寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤的诊治

目的 分析总结寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤的诊断和治疗。方法 1995年3月-2005年3月收治26例寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤患者。其中新鲜骨折20例，陈旧性骨折6例。所有患者均伴有不同程度的横韧带损伤，23例有神经损害表现。X线检查显示寰椎弓环及侧块不同部位骨折，寰齿间距（ADI）为4．7mm。5例行非手术治疗，其余21例行颈椎后路枕颈融合术或寰枢椎融合术治疗。结果所有患者术后获6～24个月（平均15个月）随访，21例手术治疗患者术后临床症状缓解；5例非手术治疗患者中，4例成功，另1例失败再行颈后路寰枢椎融合术治疗，术后疗效满意。结论 寰椎Jefferson骨折伴横韧带损伤患者的临床表现主要取决于韧带断裂后寰椎前脱位的程度以及是否造成脊髓压迫，诊断以ADI为主、并结合外伤史及临床表现。对于可能存在寰枢椎不稳或已有横韧带损伤且存在典型神经症状的患者，应早期行寰枢椎融合术或枕颈融合术治疗。     

外伤性寰椎横韧带断裂的治疗策略

目的探讨外伤性寰椎横韧带断裂治疗策略。方法回顾性分析一组24例寰椎横韧带断裂病例,其中单纯横韧带断裂15例,合并有寰椎骨折7例,合并齿状突骨折2例。急性损伤20例,陈旧性损伤4例。手术行寰枢椎融合术14例,枕颈融合6例,非手术治疗3例,入院后当天死亡1例。结果23例获得随访,平均随访时间为46个月。20例手术治疗患者中15例完全恢复正常,3例仍有局部症状,2例颈脊髓神经损害改善,无术后神经损害加重病例。3例接受非手术治疗患者中有2例出现寰枢椎不稳及迟发性脊髓损害。结论寰椎横韧带是维持寰枢椎正常解剖关系不可或缺的重要结构,横韧带断裂必然导致寰枢椎不稳定。无论是急性或陈旧性损伤,一旦诊断明确即应在早期行寰枢椎或枕颈融合术。     

成人寰椎骨折的治疗策略

目的 :探讨成人寰椎骨折的治疗策略。方法 :2013年5月~2015年12月我科共收治成人单纯寰椎骨折患者58例,男31例,女27例;年龄18~72岁(45.3±14.0岁)。7例稳定寰椎骨折患者采用硬颈围固定;22例不伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折患者,采用头颈胸支具固定20例,halo支具固定2例;29例伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折患者,采用后路寰枢椎内固定融合术20例,后路寰椎单椎节内固定术9例。对患者进行常规随访,记录美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及治疗相关并发症。采用CT评估骨折愈合情况和植骨融合情况,采用颈椎动力位X线片评估寰枢椎稳定性。结果:所有患者随访12~24个月(14.3±4.0个月)。随访CT示,采用硬颈围固定的7例稳定寰椎骨折及采用头颈胸支具或halo架固定的22例不伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折均获得骨性愈合。20例行后路寰枢椎内固定融合术的伴有横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折有18例获得骨性融合,2例未融合但内固定仍牢靠。颈椎动力位X线片示9例行后路寰椎单椎节内固定术的患者均无寰枢椎失稳征象。治疗前ASIA分级D级4例,E级54例;末次随访ASIA分级均为E级(Z=-2.000,P=0.046)。治疗前VAS评分为4~8分(6.6±1.0分),末次随访为0~2分(0.4±0.7分)(Z=-6.682,P0.001)。保守治疗者有2例枕部发生皮肤压疮;手术者术中均无神经血管损伤,术后2例发生切口感染。结论:对于稳定的寰椎骨折,采用硬颈围固定即可;对于不伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折,采用头颈胸支具或halo架固定可取得良好疗效;对于伴有横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折,采用后路寰枢椎内固定融合术或后路寰椎单椎节内固定术均可获得较满意的疗效。     

寰椎横韧带损伤的治疗策略

[目的]探讨寰椎横韧带在各种损伤状态下的治疗策略。[方法]本组共收治寰椎横韧带损伤患者26例，分析X线、CT及MRI资料，根据是否合并寰椎（或）齿状突骨折、损伤节段的稳定性及脊髓的损伤情况，4例行枕颈融合术，17例行寰枢椎融合术，5例行保守治疗。[结果]26例患者获6～36个月（平均18个月）随访，21例手术治疗患者疗效满意，5例保守治疗，其中4例效果满意，1例远期效果不佳行手术治疗。[结论]对于寰枢椎脱位、横韧带严重损伤，采用枕颈融合或寰枢椎融合术；对于横韧带部分损伤、寰枢椎稳定的患者采用保守治疗，但必须密切随访，出现不稳症状尽早手术治疗。     

后路钉板寰枢关节、枕颈固定融合术

目的报告后路寰枢椎侧块、枕颈钉板固定融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定的疗效。方法2006年1月至2007年12月,用特制螺钉及连接板固定寰枢椎、枕骨枢椎,治疗12例寰枢关节不稳定的患者。其中横韧带松弛3例,先天性齿突不连3例,寰椎骨折2例,齿状突粉碎骨折2例,寰枢椎脱位2例。结果本组12例获得5-28个月随访,平均16.3个月,均获得了骨性融合。没有神经、血管损伤和断钉、断板的病例。结论后路使用螺钉、固定板的寰枢关节、枕颈固定融合术具有短节段固定作用,不仅疗效可靠,而且便于寰枢关节复位。     

