急性缺血性卒中后认知功能障碍及其相关因素的横断面研究

研究背景急性缺血性卒中可导致认知功能障碍,甚至引起血管性痴呆,早期识别血管性认知损害、积极寻找相关因素、及时进行有效治疗可以减少甚至防止认知功能进一步减退,本研究旨在探讨急性缺血性卒中后认知功能障碍及其相关因素。方法选择符合入组条件的急性缺血性卒中患者共314例,分别应用蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评价认知功能、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评价脑卒中后神经功能缺损程度、Barthel指数评价日常生活活动能力、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评价情绪状态。结果与脑卒中后无认知功能障碍组相比,脑卒中后认知功能障碍组患者受教育程度低、日常生活活动能力差(P=0.000,0.008),而HAMD评分和NIHSS评分增加(均P=0.000),血清超敏C反应蛋白和糖化血红蛋白水平升高(P=0.002,0.005);其中血清超敏C反应蛋白和糖化血红蛋白水平、NIHSS评分、HAMD评分与MoCA评分呈负相关(均P<0.05),Barthel指数与MoCA评分呈正相关(P<0.05);影像学分型以皮质型缺血性脑血管病和左侧大脑半球缺血性脑血管病为主(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析提示,受教育程度低、糖尿病病史、HAMD评分、血清超敏C反应蛋白和糖化血红蛋白水平是脑卒中后认知功能障碍的危险因素。结论脑卒中后认知损害与社会人口学因素、脑卒中部位、抑郁程度、神经功能缺损程度,以及血清超敏C反应蛋白水平、血糖控制情况密切相关。     

脑卒中患者认知功能情况及血管性认知障碍的影响因素

目的探讨脑卒中患者认知功能情况及血管性认知障碍(VCI)的影响因素。方法选取122例脑卒中患者,采用蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表评估患者认知功能并分组。MoCA评分24～30分的患者为认知功能正常组(正常组),20～23分的患者为非痴呆型血管性认知障碍组(VCIND组),0～19分的患者为血管性痴呆组(VaD组)。采集患者外周血进行同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、IL-6、TNF-α检测。结果根据MoCA评分,122例患者分为正常组(30例)、VCIND组(30例)、VaD组(62例)。三组间文化程度、Hcy、IL-6、TNF-α的差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。MoCA评分与hsCRP、Hcy、IL-6、TNF-α呈负相关(r=-0.179,P=0.049;r=-0.258,P=0.004;r=-0.644,P0.001;r=-0.723,P0.001)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,文化程度是VCI的保护因素(OR=0.270,P=0.006),IL-6、TNF-α是VCI的危险因素(OR=7.756,P=0.002;OR=10.020,P=0.042)。结论脑卒中患者hsCRP、Hcy、IL-6、TNF-α水平越高,MoCA评分越低。文化程度是VCI的保护因素,IL-6、TNF-α是VCI的危险因素。     

卒中后抑郁相关影响因素的Meta分析

目的 探索脑卒中相关危险因素，为卒中后抑郁的早期诊断及预防决策提供依据。方法 标 准化检索万方、知网、维普、Medline、Cochrane 和Embase 有关卒中后抑郁相关性研究的文献，进一步提 取文献中相关因素的比值比（OR）及95%CI, 合并各个相关因素的OR值及95%CI以评估各因素在卒中后 抑郁中的作用。通过Egger''s检验和敏感性分析评估各相关因素的偏倚风险和结果稳定性。结果 Meta 分析结果显示基底节区梗死（OR=2.83）、多病灶（OR=2.76）、额叶梗死（OR=2.47）、高改良Rankin 量表（mRS） 评分（OR=2.17）、缺乏家庭支持（OR=1.48）、高水平超敏C 反应蛋白（OR=1.35）、女性（OR=1.66）、高水平同型 半胱氨酸（OR=1.17）、高水平瘦素（OR=1.16）、高体质指数（BMI）（OR=1.16）、年龄（OR=1.07）为卒中后抑郁 的危险因素，而高受教育水平（OR=0.91）可能对卒中后抑郁具有保护作用。结论 高水平瘦素、高水平 BMI、高mRS 评分、多病灶、基底节区梗死、额叶梗死、缺乏家庭支持、女性、高水平超敏C 反应蛋白、高 水平同型半胱氨酸、年龄是卒中后抑郁的危险因素，高受教育水平可能对卒中后抑郁具有保护作用。     

