Patients’ positive identification systems

Background

Blood safety must be maintained throughout the whole transfusion chain to prevent the transfusion of incorrect blood components. The estimated risk of an incorrect transfusion is in the order of 1 per 10,000 units of blood. Although several kinds of errors contribute to “wrong blood” events, 70% of errors occur in clinical areas with the most common being due to failure of the pre-transfusion bedside checking procedure.

Materials and Methods

Several methods are available to reduce such errors. The I-TRAC Plus system by Immucor consists of an identification bracelet which is a bar-coded wristband and a handheld portable computer that identifies patients and blood bags by a scanner and prints the information through a portable printer. The labels attached on the blood order forms and on the sample tubes are read and recorded in the blood bank’s informatics system (EmoNet INSIEL). Labels showing the bar-code of the assigned number, which includes the ID number of the patient, the ID number of the unit and a code identifying the kind of product and use (allogeneic or autologous), are generated and applied to the blood components. The transfusions are administered after checking the unit and the patient’s wristband using the scanner of a portable PC.

Results

In 5 years a total of 71,400 units of blood components were transfused to 15,430 patients using the I-TRAC Plus system. The system prevented 12 cases of mis-identification of patients (5 in 2003, 0 in 2004, 1 in 2005, 1 in 2006 and 5 in 2007).

Conclusions

In 2003 we introduced the use of a bar-code matching system between a patient’s wristband and the blood bag to avoid mistakes at the bedside. In 5 years the system provided benefits by avoiding errors in the identification of patients, thus preventing “wrong blood” transfusions.     

What Do Patients Want?

PURPOSE: Clinicians often make decisions for their patients, despite evidence that suggests that correspondence between patient and clinician decision making is poor. The management of colorectal cancer presents difficult decisions because the impact of treatment on quality of life might overshadow its survival efficacy. This study investigated whether patients are able to trade survival for quality of life as a means to express their preference for treatment options and to compare their preferences with those expressed by clinicians. METHODS: Patients undergoing curative surgery for colorectal cancer were interviewed postoperatively to elicit their preferences in four hypothetical treatment scenarios. A questionnaire was mailed to all Australian colorectal surgeons and medical oncologists that asked them to respond as if they themselves were patients. RESULTS: One hundred patients (91 percent), 43 colorectal surgeons (77 percent), and 103 medical oncologists (50 percent) participated. In all four scenarios, patients were able to trade survival for quality of life. Patients' responses varied between scenarios, both in willingness to trade and the average amount traded. There were significant differences between patients and clinicians. Clinicians were more willing than patients to trade survival to avoid a permanent colostomy in favor of chemoradiotherapy. Patients' strongest preference was to avoid chemotherapy, more than to avoid a permanent colostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients are able to trade survival as a measure of preference for quality of life and can do so differentially between treatment scenarios. Patients' preferences do not always accord with those of clinicians. Unless patients' preferences are explicitly sought and incorporated into clinical decision making, patients may not receive the treatment that is best for them.     

Crohn’s Disease: Presentation and Severity Compared Between Black Patients and White Patients

PURPOSE Common belief based on clinical experience suggests that Crohn’s disease is more severe among black patients, although little data exists on the effect of race on Crohn’s disease. We compared multiple variables among black patients with Crohn’s disease requiring surgery to those of white patients presenting to a university colorectal surgery unit during a five-year period.METHODS A total of 345 patients required surgery for Crohn’s disease between June 1998 and September 2003. The following data were abstracted from patient charts and a prospectively maintained database: age at diagnosis; age at first Crohn’s disease surgery; presenting symptoms; incidence, number and location of fistulas at presentation; number of Crohn’s disease operations; and family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Data regarding medical insurance coverage also were obtained. Complete data were evaluable on 178 patients. Patient variables were analyzed using the chi-squared, Fisher exact, and Student t-tests.RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 28 years for white males, 20 years for black males, 30 years for white females, and 28 years for black females (all p > 0.05). Thirty-seven percent of white females presented with obstructive symptoms vs. 12 percent of black females. (P = 0.011). Sixty-five percent of black females presented with inflammatory symptoms compared with 28 percent of white females (P = 0.001). Of females presenting with fistulas, 15 percent of black patients had a rectovaginal fistula compared with 5 percent of white patients. Seventeen percent of black males and 21 percent of white males had intra-abdominal fistulas. None of these differences were statistically significant. The incidence of fistulas at presentation, mean number of fistulas, total number of operations, and family history of inflammatory bowel disease did not differ.CONCLUSIONS Contrary to expectations, Crohn’s disease does not seem to be more severe among black patients, who had an earlier age of diagnosis, although this was not statistically significant. Overall, there was no difference in disease presentation. White females were more likely to present with obstructive symptoms compared with black females, who more often presented with inflammatory symptoms. Among patients with fistulas, the incidence of rectovaginal fistulas was higher in black females compared with white females, and white males were somewhat more likely to have intra-abdominal fistulas than black males. Although there was no demonstrated difference in incidence and mean number of fistulas at presentation, the number of operations for Crohn’s disease, or family history of inflammatory bowel disease among blacks and whites, there are differences in presenting symptoms among these populations.Presented at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Dallas, Texas, May 8 to 13, 2004.Reprints are not available.     

