QUALITATIVE CYTOLOGY OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AS AN INDICATOR OF NEONATAL BRAIN DAMAGE AND PSYCHOMOTOR OUTCOME

ABSTRACT. Dalens, B., Bezou, M. J., Raynaud, E. J., Coulet, M., and Gaulme, J. (Clinique Médicale Infantile and Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hotel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France). Qualitative cytology of cerebrospinal fluid as an indicator of neonatal brain damage and psychomotor outcome. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:161, 1981. –The authors report a double blind study on 57 full-term neonates prospectively subjected to clinical, electroen-cephalographical, cerebrospinal fluid and developmental examinations. Usual neonatal pleiocytosis depends on histiomonocytic cells which probably are a reflection of constant small brain damage during delivery. Infants suffering neurological sequelae at age one are recognizable as early as the 60th to 84th hours of life in view of persisting high histiomonocytic counts greater than 10 M. elements/1) and granulocytic peaks (greater than 2 M. elements/1) in clear samples. This method is then of interest, despite its invasive nature and limits (traumatic punctures, time-limits).     

Malignancy markers in the cerebrospinal fluid

The specificity and sensitivity of malignancy marker determinations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are often insufficient. Even at the subclinical stage of the disease the marker should be present. The effect of therapy should be monitored and relapses noted. Thus high standards of methodology are required. There are many substances that may indicate a malignant process in the central nervous system. However, there are many pitfalls in their determination. Malignant cells may occur in CSF via processes involving leptomeningeal structures such as metastases and leukaemia, but primary brain tumours seldom show cells in CSF. Human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein determinations assist in the early detection of cerebral germ cell tumours and of relapses, even in the subclinical stage. Desmosterol may aid in the diagnosis of medulloblastomas and malignant gliomas and in monitoring therapy. Putrescine levels are elevated in CSF of patients with medulloblastoma and correlate with the clinical state, and serial analyses may reveal relapses. Fibronectin, when determined in CSF at the time of diagnosis, appears to be of great significance for the prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Ferritin and beta-2-microglobulin may help in some well-defined conditions. Brain-specific proteins and antibodies to them are non-specific markers whereas tumour-specific antigens and growth factors may be more significant.Abbreviations AAT alpha-1-antitrypsin - AFP alpha fetoprotein - ALL acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - ASAT aspartate aminotransferase - B-2-m peta-2-microglobulin - CEA carcinoembryonic protein - CK creatine kinase - CNS central nervous system - CSF cerebrospinal fluid - FN fibronectin - GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein - HCG human chorionic gonadotrophin - LD lactate dehydrogenase - MBP myelin basic protein - NGF nerve growth factor - NSE neuronespecific enolase - PA plasminogen activator - PG prostaglandin - TdT terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase - TX thromboxane     

HEREDITARY ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY

ABSTRACT: Saudubray, J. M., Cathelineau, L., Laugier, J. M., Charpentier, C, Lejeune, J. A. and Mozzionacci, P. (Clinique Médicale Infantile, Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, Laboratoire du Pr. C. Polonovski, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, and Laboratoire du Pr. Lemonnier, Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France). Hereditary ornithine trans-carbamjlast deficiency. Report of two male cases with residual enzymatic activity. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:464, 1975.–The authors report two male cases of liver ornithine carbarn} 1 transferase deficiency. In one the disease occurred at 8 years of age with hyperam-moniemic coma leading to death in 48 hours. In the second case, symptoms appeared on the sixth day of life but the outcome was favorable. The child is normal at 15 months. In both cases, there was a residual 6–10 % OCT activity. These observations are similar to two other male cases in the literature and are different from the male neonatal fatal form in which the deficiency is virtually total. They underline the genetically heterogeneous nature of OCT deficiencies and the fact that in this X-Iransmitted trait, hemizygotes can preserve a functional enzymatic activity compatible with life.     