腔隙性梗死患者轻度血管性认知损害危险因素分析

目的探讨腔隙性梗死后血管性认知损害的相关危险因素。方法共138例腔隙性梗死患者根据蒙特利尔认知评价量表分为认知功能正常55例、轻度认知功能障碍73例和重度认知功能障碍10例,采用单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查腔隙性梗死后血管性认知损害相关危险因素。结果关键部位梗死灶(OR=1.179,95%CI:0.870~2.472;P=0.012)和脑白质高信号3~4级(OR=2.005,95%CI:0.910~4.502;P=0.024)是腔隙性梗死患者出现血管性认知损害的独立危险因素。结论腔隙性梗死后血管性认知损害是多因素共同作用的结果,其中关键部位梗死灶和脑白质高信号3~4级是独立危险因素。     

社区轻度认知功能损害老年人认知减退影响因素的研究

目的 探讨社区轻度认知功能损害老年人认知减退影响因素.方法 采用巢式病例-对照研究方法,由600名患轻度认知功能损害的社区老年居民组成随访队列,按年龄、性别、文化程度1:1匹配后形成认知减退组和对照组后进行影响因素分析.结果 发生认知减退的危险因素有:从事体力劳动(OR=1.949,95％ CI:1.041～ 3.637)、吸烟(OR=2.062,95％ CI:1.029～4.445)、喜欢呆在家里(OR=2.254,95％ CI:1.029～4.937)、血清中较高血糖(OR=3.584,95％ CI:1.891～6.791)、胆固醇(OR=2.204,95％CI:1.137～4.275)、低雌激素水平(OR=1.946,95％CI:1.087～3.411),高血压(OR=3.951,95％ CI:1.822 ～4.637),糖尿病(OR=3.016,95％CI:1.886～4.157),高血脂(OR=4.061,95％ CI:1.724 ～9.568),脑血栓(OR=2.347,95％CI:1.329～4.533),脑出血(OR =2.668,95％CI:1.579 ～4.802),较高收缩压(OR=2.208,95％CI:1.343～ 3.629),载脂蛋白E( ApoEε4)型等位基因(OR =2.717,95％CI:1.084 ～6.743)、ApoEε4型等位基因*胆固醇(OR=1.626,95％CI:1.011～2.618)；保护因素有:常读书看报(OR=0.203,95％CI:0.112～0.411)、常做家务( OR =0.249,95％ CI:0.135 ～0.528)、性格外向(OR =0.544,95％ CI:0.327～0.938).结论 从事体力劳动,吸烟,喜欢呆在家里,较高收缩压,血清中较高血糖,胆固醇,低雌激素水平,ApoEε4型等位基因,高血压,糖尿病,高血脂,脑血管病变是认知减退发生的危险因素；常读书看报,常做家务,性格外向是保护因素.     

脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍血管性危险因素筛查

目的通过对社区脑卒中高危人群进行认知功能评价,筛查脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的血管性危险因素。方法对2012年8-12月在陕西省西安市雁塔区筛查出的541例脑卒中高危人群进行翔实的基线资料采集和血管性危险因素评价,并采用简易智能状态检查量表评价认知功能。单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析筛查脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的血管性危险因素。结果541例脑卒中高危人群中90例(16.64%)符合认知功能障碍标准,单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析显示,仅糖尿病是脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的独立血管性危险因素(OR=1.871,95%CI:1.132~3.151;P=0.015)。结论血管性危险因素可以增加认知功能障碍的发病风险,尤其糖尿病是脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。     

呼伦贝尔地区缺血性脑卒中患者危险因素分析

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者的相关危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究方法,对300例缺血性脑卒中患者和300例非缺血性脑卒中的相关资料进行单因素t检验和多因素非条件的Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示:病例组的BMI、吸烟史、被动吸烟史、膳食结构中的多食豆类,家族史中的糖尿病史,纤维蛋白原与缺血性脑卒中发病相关差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);病例组的饮酒史、睡眠障碍情况、膳食结构中的多食肉类、少食鱼类、少食水果,既往史中的高血压史、TIA史、糖尿病史,颅内狭窄、颈内斑块情况,SBP、DBP、白细胞数、中性粒细胞比例、红细胞比积、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血尿酸、同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12、C反应蛋白与缺血性脑卒中发病相关,差异具有极显著性意义(P0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析:收缩压、低密度脂蛋白、餐后2h血糖、血尿酸、同型半胱氨酸、中性粒细胞比例、既往TIA史、吸烟史、颅内血管狭窄与缺血性脑卒中呈正相关(OR1),其中TIA史、颅内血管狭窄、餐后2h血糖是显著的独立危险因素(OR分别为68.537、22.444、12.819、11.404)。而维生素B12、睡眠充足程度与缺血性脑卒中呈负相关(OR1),是缺血性脑卒中可能的保护性因素。结论缺血性脑卒中的发病是多因素共同作用的结果,深入探讨其危险因素对有效控制其发病率具有重要意义。     