Is Patients’ Preferred Involvement in Health Decisions Related to Outcomes for Patients with HIV?

BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that patients who are more involved in their medical care have better outcomes. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare health care processes and outcomes for patients with HIV based on their preferred level of involvement in health decisions. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of audio computer-assisted interviews with patients at an urban HIV clinic. PATIENTS One thousand and twenty-seven patients awaiting an appointment with their primary care provider. MEASURES Patients were asked how they preferred to be involved in decisions (doctor makes most or all decisions, doctor and patient share decisions, patient makes all decisions). We also asked patients to rate the quality of communication with their HIV provider, and their self-reported receipt of and adherence to HAART. RESULTS Overall, 23% patients preferred that their doctor make all or most decisions, 63% preferred to share decisions with their doctor, and 13% preferred to make all final decisions alone. Compared to patients who prefer to share decisions with their HIV provider, patients who prefer that their provider make all/most decisions were significantly less likely to adhere to HAART (OR [odds ratio] 0.57, 95% CI 0.38–0.86) and patients who preferred to make decisions alone were significantly less likely to receive HAART or to have undetectable HIV RNA in unadjusted analyses (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31–0.87 for receipt of HAART; OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44–0.95 for undetectable HIV RNA). After controlling for potentially confounding patient characteristics and differences in patient ratings of communication quality, patients who preferred that their provider make all/most decisions remained significantly less likely to adhere to HAART (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.89); however, the associations with receipt of HAART and undetectable HIV RNA were no longer significant (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.34–1.05 for receipt of HAART; OR 0.80, 95% C.I 0.53–1.20 for undetectable HIV RNA). CONCLUSIONS Although previous research suggests that more patient involvement in health care decisions is better, this benefit may be reduced when the patient wants to make decisions alone. Future research should explore the extent to which this preference is modifiable so as to improve outcomes.     

How Well Do Doctors Know their Patients? Factors Affecting Physician Understanding of Patients’ Health Beliefs

BACKGROUND  

An important feature of patient-centered care is physician understanding of their patients’ health beliefs and values.     

Should Hypertensive Patients Take Vitamin D?

The prevalence of both hypertension and vitamin D deficiency is high. The discovery of the vitamin D receptor and its possible effects on components of the cardiovascular system influencing blood pressure, such as the renin angiotensin system, the heart, the kidney and the blood vessels, has generated the hope that vitamin D therapy could be a new target for the treatment for hypertensive patients. Cross-sectional studies have clearly shown an association between low levels of vitamin D and hypertension. This association is not as clear in longitudinal studies. Finally, evidence from randomized controlled trials specifically designed to test the hypothesis of a blood pressure lowering effect of vitamin D is weak. Therefore, there is actually not enough evidence to recommend giving vitamin D to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients.     

GFR in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major

Background and objectives

Patients with β-thalassemia major (TM) may have tubular dysfunction and glomerular dysfunction, primarily hyperfiltration, based on eGFR. Assessment of GFR based on serum creatinine concentration may overestimate GFR in these patients. This study sought to determine GFR by using inulin clearance and compare it with measured creatinine clearance (Ccr) and eGFR.

Design, setting, participants & measurements

Patients followed up in an Israeli thalassemia clinic who had been regularly transfused for years and treated with deferasirox were included in the study. They were studied by inulin clearance, Ccr, the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations for eGFR, and the Cockcroft–Gault estimation for Ccr. Expected creatinine excretion rate and tubular creatinine secretion rate were calculated.

Results

Nine white patients were studied. Results, given as medians, were as follows: serum creatinine was 0.59 mg/dl (below normal limits); GFR was low (76.6 ml/min per 1.73 m²) and reached the level of CKD; Ccr was 134.9 ml/min per 1.73 m², higher than the GFR because of a tubular creatinine secretion rate of 30.3 ml/min per 1.73 m² (this accounted for 40% of the Ccr); and eGFR calculated by the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations and Cockcroft–Gault–estimated Ccr were 133, 141, and 168 ml/min per 1.73 m², respectively. These latter values were significantly higher than the GFR, reaching the hyperfiltration range, and indicated that the estimation techniques were clinically unacceptable as a method for measuring kidney function compared with the GFR according to Bland and Altman analyses.