大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤时血液和脑脊液中S-100、CK-BB、NSE、MBP水平变化的研究

目的　探讨大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤（ＨＩＢＤ） 时血液和脑脊液中Ｓ１００ 蛋白（Ｓ１００） 、磷酸肌酸激酶脑型同工酶（ＣＫＢＢ）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（ＮＳＥ） 、髓鞘碱性蛋白（ＭＢＰ） 的水平变化。筛选其对ＨＩＢＤ 具有早期诊断价值的指标。方法　采用７ 日龄ＳＤ 大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型：乙醚吸入麻醉后,用４－０ 双线结扎右侧颈总动脉,恢复４ 小时后,在３７ ℃恒温低氧箱内,给予吸入８％ 氧气和９２ ％ 氮气混合气体２ 小时。用放射免疫法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳法对对照组、缺氧缺血后６、１２ 、２４ 、４８、７２ 、９６ 小时进行动态观测ＨＩＢＤ 后血液和脑脊液中Ｓ１００、ＣＫＢＢ、ＮＳＥ、ＭＢＰ水平的变化。结果　在ＨＩＢＤ后血液和脑脊液中Ｓ１００、ＣＫＢＢ、ＮＳＥ、ＭＢＰ水平都有升高,但各项指标升高的时间和幅度并不一致。与对照组比较,血液和脑脊液中Ｓ１００、ＣＫＢＢ、ＮＳＥ高峰出现较早,在２４ ～４８ 小时都有明显增加（Ｐ＜０－００１）,ＭＢＰ的水平在７２ 小时才有一定程度的增加（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,并且血液和脑脊液中Ｓ１００、ＣＫＢＢ、ＮＳＥ水平的变化具有较好相关性。结论　在ＨＩＢＤ时血液和脑脊液中Ｓ１００、ＣＫ     

Cerebrospinal fluid leucocyte counts in healthy neonates

OBJECTIVES: To determine the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell (WBC) count of normal term neonates, and compare the CSF WBC profile of normal and symptomatic infants without infection of the central nervous system (CNS). METHOD: Neonates were included if (a) they were at risk of congenital Toxoplasma infection and had undergone a lumbar puncture to assess CNS involvement, and (b) serial specific serum IgG and IgM determinations had ruled out congenital infection. According to neonatal chart reviews, 30 consecutive patients without CNS infection were classified as normal (absolutely asymptomatic) or symptomatic (any kind of symptoms). RESULTS: CSF WBC count was higher in 11 symptomatic (7/mm(3), 0-30/mm(3)) than in 19 normal (1/mm(3), 0-5/mm(3)) neonates (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Normal neonatal CSF contains up to 5 WBCs/mm(3). Mild pleocytosis can be found in symptomatic infants without CNS infection.     

Changes in laboratory parameters indicating cell necrosis and organ dysfunction in asphyxiated neonates on moderate systemic hypothermia

AIM: Asphyxia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in term infants. In addition to cerebral injury other organs are also distressed due to hypoxic-ischaemic insult. Systemic hypothermia has a beneficial effect on brain injury. We tested the impact of hypothermia on hypoxic damage of other internal organs. METHODS: Asphyxiated term neonates (n = 21) were randomised to groups treated with hypothermia (n = 12) and normothermia (n = 9). Hypothermia (33-34 degrees C) was initiated within 6 h of life, and maintained for 72 h. We determined serum transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, uric acid, creatinine levels and diuresis during 6, 24, 48 and 72 postnatal hours. RESULTS: Area under curve values of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid and creatinine during the investigated period and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) value at 72 h were lower in neonates on hypothermia than in those on normothermia. Renal failure and liver impairment affected less hypothermic than normothermic neonates (3/12 vs. 7/9, p = 0.03, 3/12 vs. 6/9 p = 0.08, respectively). Four of the 12 hypothermic and 6 of the 9 normothermic neonates developed multiorgan failure. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that systemic hypothermia may protect against cell necrosis and tissue dysfunction of internal organs after neonatal asphyxia.     

