性与血浆IL-6水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.703,P=0.023).结论 脓毒症有核细胞PPARγ活性下降,血浆促炎介质IL-6升高,且两者呈负相关.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the relationship between activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in nucleated cell and level of pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma of rats with sepsis. Methods According to the random number table, 90 male Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely control group, sham operation group and sepsis group.Each group was further divided into three subgroups according to postoperative time points, i.e. 12, 24 and 48-hour subgroups. Each subgroup consisted of 10 rats. Sepsis was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The PPARγ activity in nucleated cells and IL-6 level in plasma were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The PPARγ activity in nucleated cells was significantly decreased at 12, 24 and 48 hours in sepsis group (A value: 0. 279±0. 004, 0. 264±0. 009, 0. 245±0. 012) compared with control group (0. 292 ± 0. 007, 0.293 ±0.004, 0.293 ±0.005) and sham operation group (0. 295 ±0.008, 0.295 ±0.006, 0. 294 ± 0. 007), while the IL-6 level was significantly increased in sepsis group (ng/L; 365. 25 ±15. 53, 507.16 ±20. 86, 437. 89 ±25.09) compared with control group (43. 54 ± 11.10,48. 82±10. 62, 42. 96±9. 52) and sham operation group (42. 43±6. 77, 40. 32±6. 48, 44.10±9. 36, all P＜0. 05). When septic condition became worse, the PPARγ activity in nucleated cells of sepsis group lowered,and IL-6 level was gradually elevated after operation, reaching the peak at 24 hours, and then gradually lowered, and the difference of the value between any two time points was all statistically significant (all P＜0. 05). There was a negative correlation between the PPARγ activity in nucleated cells and IL-6 level in 12-hour subgroup of sepsis group (r=-0. 703, P=0. 023). Conclusion In septic rats, the PPARγ activity in nucleated cells was lowered while the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-6 level in plasma elevated, and there was a negative correlation between PPARγ activity and IL-6 level.     

miR-155对脓毒症急性肺损伤肺泡巨噬细胞IL-6、IL-10及MIP-2的影响

目的探讨微小核糖核酸155（miR-155）对脓毒症急性肺损伤（ALI）肺泡巨噬细胞白介素（IL）-6、IL-10及巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2（MIP-2）的影响。 方法健康清洁C57BL/6雄性小鼠（6~8周,18~20 g）15只,随机分为对照组、脓毒症组和miR-155 antagomir 3组,每组5只,其中miR-155 antagomir组小鼠中将miR-155 antagomir试剂经尾静脉注射,对照组和脓毒症组小鼠注射等量0.9%NaCl,观察24 h后,脓毒症组和miR-155 antagomir组采用盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）法制备脓毒症ALI动物模型,对照组仅翻动盲肠进行对照,观察3组小鼠生命体征变化,模型制备6 h后,3组小鼠均取左肺下叶行苏木精-伊红（HE）方法进行染色,在光镜下观察肺病理形态变化,取右肺下叶检测干湿重比,应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血浆IL-6、IL-10、MIP-2浓度。 结果HE染色结果表明：脓毒症组和miR-155 antagomir组小鼠肺内均出现肺泡结构破坏、炎症细胞浸润、间质增厚、出血,miR-155 antagomir组肺组织炎性表现较脓毒症组显著减轻。3组干湿重比结果显示：脓毒症组干湿重比［（0.16±0.01）%］明显低于对照组［（0.22±0.01）%］和miR-155 antagomir组［（0.19±0.01）%］,miR-155 antagomir组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。ELISA结果显示：脓毒症组的血浆IL-6浓度［（171.35±10.41）pg/ml］、MIP-2浓度［（299.71±19.82）pg/ml］显著高于对照组［（125.74±4.41）pg/ml;（214.00±14.93）pg/ml］和miR-155 antagomir组［（144.41±6.29）pg/ml;（270.38±11.96）pg/ml］,IL-10浓度［（283.58±19.90 ）pg/ml］显著低于对照组［（370.27±15.41）pg/ml］和miR-155 antagomir组［（333.30±16.49）pg/ml］,miR-155 antagomir组的血浆IL-6、MIP-2浓度高于对照组,IL-10浓度明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论脓毒症ALI时miR-155过度表达,过度表达的miR-155能促进肺泡巨噬细胞释放大量促炎因子而抑制抗炎因子的表达,引起促炎因子及抗炎因子失衡,发生不可控炎症反应,而miR-155 antagomir能够拮抗miR-155的表达,抑制肺泡巨噬细胞释放促炎因子IL-6及趋化因子MIP-2,上调抗炎因子IL-10的表达,进一步抑制中性粒细胞及肺泡巨噬细胞聚集,防止产生更多的炎症介质,有效控制肺部炎症反应的发生,对肺起到一定的保护作用。     

脓毒症大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能的变化

目的 研究脓毒症对大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能的影响.方法 60只SD大鼠随机(随机数字法)分为对照组(n=15)和脓毒症组(n=45),采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)建立脓毒症模型.模型建立后3 h、6 h和12 h留取回肠黏膜和全血标本.分别进行肠黏膜形态学观察、肠防御素5(RD-5)及肠三叶因子3(TFF_3)Mrna表达水平检测、肠黏膜淋巴细胞凋亡分析,以及外周血中肠源性细菌DNA定性检测.结果 CLP所致脓毒症导致大鼠回肠黏膜明显损害,主要表现为上皮脱落、固有层分离、毛细血管出血和溃疡形成;脓毒症组模型建立后3 h即出现RD-5和TFF_3 Mrna表达显著性减少(与正常组比较,P<0.05),且6 h和12 h组进行下降(与3 h组比较,P<0.05),肠黏膜淋巴细胞凋亡数亦显著增加(P<0.05);同时,脓毒症组全血肠源性细菌DNA扩增全部阳性.结论 脓毒症时大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能显著减退,且随脓毒症的发展而进行性恶化.     

JAK/STAT通路介导脓毒症大鼠肝组织高迁移率族蛋白B1 mRNA表达的研究

目的：探讨Janusk激酶／信号转导和转录激活子（JAK／STAT）通路对盲肠结扎穿孔术（CLP）所致脓毒症大鼠肝组织高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）mRNA表达和急性肝损害的影响。方法：采用CLP模型，大鼠随机分为正常对照组、CLP脓毒症组、JAK2激酶抑制剂AG490和STAT抑制剂雷帕霉素（RPM）处理组。采用逆转录多聚酶链式反应测定肝HMGB1 mRNA，全自动生化分析仪测定肝功能指标。结果：与正常对照组相比，CLP后6－48h HMGB1 mRNA表达显著升高（P＜0．01）；血清天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）在6－48h增高明显（P＜0．05），丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、AST在24h升高非常显著（P＜0．01）。与CLP组相比，AG490预处理组24h HMGB1 mRNA和ALT水平显著下降（P均＜0．01），24h和48h AST亦明显降低（P均＜0．01）；同样，RPM干预后HMGB1 mRNA表达在6h 和24h显著抑制（P＜0．05和P＜0．01），ALT、AST在24h和48h均不同程度下降（P＜0．01和P＜0．05）。结论：抑制JAK／STAT通路活化可明显下调肝组织HMGB1 mRNA表达，并有助于减轻CLP所致急性肝损伤。