Conclusions

Contrary to previous reports, patients in this study with TM had normal or reduced GFR. The estimating methods showed erroneous overestimation of GFR and were clinically unacceptable for GFR measurements in patients with TM by Bland and Altman analysis. Therefore, more accurate methods should be used for early detection of reduced GFR and prevention of its further decline toward CKD in these patients.     

“Bridging” Therapy with Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Pregnant Patients and Patients with Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves

A substantial body of published, peer-reviewed, trial and cohort study-based evidence, institutional data sets and expert clinical experience/opinion supports the safe and effective use of enoxaparin for anticoagulation management of non-pregnant patients with prosthetic mechanical heart valves. A comparable body of data and trial results exists, also supported by a significant and authoritative base of expert opinion, for enoxaparin-based VTE prevention and treatment of at-risk pregnant patients who do not have mechanical heart valves. In pregnant women with prosthetic mechanical heart valves, no recommendations on the use of LMWHs can be made until the availability of more data (Lovenox Injection (package insert). Available at www.aventis-us.com/PIs/lovenox. Accessed July 30, 2003. Aventis Pharmaceuticals 2003).     

Do Patients Accept Implantable Atrial Defibrillation Therapy?

INTRODUCTION: The Medtronic Jewel AF 7250 is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator with atrial and ventricular therapies (ICD-AT). The ICD-AT is effective in managing atrial tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation [AF]), but patient acceptance remains an issue. This aim of this study was to measure ICD-AT acceptance. METHODS AND RESULTS: ICD-AT acceptance was evaluated in 96 patients enrolled in the "Jewel AF-AF-Only Study" for > or =3 months of follow-up (mean 19 months). Patients were mostly men (72%; age 65 +/- 12 years). Clinical data and a written survey (75% response rate) were used to quantify demographics, AF frequency and symptoms, atrial defibrillation therapy, quality of life (QOL), psychosocial distress, and ICD-AT therapy acceptance. From implant to survey, AF symptom and severity scores decreased by 18% (P < or = 0.05), and QOL (SF-36) scores increased by 15% to 50% (P < or = 0.05). ICD-AT therapy acceptance was high, with 71.3% of patients scoring in the 75th percentile on the Florida Patient Acceptance Survey. ICD-AT acceptance was correlated with the Physical Component Scale and Mental Health Component Scale scores of the SF-36 (r = 0.28 and 0.35, respectively). ICD-AT acceptance was negatively correlated with depressive symptomatology (r =-0.59), trait anxiety (r =-0.48), illness intrusiveness (r =-0.55), and AF symptom and severity scores (r =-0.26). ICD-AT acceptance did not correlate with preimplant cardioversions, number of atrial shocks, AF episodes detected by the device, or device implant duration. CONCLUSION: Most patients accepted ICD-AT therapy. Patients were more likely to accept ICD-AT if they had less psychosocial distress, greater QOL, and lower AF symptom burden.     

Subclinical Atherosclerosis In Young β-thalassemia Major Patients

Subclinical atherosclerosis in young β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients and its risk factors including dyslipidemia compared to type 1 diabetic patients were assessed. Ninety subjects were included and divided into three groups: group I comprised 30 β-TM patients with a mean age of 18.4 ± 6.18 years; group II comprised of 30 type 1 diabetic patients with a mean age of 19.23 ± 4.25 years, and 30 healthy subjects served as controls in group III. Fasting lipid profiles, hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis, serum ferritin and high resolution ultrasound for the measurement of carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT) were done. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, apoprotein A (ApoA), and CIMT were significantly elevated, while high density lipoproteins (HDL) were significantly lowered in thalassemic and diabetic patients compared to controls. In thalassemic patients, CIMT was positively correlated with age, Hb F, ferritin and cholesterol levels. Atherogenic lipid profiles in young thalassemic patients with increased CIMT highlights their importance as prognostic factors for vascular risk stratification.     