脑室注射Nogo-A抗体对HIBD新生大鼠脑组织神经细胞再生的影响

目的：Nogo-A对中枢神经轴突的生长具有很强的抑制作用,而Nogo-A特异性抗体IN-1能中和这种抑制性蛋白,从而促进损伤轴突的再生。该文旨在探讨脑室注射Nogo-A抗体（IN-1）对缺氧缺血性脑损伤（HIBD）新生大鼠脑组织神经细胞再生的影响。方法: 建立新生大鼠HIBD模型,随机分为IN-1组和人工脑脊液组,每组20只,前者脑室注射IN-1 10 μL,后者脑室注射人工脑脊液10 μL,另外选择20只新生大鼠为假手术组,只施行颈部手术分离颈总动脉,但不结扎,不做缺氧缺血处理。应用免疫组织化学ABC法结合图像分析研究其脑组织Nogo-A及GAP-43蛋白表达水平。结果:IN-1组新生鼠脑组织Nogo-A蛋白表达弱于人工脑脊液组,前者Nogo-A免疫组化阳性细胞数（28.61±1.70）也较后者（39.52±1.40）明显减少,两者比较差异具有显著性（P<0.01）;IN-1组Nogo-A免疫组化阳性细胞数明显少于假手术组（32.78±1.87）,两者比较差异具有显著性（P<0.01）;而人工脑脊液组（39.52±1.40）明显多于假手术组（P<0.01）。IN-1组GAP-43蛋白的表达（31.14±1.88）强于人工脑脊液组（27.73±1.43）,两组GAP-43免疫组化阳性细胞数比较差异具有显著性（P<0.01）;IN-1组及人工脑脊液组GAP-43免疫组化阳性细胞数明显少于假手术组（33.64±1.24）,差异均有显著性（P<0.01）。结论: Nogo-A抗体可导致HIBD新生大鼠脑组织Nogo-A蛋白表达明显减少,对神经细胞再生的抑制作用减弱。而脑组织神经细胞GAP-43表达增强,提示神经细胞再生作用增强。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（4）：301-304］     

新生儿低血糖脑损伤临床特征与脑电图监测

目的探讨新生儿低血糖脑损伤(HBD)时的脑电图(EEG)改变与临床预后关系,为HBD的诊断及预防提供依据。方法监测住院新生儿血糖并描记入院后24～72 h的EEG,低血糖新生儿于入院后2周再次EEG检查。分析比较低血糖新生儿与正常血糖新生儿,以及无症状性与症状性低血糖患儿EEG的异常率以及预后。结果入组100例新生儿,其中低血糖组52例,正常血糖组48例;低血糖组新生儿中症状性低血糖25例,无症状性低血糖27例。EEG异常率低血糖组新生儿73.1%(38/52),正常血糖组12.5%(6/48),两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=37.17,P<0.05)。低血糖组新生儿中,症状性低血糖组EEG异常率96%(24/25),无症状性低血糖组51.9%(14/27),两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.7,P<0.05)。新生儿血糖越低、持续时间越长,则EEG异常越严重。EEG中重度异常新生儿,大多遗留认知障碍、癫疒间、脑瘫等后遗症。结论新生儿HBD与低血糖的严重程度及持续时间密切相关。EEG能客观、直接地反映脑细胞的功能状态及损害程度,有助于早期评估脑损伤的程度及预后。     

脑脊液中cAMP浓度与新生儿窒息后脑损伤关系的临床研究

目的：脑细胞能量衰竭被认为是新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的重要发病机制之一,但如何评价其与脑损伤的关系报道较少。本研究通过检测窒息新生儿脑脊液(CSF)中环一磷酸腺苷(cAMP)的浓度变化以探讨其与脑损伤的关系。方法：36例足月新生儿,中 重度HIE 12例,轻度HIE 13例,无HIE(对照组)11例。于生后36～72 h内取CSF和血液,放免法测定cAMP浓度。出院患儿于半岁、1岁时随访,运用贝利婴幼儿发展量表测定其智力发展指数(MDI)及精神运动发展指数(PDI)。结果：中重度HIE组CSF中cAMP浓度［(8.60±2.47) nmol/L］低于轻度组［(14.83±2.84) nmol/L］和对照组［(24.43±2.39) nmol/L］］,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。中 重度HIE组MDI和PDI分别为 84.79±13.34 和 83.50±13.28,低于轻度HIE组(102.19±7.02,99.94±9.08)和对照组(116.63±12.08,116.69±10.87),差异均有显著性(P<0.01),轻度HIE的MDI和PDI也小于对照组(P<0.05)。CSF中cAMP浓度与MDI及PDI呈高度正相关(r分别为 0.68,0.75,P均<0.01)。结论：CSF中cAMP浓度与缺氧性脑损伤关系密切,可作为新生儿窒息后早期评估脑损伤和评价预后的敏感指标之一。     

