不同射流口径对彩色多普勒射流面积的影响

本研究通过离体模型实验改变不同射流口径，观察了射流量及射流速度对彩色多普勒射流面积的影响。结果显示：相同射流量、不同射流口径时，彩色多普勒射流面积不同。射流口径越小（射流速度越大），射流面积越大（Ｐ＜０．００１）。射流面积与射流量及射流速度均显著相关，但射流面积与射流速度的关系（ｒ＝０．９３，Ｐ＜０．０００１）比射流面积与流量的关系（ｒ＝０．８８，Ｐ＜０．００１）更为密切。研究提示临床超声诊断瓣膜返流时，在返流速度范围较小的条件下，彩色多普勒返流面积具有一定半定量诊断意义；但若返流速度范围较大，除广返流量之外，返流速度对彩色多普勒返流面积也有较大影响。     

射流速度和射流量对射流大小影响的实验研究

本研究采用激光荧光红染料方法观察了射流速度、射流口径及射流量对射流大小的影响。射流量相同而射流口径及射流速度不同时，射流大小存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．００１～０．０００１）。虽然射流量与射流大小显著相关（ｒ＝０．８７，Ｐ＜０．００１），但射流速度与射流大小的相关性比前者更显著（ｒ＝０．９２，Ｐ＜０．０００１）。研究提示临床放射及超声在半定量诊断瓣膜返流时除了考虑返流量对返流大小的影响外，在返流速度不一的情况下还需考虑返流速度对返流大小有较大影响。以免造成对关闭不全程度的高估或低估     

彩色多普勒过返流口宽度估价二尖瓣关闭不全程度

本文比较了彩色多普勒过返流口宽度与返流长度、面积及瞬间返流容积在二尖瓣关闭不全程度评价中的作用。二尖瓣关闭不全程度用频谱多普勒测定的有效返流口面积确定。３０例二尖瓣关闭不全患者彩色多普勒过返流口宽度为：轻度关闭不全２．５７±０．４０ｍｍ，中度关闭不全３．２３±０．３６ｍｍ，重度关闭不全５．５２±１．１０ｍｍ。组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）。彩色多普勒过返流口宽度、返流长度、返流面积及瞬间返流容积与有效返流口面积的相关系数分别为０．８５（Ｐ＜０．００１），０．４８（Ｐ＜０．０１），０．６９（Ｐ＜０．００１），０．６９（Ｐ＜０．００１）。彩色多普勒过返流口宽度受血流动力学影响小，能够更准确地判断二尖瓣关闭不全程度     

风湿性三尖瓣狭窄的二维彩色多普勒超声心动图特征

报告２０例风湿性三尖瓣狭窄（ＴＳ）的二维彩色多普勒超声特征。ＴＳ占全部受检成人风心病总数的７．６％。均伴有中重度二失瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）及三尖瓣返流。ＴＳ平均舒张庄差４．２±１．７ｍｍＨｇ，峰值流速１．４５±０．２２ｍ／ｓ，瓣口面积１．９９±１．０９ｃｍ２。ＴＳ彩色射流信号较ＭＳ不典型。与对照组比较，右房内径较大（Ｐ（０．０１）、肺动脉收缩压较高（Ｐ（０．０１）。初步探讨ＴＳ心脏结构与血流动力学变化特点及多普勒诊断问题。     

彩色多普勒过返流口宽度与射流参数评估二尖瓣返流的对照研究

目的：研究彩色多普勒过返流口宽度评估二尖瓣返流的价值。材料与方法：测量３１例二尖瓣关闭不全患者彩色多普勒过返流口宽度、返流长度、返流面积、瞬间返流容积及返流量和返流分数。结果：彩色多普勒过返流口宽度、返流长度、返流面积及瞬间返流容积与返流量的相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８７、０．４８、０．６５和０．６４；上述彩色多普勒参数与返流分数的相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８９、０．６１、０．７１和０．６４。彩色多普勒过返流口宽度预报重度二尖瓣返流的准确度（９３．５％～９６．８％）显著高于返流长度、返流面积及瞬间返流容积预报重度二尖瓣返流的准确度（７１．０％～７４．２％），Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１。结论：彩色多普勒过返流口宽度是一种比返流束更好的评估二尖瓣返流的指标。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚定量方法的研究