Does the St. Mark’s Incontinence Score Reflect Patients’ Perceptions? A Review of 390 Patients

Purpose The St. Mark’s incontinence score is widely used to evaluate the severity of fecal incontinence. It is unknown to what extent such scores relate to patients’ perceptions about their condition. The primary goal of this study was to assess this correlation. Secondary goals were to evaluate the relationship between different types of incontinence, age, gender, and the continence score and to assess the sensitivity of St. Mark’s incontinence score to a change in patients’ perception and outcome evaluation after treatment. Methods Patients’ subjective perception of bowel control (using a 0–10 scale) and St. Mark’s incontinence score for 390 patients were reviewed. Change in the score was documented for 131 patients who underwent biofeedback treatment and compared with patients’ outcome evaluation. Results There was a moderate correlation between patients’ perception of bowel control and the St. Mark’s incontinence score (r = −0.55; P < 0.001). The correlation was maintained, regardless of type of incontinence (r = −0.48 to −0.55), age (≤60 years: r = −0.54; >60 years: r = −0.58; P < 0.001) or gender (male: r = −0.48; female: r = −0.53; P < 0.001) of patients. St. Mark’s incontinence score was sensitive to a change in patients’ subjective evaluation after the treatment. Conclusions The St. Mark’s incontinence score correlates moderately well with patients’ subjective perception and is reliable regardless of the type of incontinence, patients’ age, or gender. It is suitable for the severity assessment of fecal incontinence and the evaluation of a treatment outcome. Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, St. Louis, Missouri, June 2 to 6, 2007. Reprints are not available     

Oxidant–Antioxidant Balance in Patients with COPD

The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of oxidant–antioxidant balance in the pathogenesis of COPD. We included 30 healthy nonsmokers [24 male, 6 female; mean age (yr) ± SD: 62.4 ± 9.3], 30 healthy smokers [27 male, 3 female; mean age (yr) ± SD: 58.7 ± 6.0], 71 patients with stable COPD [68 male, 3 female; mean age (yr) ± SD: 63.5 ± 7.9], and 31 patients with COPD exacerbation [30 male, 1 female; mean age (yr) ± SD: 64.2 ± 7.3]. In all study groups the peripheral venous blood samples were taken for plasma malonyldialdehyde (MDA), a parameter of lipid peroxidation caused by the oxidants, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme. The mean plasma MDA level was higher in healthy smokers and in patients with COPD than in healthy nonsmokers (p < 0.05), and erythrocyte SOD enzyme activity in patients with COPD exacerbation (1048.2 ± 226.5 Ug/Hb) was significantly higher than in healthy nonsmokers (947.9 ± 198.0 Ug/Hb) (p < 0.05). Although mean erythrocyte SOD enzyme activity in healthy smokers and patients with stable COPD was higher than in healthy nonsmokers, the difference was not statistically significant. We found that healthy smokers and stable and exacerbated COPD patients had an impairment in oxidant–antioxidant balance. We suggested that new therapeutic interventions, which may repair the impaired oxidant-antioxidant balance in COPD, are needed to prevent the development of COPD.     

Cholecystectomy in Patients With Crohn’s Ileitis

PURPOSE: Gallstone disease is reported to be higher in patients with Crohns disease than in the general population. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of cholecystectomy in patients with Crohns ileitis, attempt to identify any associated risk factors, and determine whether it is justified to perform prophylactic cholecystectomy during ileocolic resection. METHODS: A total of 191 patients with Crohns ileitis who were treated medically or who had an ileocolic resection were retrospective reviewed. A questionnaire survey was performed. Telephone interviews were conducted for the nonrespondents. Further review of medical records was performed to determine the details of admissions for any gallstone disease and/or subsequent cholecystectomy. A control group matched for age and gender was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 191 questionnaires were mailed, and the overall response rate was 70.2 percent (134/191) after telephone interview follow-up. There were 2 of 45 medical and 18 of 89 surgical patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis, i.e., 14.9 percent (20/134) of respondents. As a result, 2 patients (1.5 percent) required endoscopic sphincterotomy, 17 patients (12.7 percent) needed cholecystectomy, and 1 patient (0.7 percent) did not have any intervention. Only five patients had a cholecystectomy after their ileal resections. In the control group of 150 patients, 15 patients (14 females; mean age, 51.9 years; range, 34–78 years) had previous cholecystectomy. There was no significant difference with prevalence of cholecystectomy in Crohns patients compared with controls (17/134 vs. 15/150; P = not significant). Furthermore, the number of ileal resections did not affect the cholecystectomy rate, but patients who had >30 cm of ileum resected were more likely to have cholecystectomy (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gallstone disease in Crohns ileitis requiring cholecystectomy is similar to that of the general population with a female predominance. In addition, the number of patients requiring cholecystectomy after ileal resection was low. Thus, synchronous prophylactic cholecystectomy during ileocolic resection for Crohns ileitis is not justified.