病理性黄疸对新生儿心肌的影响

目的 探讨病理性黄疸对新生儿心肌组织的影响.方法 以2005年1-11月本科住院的38例病理性黄疸新生儿为研究对象,同期32例生理性黄疸新生儿为对照组.检测二组新生儿总血清胆红素(采用钒酸盐法)、心肌酶(采用酶学速率法)、心肌肌钙蛋白(cTnI)(采用化学发光免疫分析法)、心脏超声心动图及心电图,同时观察临床表现,组间比较采用t检验,相关性分析采用Pearson分析.结果 1.二组新生儿血清AST、LDH、羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)、CK水平均增高,磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平与临床标准相符,CK-MB/CK ＜6%.二组之间血清心肌各酶、cTnI无显著差异(Pa>0.05).2.观察组恢复期血清LDH、HBDH明显降低,与急性期比较差异显著(Pa<0.05),AST、CK、CK-MB与急性期比较均无显著差异(Pa>0.05).3.急性期血清胆红素与心肌酶、cTnI均无明显相关(Pa＞0.05).4.二组新生儿心脏超声心动图及心电图均无明显异常改变,临床无明显心肌受损症状及体征.结论 新生儿病理性黄疸对心肌无明显损害.对早期新生儿诊断心肌损伤仅依据其心肌酶谱、cTnI值增高是不够的,还要根据新生儿临床表现及心脏彩超、心电图改变,并结合新生儿日龄全面分析,综合判断.     

Interleukin-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid after perinatal asphyxia is related to early and late neurological manifestations

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if the concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is affected by perinatal asphyxia, and to examine the relation of IL-6 levels in the CSF to the severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), to brain damage, and to the neurological outcome. METHODS: Asphyxiated term neonates were included. Cerebrospinal fluid IL-6 was measured by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Twenty neonates were studied: 3 had no HIE, 5 had stage 1, 6 had stage 2, and 6 had stage 3. CSF IL-6 levels (8 to 90 hours of life) were higher in neonates with HIE stage 3 (range, 65 to 2250 pg/mL) when compared with neonates with HIE stage 0 to 2 (<2 pg/mL in 12 neonates, 10 pg/mL in 1). According to neuroimaging techniques and/or pathological examination, 14 neonates were normal, and 5 showed signs of brain damage; 1 was not classified. CSF IL-6 levels were significantly higher in neonates with signs of brain damage. Finally, 5 neonates had adverse outcomes (4 died, 1 had cerebral palsy), 2 had mild motor impairment, and 13 had normal outcomes. CSF IL-6 levels were higher in neonates with adverse outcomes (range, 65 to 2250 pg/mL) compared with neonates with favorable outcomes. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of IL-6 response in the CSF after perinatal asphyxia is related to the severity of neonatal HIE, to brain damage, and to the neurological outcome. Our results suggest that IL-6 might play a role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.     

儿童意外损伤对心脏的危害研究

目的　研究儿童意外损伤对心脏的危害。方法　将１６６ 例意外损伤患儿分为中毒组（４８例） ,烧烫伤组（５８ 例） ,气管异物组（６０ 例） ,设同龄对照组（５０ 例） 。用紫外法对各组患儿进行心肌酶谱测定并对各类损伤患儿做常规心电图检查和心电监护。结果　心肌酶谱异常７９ 例,阳性率４７－５９ ％ 。心电图异常６３ 例,阳性率３７－９５ ％ 。中毒组ＣＫ、ＣＫＭＢ、ＨＢＤ、ＬＤＨ 均明显升高,与对照组比较有明显差异Ｐ＜ ０－０１ 。烧烫伤组ＨＢＤ、ＬＤＨ 明显高于对照组,Ｐ＜ ０－０１ 。气管异物组各项心肌酶与对照组比较均无显著差异,Ｐ＜ ０－０５ 。结论　各类意外损伤对心脏的危害依次为中毒、烧烫伤、气管异物。ＣＫ、ＣＫＭＢ 升高为心肌损害主要指标。ＨＢＤ、ＬＤＨ 升高对心肌损害判断亦具特异性     