本文对离体实验、二尖瓣关闭不全、二尖瓣狭窄及室间隔缺损患者的血流会聚方法进行了研究。根据血流会聚口形态不同分为平坦界面和漏斗型界面。两者血流会聚定量分别采用半球血流会聚公式和校正半球血流会聚公式。离体实验组、二尖瓣关闭不全组、二尖瓣狭窄组及室间隔缺损组混叠极限分别为４６、４６、３７和５８ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ。血流会聚法计算流量与实际流量或其他方法比较其相关性达０．９３～０．９９（Ｐ＜０．０００１），测值无显著性差异（＞０．０５）。彩色多普勒血流会聚法是一种准确的血流全定量方法。根据会聚口的形态不同，应选用不同的血流会聚计算方法。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚与众射流参数在二尖瓣返流定量中的价值

用血流会聚新方法及射流参数对二尖瓣返流定量的价值进行了研究。结果表明血流会聚法计算返流量与二尖瓣返流容积及返流分数相关性最佳。彩色多普勒射流参数与二尖瓣返流容积和二尖瓣返流分数的相关性不一，其中返流起始宽度与两者相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８７－０．９３，Ｐ＜０．０００１）．彩色多普勒射流参数与二尖瓣返流容积和二尖瓣返流分数的相关性不一，其中返流起始宽度与两者相关性分别为ｒ＝０．８８和０．８１（Ｐ＜０．０     

诊断剂量彩色多普勒超声对仔鼠细胞周期的影响

为了评价彩超产科应用的安全性，我们运用流式细胞仪技术，采用析因分析的方法，研究诊断剂量彩色多普勒对仔鼠细胞周期的影响。结果：用不同频率（０，２．５，３．５，７．０ＭＨｚ）彩色多普勒按不同时间（０，１０，２０，３０分钟）辐照孕鼠宫内胚胎后，实验组与对照组之间仔鼠各细胞周期ＤＮＡ百分含量无显著差异，频率与时间之间的交互作用亦不明显。表明：彩色多普勒７．０ＭＨｚ及３０分钟以内照射不影响仔鼠细胞周期的ＤＮＡ含量     

超声多普勒测定二尖瓣返流的有效返流口面积

为探讨返流口面积大小对评价二尖瓣返流（ＭＲ）严重性的价值，对３５例ＭＲ患者进行了多普勒超声有效返流口面积（ＲＯＡ）测定及心导管检查。发现彩色多普勒血流会聚法（ＦＣＭ）及多普勒血流量法测得的ＲＯＡ与心导管左室造影返流程度，每搏返流量及返流分数均密切相关（相关系数分别为０．８６，０．８４；０．８９，０．８７；０．８０，０．７８；Ｐ＜０．００１）。两种超声方法的ＲＯＡ测值总体上无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＦＣＭ的结果优于多普勒血流量法，且ＦＣＭ计算ＲＯＡ更为方便。本文亦提出以ＲＯＡ估计ＭＲ程度的定量标准。     

彩色多普勒血流会聚法定量评估二尖瓣返流严重程度的研究

彩色多普勒血流会聚区（ＦＣＲ）法是近几年发展起来的一定量二尖瓣返流的新方法。本文应用该方法，对５５例显示血流会聚区的二尖瓣返流患者行ＦＣＲ法与返流束面积法（ＳＲ）、返流束面积与左房面积之比法（ＳＲ／ＳＬＡ）相比较，相关系数分别为０．８２２及０．７３２（Ｐ值均小于０．０１），并应用ＦＣＲ法定量测定二尖瓣返流率。按不同的返流率将二尖瓣返流分为轻、中、重三度。本文认为血流会聚法为定量评估二尖瓣返流（特别是中至重度返流）一较为理想的无创性方法，具有广泛的理论研究及临床应用前景。     

Quantitative assessment of in vitro jets based on three-dimensional color Doppler reconstruction

Three-dimensional (3-D) color Doppler imaging of flow jets was performed to investigate the effects of flow rate and orifice size on jet volumes. Flow jets were generated using a flow model to simulate mitral regurgitation. This flow model consisted of a ventricular chamber, a valvular plate and an atrial chamber. Steady flow was driven through circular orifices having diameters of 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 6 mm, respectively, with flow rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL/s to form free jets in the atrial chamber. An ATL Ultramark 9 HDI system was used to perform 3-D color Doppler imaging of the flow jets. A transesophageal probe was rotated by a stepper motor to create 3-D color Doppler images of the jets. The color jet volumes for different hemodynamic conditions were measured and then compared with the theoretical predictions. Results showed that the jet volume estimated from the 3-D color Doppler was directly proportional to the flow rate and inversely proportional to the orifice size. The estimated jet volumes correlated well (r > 0.95) with theoretical predictions. This study supports the use of color jet volume as a parameter to quantify mitral regurgitation.     

Variation in the color Doppler area of a regurgitant jet with changes in the absolute chamber pressure: an in vitro study.

