细菌耐药性机制的研究进展

本文对细菌耐药机制中的染色体介导的AmpC酶、金属酶、膜耐药、抗生素多耐药Aar基因以及生物膜等内容进行了综述以便增强对耐药机制及其检测方法的了解。     

细菌耐药性机制的研究进展

本文对细菌耐药机制中的染色体介导的AmpC酶、金属酶、膜耐药、抗生素多耐药Mar基因以及生物膜等内容进行了综述以便增强对耐药机制及其检测方法的了解     

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌耐药基因调查

目的分析临床分离碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌耐药基因携带情况。方法收集2012-2014年临床分离碳青霉烯类药物耐药肠杆菌科菌株37株,采用改良Hodge试验和EDTA双纸片协同试验筛查碳青霉烯酶及金属酶表型,采用PCR法及基因测序方法调查耐药基因携带情况。结果 37株碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科菌株包括肺炎克雷伯菌16株(43.2%)、大肠埃希菌6株(16.2%)、黏质沙雷菌6株(16.2%)、阴沟肠杆菌4株(10.8%)和弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌、阿斯肠杆菌、产酸克雷伯菌、成团泛菌、芳香沙雷菌各1株(各2.7%);耐药表型显示33株改良Hodge试验阳性,8株金属酶表型阳性;其中35株检出耐药基因,包括bla_(KPC)(21株)、bla_(IMP)(6株)、blaOXA-48(3株)、bla_(NDM-1)(3株)和bla_(VIM)(2株)。结论本院临床分离碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌以bla_(KPC)为主要耐药基因,其次为bla_(IMP)基因。     

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌的耐药机制研究进展

<正>肠杆菌科细菌是栖居在人类肠道内的专性需氧或兼性厌氧革兰阴性杆菌或球杆菌,多数为人肠道的正常菌群,并广泛分布于自然界环境中。它是临床最常见的病原致病菌,既可引起社区获得性感染,也可引起医院内感染。碳青霉烯类抗菌药物是抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物,以往被认为是治疗耐多药革兰阴性杆菌感染的最后一道防线。但近年来随着临床上广谱抗菌药物的不当使用和过度使用,导致了碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)的产     

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌耐药性及耐药基因分析

目的 探讨医院碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)的临床耐药性及耐药表型和基因型,为医院CRE菌株感染的临床治疗及医院感染暴发的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法 收集2020年7月至2023年1月日照市中医医院临床患者标本中分离的77株CRE菌株,采用全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,采用改良碳青霉烯酶灭活试验(mCIM)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)改良碳青霉烯酶灭活试验(eCIM)联合检测碳青霉烯酶表型,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增耐药基因并进行测序分型。结果 77株CRE菌株主要分离自痰液,其次是尿液、胸腔积液;科室来源主要是颅脑外科、重症医学科、脑卒中监护室。CRE菌株中肺炎克雷伯菌33株,大肠埃希菌15株,阴沟肠杆菌12株,其他细菌17株。CRE菌株对替加环素敏感性为97.4%,阿米卡星为44.2%,复方磺胺甲噁唑为39.0%,对其他抗菌药物的敏感性均低于20.0%。mCIM筛选碳青霉烯酶菌株的灵敏度为95.9%,特异度为100.0%。PCR扩增结果显示49株CRE菌株携带NDM基因,24株CRE菌株携带KPC基因,1株CRE菌株携带IMP基因,3株未检出碳青霉烯酶基因;基...     

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌分子流行病学分析

目的研究西部战区总医院碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)的流行病学特征及耐药机制。方法收集2015年1月-2018年12月临床各种标本分离出的CRE 121株,采用VITEK 2-Compact全自动微生物分析仪进行鉴定和体外药敏试验,聚合酶链反应(PCR)法及测序检测碳青霉烯酶、ESBL酶、AmpC酶和膜孔蛋白基因;肠杆菌科基因间重复一致序列PCR(ERIC-PCR)进行同源性分析。结果121株CRE中碳青霉烯酶阳性96株,其中65株产blaKPC、25株产blaNDM-1、7株产blaOXA-48、2株产blaVIM,有2株同时产blaKPC和blaNDM-1,1株同时产blaKPC和blaVIM;未检测到blaIMP、blaGES基因;blaSHV、blaTEM和blaDHA检出率分别为46.3%、47.1%和37.2%;OMPF、OMPC缺失/突变率分别为48.1%、84.6%,OMPK35、OMPK36缺失/突变率分别为35.7%、91.1%。药敏结果分析发现121株CRE对青霉素、头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率高,对阿米卡星耐药率最低。ERIC-PCR结果显示56株碳青霉烯类耐药克雷伯菌有5种基因型;26株碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌有3种基因型;23株碳青霉烯类耐药阴沟肠杆菌有3种基因型。结论该院临床分离的CRE以blaKPC为主要耐药基因,其次为blaNDM-1;部分CRE既携带碳青霉烯酶基因,同时合并膜孔蛋白基因缺失/突变。从分型结果得出,部分菌株同源性非常高,存在克隆传播现象。     

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌检测及鉴定现状

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)感染在国内迅速蔓延,临床实验室及时检测CRE对院感防控至关重要.产生碳青霉烯酶是CRE主要的耐药机制.目前CRE实验室检测包括表型和基因型方法.表型方法通过碳青霉烯酶对碳青霉烯类药物的水解作用或抑制剂对酶的抑制作用来检测其活性,或通过添加底物筛选出CRE有色菌落.基因型方法主要包括靶...     

肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶耐药基因分析

目的研究耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的肠杆菌科细菌所产碳青霉烯酶的型别及其流行情况。方法收集重庆医科大学附属第一医院2009年11月～2010年4月临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌,用Vitek 2 Compact进行细菌鉴定、药敏试验,从中筛选出11株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药或中介的菌株。PCR检测blaKPC、blaIMP、blaVIM基因,阳性结果用DNA测序和BLAST比对确定基因型。结果 11株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药或中介的菌株均为多重耐药,除1株来自眼科外均来自ICU。PCR结果3株肺炎克雷伯菌和3株阴沟肠杆菌携带blaIMP,DNA测序比对均为blaIMP-8,未扩出blaKPC、blaVIM基因条带。结论本次筛检的11株肠杆菌科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的主要型别IMP-8,且已在外科ICU中局部流行。     

Early and more vigorous detection of diabetes

Currently 17 million Americans have diabetes mellitus (DM); 90% of these have type 2 DM. Of these 17 million, 5.9 million remain undiagnosed. The undiagnosed patient with type 2 DM may be asymptomatic for years, while hyperglycemic injury to target organs occurs long before the development of frank diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes among adults is estimated to increase to almost double the present number by 2025. People with diabetes and at risk for diabetes are also at risk for cardiovascular disease. Several investigators have now demonstrated the benefit of controlling blood glucose levels as well as other risk factors in this population to decrease the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular disease. Prevention or delaying the onset of type 2 DM can be accomplished with a program of diet, weight loss, and exercise.     

应重视艰难梭菌感染的检测

艰难梭菌(Clostridium difficile)为革兰阳性厌氧产芽孢杆菌,是人类肠道中的正常菌群之一.艰难梭菌本身没有侵袭性,其中部分细菌(产毒株)可通过分泌毒素A、毒素B和(或)二元毒素从而引起抗生素相关性腹泻、结肠炎甚至致死性伪膜性肠炎,统称为艰难梭菌感染(Clostridium di ficile infection,CDI).艰难梭菌为医院获得感染性腹泻最主要的病原菌,在抗生素相关性腹泻病因中艰难梭菌亦占20％～30％;而伪膜性肠炎则几乎100％由艰难梭菌所致.肠道外CDI如败血症等则极为罕见.不仅仅是抗菌药物,其他影响肠道正常菌群平衡、降低艰难梭菌定植抵抗能力的因素,如老年、胃肠道手术、应用抗肿瘤药物、长期住院和免疫功能缺陷等均为CDI的危险因素.     

Guiding prostate cancer treatment choices. Early detection means more options for more men

Prostate cancer accounts for one third of nondermatologic cancers in men. Fortunately, early detection and technology have evolved to the point that an increasing number of men have more than one treatment option. These choices include prostatectomy, irradiation, hormone therapy, cryotherapy, and observation. However, each is associated with adverse effects and produces a different outlook. In this article, Dr Sweat explores these options and how they can be discussed with patients and tailored to meet their individual needs.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药机制及检测

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)是医院内感染和社区感染的重要病原菌之一,其检出率逐年增高,耐药性不断增强,对临床治疗提出严峻挑战。阐明 MRSA的耐药机制以及快速准确地检测MRSA是预防和控制MRSA感染的基础和重要环节,也是当前 MRSA研究的热点。现就MRSA的耐药机制及其检测方法的研究进展作一综述。     

Are complex multiple-choice options more difficult and discriminating than conventional multiple-choice options?

Differences in item difficulty between conventional and complex multiple-choice (M-C) items measuring objectives written at the six levels of the cognitive domain and three content areas within a basic health professions subject matter area were investigated. Conventional and complex M-C items were also compared in terms of item discrimination. Five hundred fifteen senior baccalaureate nursing students randomly responded to one of two packages of 18 one-item pharmacology achievement tests. Items in the two packages were matched in all respects except for the type of option. A 2 X 3 X 6 repeated measures ANCOVA with method of pharmacology as the covariate showed a statistically significant (p less than .01) interaction of option X content X cognitive level. Scheffé tests revealed that complex items were more difficult than conventional option items at the knowledge level only across all content areas investigated. No statistically significant differences were found between the two option types discriminating ability. Results of this research question the validity of the assumption that complex items are more difficult and discriminating than conventional M-C items.