激活素A在细菌性脑膜炎新生儿脑脊液中的变化及其对预后评估的价值

目的研究新生儿细菌性脑膜炎(BM)脑脊液(CSF)中激活素A(ACT A)水平的变化及其对预后判断的意义。方法对2010年3月-2011年6月在本院新生儿病房住院的48例确诊BM患儿,进行3～18个月的随访及回顾性分析,分为有并发症和后遗症组(A组)和无并发症和后遗症组(B组)。另收集同期住院的非颅内疾病患儿作为对照组(C组)。应用ELISA法动态监测3组患儿CSF中ACT A水平。结果 A组患儿急性期CSF中ACT A水平为(544.39±149.62)ng·L-1,B组CSF中ACT A水平为(480.82±128.24)ng·L-1,二组间差异无统计学意义,但2组均高于C组[(181.06±45.20)ng·L-1](Pa<0.01)。治疗1周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(315.84±86.35)ng·L-1、B组为(338.25±99.43)ng·L-1,2组较治疗前显著下降(Pa<0.05),但2组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.432)。治疗2周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(188.19±43.38)ng·L-1,B组为(203.86±50.73)ng·L-1,2组差异无统计学意义(P=0.281)。治疗3周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(107.65±17.65)ng·L-1,B组为(169.36±28.90)ng·L-1,A组明显低于B组(P=0.000)。治疗4周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(98.54±28.54)ng·L-1,B组为(181.84±35.01)ng·L-1,A组显著低于B组(P=0.000)。结论 ACT A参与新生儿BM的发病过程,动态检测CSF中ACT A水平,对评估新生儿BM的预后,可能具有重要价值。     

河北省新生儿化脓性脑膜炎多中心流行病学研究

目的　了解新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特征、诊断现状及主要致病菌、治疗转归等状况。方法　采用前瞻性临床流行病学研究方法, 收集2013~2014年连续12月间23家协作医院收治的患化脓性脑膜炎新生儿的临床资料, 对其临床特征及治疗转归等进行分析。结果　研究期间23家协作医院共收治新生儿脑膜炎病例301例。新生儿肺炎是最常见的原发疾病(167例, 55.5%)。临床表现以发热最常见(214例, 71.1%)。血培养阳性者72例(23.9%), 以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌常见; 脑脊液培养阳性者36例, 占13.6%(36/264), 以大肠埃希氏菌、表皮葡萄球菌常见。脑脊液检查白细胞计数中位值为80个/mm3(范围0~92 500个/mm3), 其中11例(3.7%)<20个/mm3, >100个/mm3者154例(51.2%)。治愈及好转出院者258例(85.7%)。15例死亡, 病死率为5.0%(15/298)。结论 该地区新生儿化脓性脑膜炎最常见的原发疾病是新生儿肺炎; 最常见的临床表现是发热; 大肠埃希菌是导致该病的常见致病菌。仅凭脑脊液白细胞计数在正常范围不能除外该病。     

Neonatal meningitis: mortality, cerebrospinal fluid, and microbiological findings

This study describes the bacteriology, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, and mortality of neonatal meningitis over an 11-year period. The minimum incidence of neonatal meningitis at Tygerberg Hospital is 0.72/1000 live births/year. Eighty-eight patients were included in the study. Median birthweight and age at diagnosis were 2320 g and 12 days, respectively. CSF culture was positive in 77 (88 per cent), blood culture was positive in 51 (57 per cent), and Gram stain was positive in 58 (66 per cent). The most frequently cultured organisms were Group B Streptococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli. Thirty (34 per cent) patients died, the majority within 72 h after admission. The death rate was significantly increased in babies with a birthweight of less than 1500 g (59 per cent). Increased total CSF protein was associated with an increased risk of death. Normal CSF cell count, total CSF protein and CSF glucose were found in six infants.     

Efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody as an adjunctive therapy in experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in the newborn piglet.

This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) antibody as an adjunctive therapy in neonatal bacterial meningitis. Newborn piglets were divided into three groups: 8 in the control group, 13 in the meningitis group (MG), and 10 in the meningitis with anti-TNF-alpha antibody group (AG). Meningitis was induced by intracisternal injection of 10(8) colony-forming units of Escherichia coli in 100 microl of saline. In the AG, 200 microl of anti-TNF-alpha antibody was also given intracisternally. In the AG, the elevated cerebrospinal fluid TNF-alpha level observed in the MG was completely abolished, and increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycorrhachia, and CSF pleocytosis observed in the MG were downmodulated. But blood, brain, and CSF lactate levels remained elevated in both MG and AG. Increased brain cell membrane lipid peroxidation products and decreased Na+,K+-ATPase activity observed in the MG were not attenuated in the AG. These results indicate that anti-TNF-alpha antibody was not particularly effective as an adjunctive therapy in attenuating acute inflammatory responses and ameliorating brain damage in neonatal bacterial meningitis.     