The color Doppler appearance of a regurgitant jet depends on jet momentum, determined in part by the pressure difference between the two chambers. However, it is not clear if absolute chamber pressure has an independent effect on jet area. To test this question, an in vitro experiment was performed in which dynamically decaying jets were created with identical initial pressure gradients but five different levels of absolute chamber pressures. At every level of chamber pressure, color Doppler images were recorded with two different transducers (3.5 and 5.0 MHz) and jet areas were measured at four different flow rates (0 to 9.9 cm3/sec). A multilinear regression model was created with jet area as the dependent variable and jet flow rate, transducer frequency, and absolute chamber pressure as independent parameters. Jet area was most strongly predicted by flow rate (univariate r = 0.90) and transducer frequency (r = 0.32). Even after adjusting for these effects, however, a small but significant (p less than 0.0001) effect of absolute chamber pressure on jet area was seen with jet area rising by 0.89 cm2 for each 10 mm Hg increase in absolute chamber pressure (multivariate r = 0.96, p less than 0.0001). We conclude that the color Doppler area of a regurgitant jet is dependent not only on the relative pressure and flow between the two chambers but also on the absolute chamber pressure.     

Comparison of transesophageal color flow Doppler imaging of normal mitral regurgitant jets in St. Jude Medical and Medtronic Hall cardiac prostheses.

Transesophageal color flow Doppler imaging of mitral mechanical prostheses is now widely used. This method eliminates the frequent problems of acoustic shadowing and flow masking that are commonly seen with a transthoracic Doppler study of mechanical mitral prostheses. Transesophageal color flow Doppler imaging was performed postoperatively in seven patients who had received St. Jude Medical mitral prostheses (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Jude, Minnesota) and in six patients who received Medtronic Hall mitral valves (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota). Maximal systolic regurgitant jet length and area determinations were obtained in all patients. A comparison of maximal jet lengths and areas for each type of mechanical prosthesis demonstrated that the Medtronic Hall prostheses produced longer maximal jet lengths (p = 0.0001) and larger jet areas (p = 0.0009) than those produced by the St. Jude Medical mitral valves. Medtronic Hall prostheses produce a large centrally directed jet, whereas St. Jude Medical prostheses typically generate three smaller jets. Recognition of these differences in transesophageal color flow Doppler images in these commonly used cardiac valve prostheses is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of the normally large systolic regurgitant jet of the Medtronic Hall prosthesis as representing prosthetic dysfunction.     

正常中晚期妊娠输尿管射尿的彩色多普勒检查

目的：了解正常中晚期妊娠输尿管的尿动力学改变是否影响输尿管射尿,方法：彩色多普勒超声观察32例中晚期妊娠妇女和11例非妊娠对照者膀胱射尿情况,观察时间5分钟。结果：妊娠受试者平均射尿5．9次／分,左,右侧射尿频率平均差异百分比为49％,对照组平均射尿7．3次／分,左,右射尿频率差异百分比为13％, 试组与对照组之间射尿对称性方面具有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,32例妊娠受试者中有7例有单侧射尿缺乏,而对照者中无1例单侧射尿缺乏,结论：在妊娠中晚期,由于两侧输尿管射尿的不对称性,用彩色多普勒超声检测输尿管射尿诊断中晚期妊娠合并输尿管结石应慎应用 。     

The use of ink jets in ultrasound registrations

The continuous ink jet method developed by Professor Hellmuth Hertz, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden, is today used in printers that print digitally stored high-quality images rapidly and at low cost. The development started in the late 1950s when there was a need for a direct registration method for ultrasound echocardiograms. The development steps are described from the early ultrasound registrations to the true halftone printing of digital images today. Images from ultrasonic color Doppler examinations have been printed by an ink jet printer at our laboratory. The color capabilities of the printer are further illustrated by the printing of pseudo-colored gray-scale images and an image where color is used to highlight differences between two gray-scale images. The results show that the printer based on continuous ink jets is an interesting alternative to the existing hard-copy devices for medical images.     

Three-dimensional color Doppler: a new approach for quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitant jets.

Color Doppler echocardiography does not provide adequate information about the severity of mitral regurgitation in patients with eccentric mitral regurgitation. We have developed a new procedure for 3-dimensional (3D) color Doppler reconstruction and for segmentation of regurgitant jets. The volume of regurgitant jets was compared with jet area in 63 patients with mitral regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation was assessed by angiography, regurgitant fraction and volume by pulsed Doppler, JA by planimetry, and JV by 3-dimensional Doppler. Twenty-eight patients with central jets were compared with 35 patients with eccentric jets. In the patients with eccentric jets, JV showed significant correlations with regurgitant volume (r = 0.90; P <.01) and regurgitant fraction (r = 0.76; P < .01) and was able to separate groups with different degrees of mitral regurgitation (P <.01). Three-dimensional Doppler revealed origin, direction, and spatial spreading of complex jet geometry. JV, a new parameter of mitral regurgitation, was also capable of quantifying asymmetrical jets.     

