急性脑血管病神经元特异性烯醇化酶的测定及其临床意义

目的　探讨急性脑血管病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)浓度的变化及其临床意义。方法　应用酶联免疫分析法测定 5 0例急性脑血管病患者和 2 0例正常人血清NSE浓度。病例组包括脑出血2 0例、脑梗死 2 0例、蛛网膜下腔出血 10例。应用直线相关分析方法分析NSE浓度与病灶大小、病情严重程度以及预后的关系。结果　对照组的NSE浓度为 6 .14± 4 .39μg/L。脑出血组NSE浓度为36 .30± 2 4 .5 9μg/L ;脑梗死组NSE浓度为34.95± 2 2 .88μg/L ;蛛网膜下腔出血组NSE浓度为33.4 8± 10 .79μg/L。病例组与对照组之间存在明显的统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,患者组之间无明显统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。NSE浓度与病变的大小、病情严重程度 (GCS评分 )和预后 (GOS评分 )之间存在相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　急性脑血管病患者血清NSE浓度明显增高 ,NSE浓度的高低不仅为神经元损伤程度提供定量信息 ,而且也是判断病情、评估预后的重要参数。     

神经元特异性烯醇化酶在急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病的变化及意义

目的:探讨急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病(DEACMP)患者是否合并脑神经元的损伤。方法:45例DEACMP患者按病情轻重分为三组,应用酶联免疫分析法测定他们血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)浓度并和20例对照组比较。应用单因素方差分析方法分析NSE浓度与病情严重程度以及预后的关系。结果:对照组血清NSE浓度为7.205±1.595μg/l。观察组血清和CSF NSE浓度分别为10.678±2.065μg/l、12.869±2.507μg/l、17.907±3.910μg/l。观察组和对照组之间存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:DEACMP患者血清NSE浓度明显增高,NSE浓度的高低不仅可作为脑神经元损伤的量化指标,而且也是判断病情、估计预后的重要参数。     

急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病神经元特异性烯醇化酶的测定和意义

目的　探讨急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病 (DEACMP)患者脑神经元的损伤。方法　应用酶联免疫分析法测定 4 0例DEACMP患者和 30例对照组血清及脑脊液 (CSF)神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)浓度。应用直线相关分析方法分析NSE浓度与病情严重程度以及预后的关系。结果　对照组血清和CSFNSE浓度分别为 (8.0 1± 6 .78)ug/L和 (6 .74± 5 .31)ug/L。观察组血清和CSFNSE浓度分别为 (15 .2 1± 6 .78)ug/L和 (13.6 1± 5 .2 7)ug/L。观察组与对照组之间存在明显的统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1)。NSE浓度与病情严重程度及预后之间存在相关性。结论　DEACMP患者血清及CSFNSE浓度明显增高 ,NSE浓度的高低可作为脑神经元损伤的量化指标 ,也可能是判断病情、估计预后的重要参数。     

神经元特异性烯醇化酶在急性脑梗死治疗中的临床价值

目的　探讨急性脑梗死患者血清神经元烯醇化酶 (NSE)对梗死灶大小和临床预后的评估价值。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)检测 62例急性脑梗死患者第 1、 3、 7d血清NSE水平 ,并分析与梗死灶大小及临床预后的关系。结果　急性脑梗死患者血清NSE浓度在起病第 1、 3d显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,第 3d达峰值 ,且与梗死灶大小及临床预后有显著相关性。结论　血清NSE变化对准确反映脑梗死患者的严重程度及预后的评估有重要价值。     

急性脑血管病患者血清NSE测定及其临床意义

目的 :评价脑血管病患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)水平及其临床意义。方法 :用ELISA法对 38例脑梗死及 13例脑出血患者发病后 1、2、3、15d和 2 7例正常对照血清NSE水平进行检测 ,并与脑损害大小及 1个月后ADL评分进行相关分析。结果 :脑血管病患者血清NSE水平明显高于正常对照 ,脑梗死患者血清NSE均值、峰值水平与梗死体积的相关系数分别为 0 77、0 81(P <0 0 1) ,两者与ADL的相关系数分别为 -0 35 (P <0 0 5 )、-0 37(P <0 0 5 ) ;脑出血患者则无此相关性。结论 :血清NSE可以反映脑梗死程度及其近期预后 ,动态检测可以指导重症脑血管病的治疗     