促红细胞生成素对窒息新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及内质网应激相关蛋白的影响

目的：研究促红细胞生成素（EPO）对窒息新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及内质网应激相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）和C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）的影响。方法：120只新生7日龄Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为假手术组、窒息组和EPO组,每组40只。制备新生鼠常压窒息模型;EPO组于造模后立即给予rhEPO 500 U/mL（10 mL/kg）腹腔注射,其余两组接受同剂量的生理盐水。各组在造模完成后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h分别取8只大鼠采集心脏血及心肌组织,测定血清心肌酶肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平,检测心肌细胞凋亡情况及心肌组织GRP78、CHOP蛋白的表达。结果：与假手术组和EPO组相比,窒息组各时间点血清心肌酶CK和LDH升高,凋亡细胞增多,GRP78、CHOP表达上调（P<0.01）;上述各指标在EPO组的表达水平亦高于假手术组（P<0.01）;窒息后24 h心肌组织CHOP蛋白与心肌细胞凋亡指数AI呈正相关（r=0.942,P<0.01）。结论：EPO可能通过调节内质网应激相关细胞因子GRP78、CHOP,减少心肌细胞凋亡从而发挥对新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤的保护作用。     

血清S100B蛋白在新生儿窒息后脑损伤中的临床意义

目的：S100B蛋白是一种脑特异性蛋白,可反映脑损伤的程度。该研究旨在探讨窒息新生儿脐血及生后血清S100B蛋白的变化及对新生儿窒息诊断和窒息后脑损伤判断的价值。方法：对窒息新生儿的脐血及生后1,3,7d血清S100B蛋白变化进行分析。结果：①窒息新生儿脐血S100B蛋白水平高于正常对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05),轻度窒息与重度窒息患儿脐血S100B蛋白含量差异无显著性;②出生后1～7d内轻度窒息患儿血清S100B蛋白无明显变化,重度窒息脑损伤患儿血清S100B蛋白呈逐渐增高趋势,生后第7天时重度窒息脑损伤患儿血清S100B蛋白明显高于轻度窒息患儿(P<0.01);③死亡的窒息患儿生后第7天的血清S100B蛋白含量高于存活儿,但差异无显著性(P>0.05);④发生颅内出血和/或脑水肿的患儿生后第3天血清S100B蛋白含量增高,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论：血清S100B蛋白检测有助于新生儿窒息的诊断及窒息后脑损伤的判断。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Medical Uses of Hypnosis Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. Symposium No. 8
J. E hrenwald : Neurosis in the Family and Patterns of Psychological Defense: A Study of Psychiatric Epidemiology.
E. P. T orrance : Education and the Creative Potential.
T heodora A lcock . The Rorschach in Practice.
L. M oor : Monographies de Psychologie Médicale Appliquée à la Neuropsychiatrie Infantile.
R obert G ray P atton and L ytt I. G ardner : Growth Failure in Maternal Deprivation.
N igel W alker : Adolescent Maladjustment: The Eleventh Charles Russell Memorial Lecture.
P. H. M ussen : The Psychological Development of the Child.
E mma N. P lank : Working with children in hospitals.
The Asthmatic child: psychomatic approach to problems and treatment. Eighteen authors, (Ed.) H enry I. S chneer .
M aria E gg : When a child is different.
S. H egeler : Choosing toys for children.
E thel S. B eer : Working mothers and the day nursery.     

Neonatal sepsis in Jamaican neonates

AIM: To determine the incidence and causative organisms of bacterial sepsis in neonates at The University Hospital of the West Indies. METHODS: A retrospective review of all neonates with culture-proven sepsis admitted to the hospital between January 1995 and December 2000 was conducted. Incidence rates and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined. RESULTS: There were 4702 admissions to the neonatal unit during the study period. Of these, 135 had culture-proven sepsis and 115 were inborn, giving an incidence of 6.7/1000 live births. There were 89 positive blood cultures, 51 positive urine cultures and two positive CSF cultures. The single most common organism was Klebsiella spp (28%). Other organisms included Escherichia coli (16%), group B Streptococcus (11%) and Enterobacter spp (10%). The aminoglycoside resistance rate of Klebsiella spp was 46% and seven isolates had multiple resistance to antibiotics. There was a case fatality rate of 6.7%. CONCLUSION: Physicians involved in newborn care at The University Hospital of the West Indies need to recognise the important role Klebsiella now plays in neonatal sepsis and its contribution to neonatal mortality. Empirical antibiotic regimens for gram-negative sepsis must take into consideration the high rates of aminoglycoside resistance that are now prevalent.