近场射流宽度在评价三尖瓣返流中的应用探讨

本文观察了39例三尖瓣返流患者的彩色返流束，根据返流束是否偏心分为中心返流组（A组）和偏心返流组（B组），并把两组返流束大小参数同多普勒法计算的每搏返流流率进行相关分析。结果发现，近场射流宽度与三尖瓣返流流率间在A、B两组均呈良好相关（r＝0.75，和0.71，P＜0.05），返流束长度及面积在A组与运流流率间呈中度相关（r＝0.58，和0.54，P＜0.05），而在B组则无明显相关（P＞0.05）。结论：（1）近场射流宽度可以较准确地评价三尖瓣返流程度;（2）在偏心三尖瓣返流时彩色返流束长度和面积低估返流程度。     

Relation between three-dimensional geometry of the inflow tract to the orifice and the area, shape, and velocity of regurgitant color Doppler jets: an in vitro study

The relation between three-dimensional geometry of the inflow tract to the orifice and the area, shape, and velocity of regurgitant jets was studied in a pulsatile in vitro color Doppler flow model. A 2.5 MHz transducer connected to a diagnostic ultrasound machine was placed in a water tank facing pulsatile jets (duration, 0.5 second) obtained by a calibrated injector. Flow rate from 6 to 52 ml/sec were tested through a 5 mm diameter circular orifice. Four different three-dimensional inflow tract geometries were compared: (A) sharp-edged, (B) Venturi (funnel), (C) converging conical, and (D) diverging conical. Mean velocities of jets were measured by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Driving pressures were also measured by means of a fluid-filled catheter. Two observers independently digitized contours of maximal color jet areas by computer system from two separate sets of experiments. Results are given as the mean values of the four measurements for each parameter. Jet areas were correlated to flow rate, with no difference from A through D. The shape (eccentricity) of jets was different between A and B (p less than 0.05), between B and D (p less than 0.01), and between C and D (p less than 0.01). The shape of jets was correlated with flow rate, continuous-wave velocity, and pressure gradient in B, C, and D but not in A. Measured pressure gradients and estimated gradients by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography were similarly correlated from A through D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Value and limitations of proximal jet dimensions for the quantitation of valvular regurgitation: an in vitro study using Doppler flow imaging

To evaluate usefulness and limitations of proximal jet dimensions for the quantitation of valvular regurgitation, fluid jets were created in a pulsatile flow model, and proximal jet width and cross-sectional area were measured by means of color Doppler flow imaging. When circular orifices with diameters from 1 to 6 mm were studied, jet width and cross-sectional jet area measured as close as possible to the orifice were directly related to the orifice diameter (r = 0.97; standard error of the estimate, 0.4 mm; y = 0.5 + 0.97x) and the orifice area (r = 0.97; standard error of the estimate, 5.7 mm2; y = 0.22 + 2.47x), respectively. No significant dependence on flow rate or pressure gradient was found for these measurements. Jet width was measured with color M-mode Doppler by use of the smallest sample volume size (1 mm) and was slightly greater than the orifice diameter (4.2 +/- 1.7 mm versus 3.8 +/- 1.7 mm). However, cross-sectional areas were approximately fourfold the orifice areas, on average (52.5 +/- 24.6 mm2 versus 12.3 +/- 9.7 mm2), with a range of twelvefold (smallest orifice) to threefold (largest orifice). When the sample volume size was reduced from 2.4 to 1.0 mm, color areas decreased by 25.6 +/- 6.0%. Slit-shaped orifices were studied with two different orientations of the slit-parallel and perpendicular to the ultrasound beam: Color M-mode measurements were again slightly greater than length and width of the slit, but cross-sectional areas were substantially larger than the orifice areas and increased between 44% and 115% when changing the orientation of the slit from perpendicular to parallel. This, again, reflected problems with lateral resolution. When cross-sectional areas were measured at increasing distances from the orifice, the cross-sectional jet area increased significantly within a few millimeters. This increase was greater with higher gradients and smaller orifice sizes. In case of a small orifice (2 mm) and a high gradient (130 to 160 mm Hg), increase in area was as great as 122% within a distance of only 5 mm. Thus, proximal jet width and cross-sectional area were directly related to the orifice size, which could be a valuable parameter for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation. Measurements of jet width by color M-mode seemed to be most accurate but are limited by the fact that in vivo valvular defects may be irregular rather than of circular shape.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)