脑出血后铁调素对患者铁代谢及神经功能的影响观察

目的观察脑出血后铁调素对患者铁代谢及神经功能的影响。方法以69例高血压脑出血患者为观察组,以于我院行健康体检的69例健康者为对照组。检测2组对象的血清铁调素水平,检测观察组患者血清铁蛋白水平及神经功能指标[血清100β蛋白和血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)],并参照改良Ranks’量表(mRS)评估观察组患者预后。根据检测结果,对比分析2组对象的血清铁调素和血清铁蛋白水平;并将观察组69例患者分为I组(Hep20μg/L),II组(Hep于20~30μg/L),III组(Hep≥30μg/L),对比观察3个亚组患者的神经功能指标水平及预后情况。结果观察组患者的平均血清铁调素、铁蛋白水平均高于对照组(P0.05)。在平均血清S100B蛋白和NSE指标值上,III组II组I组(P0.05)。在预后良好率上,I组II组III组(P0.05)。结论脑出血后患者铁调素水平显著升高,引起铁代谢失衡,且其升高趋势与患者神经功能缺损的严重程度及预后不良程度一致。     

维生素D 与急性大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死的关系

目的 探讨血清维生素D与急性大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死的关系及其对病情严重程度、近期神经功能改善程度的影响.方法 选择2014年6月~2016年5月就诊包头市第四医院神经内科发病在24 h内的大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死患者100例为试验组,所有患者入院当天、治疗第14天采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分;选择同期门诊健康体检者60人为对照组,比较两组患者血维生素D水平;根据入院时NIHSS评分将试验组患者分为重度、中度和轻度神经功能缺损组,根据血清维生素D水平将试验组患者再次分为维生素D充足组、不足组和缺乏组;进一步分析入院时血清维生素D水平与病情严重程度及近期神经功能改善程度的关系.结果 (1)试验组血清维生素D水平明显低于对照组[(13.97±1.32)μg/L比(21.62±0.89)μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P=0.018);(2)重度神经功能缺损组维生素D水平明显低于中度组[(9.21±0.73)μg/L比(12.24±1.02)μg/L]和轻度组[(15.01±0.98)μg/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);相关性分析显示血清维生素D与NIHSS评分呈负相关(r=-1.892,P=0.046);(3)治疗14 d维生素D充足组神经功能改善程度(ΔNIHSS)明显高于维生素D不足组和维生素D缺乏组(F=5.47,P=0.01).结论 维生素D水平在大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死中明显降低,病情越重,水平越低,并且与近期神经功能改善程度密切相关.     

脑卒中患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶动态变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在脑卒中的诊断、观察病情变化和判断预后的价值。方法 采用放射免疫法(RIA)动态检测77例脑卒中患者(脑出血36例、脑梗死41例)的血清NSE。结果 脑梗死和脑出血组血清NSE水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01),发病后48小时内即有升高,第3～4天达到高峰,随后逐渐降低,至28天左右接近正常;发病后各时点脑梗死和脑出血组血清NSE无显著差异(P>0.05);急性期(发病1周内)血清NSE浓度与临床神经功能缺损程度、出血量、梗死灶体积呈正相关(分别P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.005),与出院时日常生活活动能力(ADL)无相关性(P>0.05)。结论 NSE可作为脑卒中早期诊断、判断病情严重程度的指标之一,但对鉴别诊断及预后的判断无意义。     

急性脑卒中患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶、S-100B蛋白、髓鞘碱性蛋白水平的变化

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100B蛋白、髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)水平变化及其临床意义。方法回顾性对照分析发病在48 h内的45例急性脑卒中患者(其中脑梗死组19例,脑出血组15例,短暂性脑缺血发作组11例)血清NSE、S-100B蛋白、MBP水平变化及其与脑梗死、脑出血患者神经功能缺损程度的相关性。结果脑梗死组和脑出血组患者血清NSE、S-100B蛋白、MBP水平均较对照组有不同程度增高(P<0.05),而短暂性脑缺血发作组与正常对照组比较均无明显变化。脑梗死组和脑出血组患者中神经功能缺损较重的中重型亚组患者血清NSE、S-100B蛋白、MBP水平较轻型亚组水平高(P<0.05)。结论血清NSE、S-100B蛋白、MBP水平可作为急性脑卒中患者病情判断、预后评估的指标之一,对早期脑梗死与短暂性脑缺血发作也有鉴别诊断价值,尤其适用于无法进行影像学检查的脑卒中患者。     

脑出血急性期神经元特异性烯醇化酶的变化及临床研究

目的　探讨脑出血急性期血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)浓度变化及其与神经功能缺损和预后之间的关系。方法　用酶联免疫分析法分析测定 4 0例脑出血患者和 2 0例健康人血清 NSE浓度。神经功能缺损评定按 SSS标准 ,出血量以入院时 CT结果计算。结果　脑出血患者血清 NSE浓度明显高于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与出血量呈明显正相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与神经功能缺损程度呈正相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与预后呈负相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　脑出血急性期检测血清 NSE浓度 ,有助于判断神经功能缺损程度及预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.