急性脑卒中外周血白细胞C反应蛋白的变化与短期预后的关系

目的分析急性脑卒中外周血白细胞、C反应蛋白的变化与短期预后的关系。方法纳入200例急性脑卒中患者,根据发病30d后mRS评分分为预后良好组及预后不良组,分别收集其年龄、白细胞、红细胞分布宽度、纤维蛋白原、INR、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、白蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、C反应蛋白、尿酸、尿素氮等12项危险因素,进行单因素分析,对比2组间各项危险因素的差异。并通过多因素Logistic回归分析各危险因素与急性脑卒中短期预后的关系及对短期预后的预测效能。结果单因素分析结果显示,2组年龄、白细胞计数、纤维蛋白原、INR、血糖、C反应蛋白比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素分析结果显示,年龄、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白水平与急性脑卒中患者短期预后独立相关(P0.05)。结论急性脑卒中患者年龄、白细胞计数和C反应蛋白与短期预后有关,是预测短期预后的重要指标。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者认知损害的危险因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者出现认知损害的危险因素,为预防脑卒中后认知损害提供依据。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年9月住院的103例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,所有入组病例均在入院第2天空腹采集肘静脉血测定血脂、同型半胱氨酸、空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白。参照2019年美国糖尿病学会发布的"糖尿病医学诊疗标准"制定血糖控制标准(空腹血糖4.4~7.2mmol·L-1,糖化血红蛋白<6.5%)。发病第10~14天(病情稳定排除谵妄等情况)进行北京版蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表测评,将MoCA评分<26分为认知损害组(64例)和MoCA≥26分为无认知损害组(39例),通过统计学分析探讨急性缺血性脑卒中出现认知损害的危险因素。结果与无认知损害组比较,认知损害患者年龄偏大(P=0.013)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较高(P=0.016);认知损害组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平高于无认知损害组,且血糖控制达标情况较无认知损害组差(分别P=0.001,P=0.045,P=0.006,P=0.001)。结论高龄、NIHSS评分高、空腹血糖升高及血糖水平控制达标差是急性缺血性脑卒中患者出现认知损害的危险因素之一,血糖作为可控因素,严格控制血糖可能有助于预防急性缺血性脑卒中后认知损害的发生。     

非痴呆性血管性认知障碍的影响因素研究

目的探讨非痴呆性血管性认知障碍的影响因素。方法选取唐山市工人医院2014年1月-2016年1月非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment no dementia,VCIND)患者为研究对象,同期认知功能正常者为对照组。对比VCIND组和对照组的血管病危险因素、生化指标、甲状腺激素水平的差异,采用Logistic回归分析VCIND的独立危险因素。结果研究共纳入VCIND组115例,对照组147例。VCIND组患者高血压(73.9%vs 53.1%,P=0.001)及既往卒中史(60.9%vs 34.7%,P0.001)比例显著高于对照组。VCIND组空腹血糖(P0.001)、同型半胱氨酸(P0.001)、甘油三酯水平显著高于对照组(P=0.022)。VCIND组游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)水平显著低于对照组[(2.80±0.39)pg/ml vs(2.90±0.27)pg/ml,P=0.043]。多因素分析显示,卒中病史[比值比(odds ratio,OR)6.461,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)2.835~14.725,P0.001]、同型半胱氨酸(OR 15.726,95%CI 7.198~34.358,P0.001)、血糖水平(OR 1.864,95%CI 1.367~2.541,P0.001)是VCIND的独立危险因素,而FT3(OR 0.351,95%CI0.192~0.647,P0.001)是VCIND的保护性因素。结论卒中病史、高血糖水平、高同型半胱氨酸血症是VCIND的独立危险因素,而FT3是VCIND的保护性因素。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.