枕颈CD内固定在枕颈融合术中的应用

目的：研究枕颈CD内固定在枕颈融合术中的价值和作用。方法：对13例上颈椎不稳患者行枕颈部自体植骨融合枕颈CD内固定术。其中包括寰枢椎肿瘤4例,陈旧性寰枢椎骨折脱位4例,枕寰枢椎复合性畸形4例,陈旧性横韧带断裂伴寰椎前脱位1例。结果：13例患者均获随访5－27个月,平均10个月。所有病例植骨均完全愈合,无一例发生枕颈CD椎板钩及螺钉松动等并发症。结论：枕颈CD可提供有效的节段固定,适用于枕颈不稳的治疗。     

Magerl联合Brooks融合术治疗严重的寰枢椎不稳

目的介绍后路内固定治疗严重寰、枢椎不稳的手术方式。方法12例寰、枢椎不稳患者中单纯II型陈旧性齿状突骨折6例,寰、枢椎前脱位5例(其中习惯性脱位2例,伴齿状突骨折2例,伴横韧带断裂1例),寰、枢椎旋转脱位伴横韧带断裂1例。采用后路C1,2经关节螺钉联合Brooks融合术治疗。结果12例寰、枢椎不稳患者中11例共放置经关节螺钉22枚,1例陈旧性齿状突骨折患者因C2单侧椎板上缘劈裂仅行Brooks融合术。本组患者术中无椎动脉、硬脊膜破裂和脊髓损伤等并发症,随访3~32个月,植骨全部融合。结论Magerl联合Brooks融合术是治疗严重寰、枢椎不稳的有效方法,可提供有效的固定和提高植骨融合率。     

上颈椎骨折脱位的外科治疗

目的探讨上颈椎骨折脱位的诊断及治疗方法。方法2005年1月—屯009年9月收治16例创伤性上颈椎骨折脱位患者。其中齿状突骨折7例,寰枢椎脱位5例,Hangman骨折2例,Jefferson骨折2例。9例伴有神经功能障碍者脊髓神经功能按ASIA分级：B级3例,c级4例,D级2例。除7例采用颈椎牵引及支具固定外,齿状突中空螺钉固定术2例,Apofix寰枢椎后路固定＋植骨融合2例,枕颈融合术1例,寰枢椎后路经椎弓根螺钉固定术4例。所有患者术后均行头颈胸支具外固定3个月。结果16例患者术后获6—36个月随访。所有病例未出现脊髓损伤、椎动脉破裂等并发症。经6个月以上随访骨折或植骨获愈合,未见内置物断裂或感染等并发症发生。1例患者枕颈融合术后2年因呼吸道感染并发症死亡。9例神经功能障碍患者中均有不同程度改善。上颈椎不稳均获得有效治疗。结论上颈椎外伤性失稳的诊断和治疗方式选择取决于骨折类型和移位状况。AndersonI、Ⅲ型齿状突骨折和LevineI、Ⅱ型Hangman骨折经保守治疗可获得满意的临床疗效。齿横韧带损伤合并寰枢关节脱位及不稳定的Jefferson骨折和Hangman骨折应手术治疗。寰枢椎后路组合固定技术是治疗上颈椎外伤性失稳的有效方法,具有固定可靠、短节段固定、三维固定、融合率高、可早期功能锻炼的优点。     

手术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的对寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗进行探讨。方法31例中齿状突骨折15例,寰椎横韧带断裂4例,枢椎原发肿瘤4例,寰椎椎弓陈旧性骨折2例,类风湿性枕颈部发育畸形6例。28例行颈后路手术,包括枕颈融合术14例,寰枢椎融合术13例,肿瘤病灶清除后植骨1例;另3例枢椎经口腔病灶清除加钛网融合器椎间植骨及钛板将环椎前弓与G固定,其中2例分别行前后路手术。结果31例均获随访,时间3个月～10年,平均13．5个月,全部骨性愈合。术前合并神经系统症状26例,术后症状明显改善14例,加重3例。结论对于由寰枢椎骨折脱位、畸形、肿瘤及横韧带断裂等引起的寰枢椎不稳,应早期进行后路前路融合术。充分控制寰枢椎活动,精心准备植骨床是保证手术成功的关键。     

寰枢椎不稳后路固定方式的选择

目的　探讨寰枢椎不稳后路手术治疗的方式。方法2001年10月~2004年10月根据患者不同的病情采用不同的方式手术治疗寰枢椎不稳78例。齿突骨折49例,其中AndersonⅡ型35例(陈旧骨折14例,新鲜骨折21例),Ⅲ型14例(陈旧骨折6例,新鲜骨折8例);寰枢横韧带断裂7例;C1, 2联合骨折9例(Jeffson骨折联合Hangman骨折合并C1, 2不稳);颅底陷入症4例;枢椎齿状突畸形2例;ChiariⅠ型畸形1例;寰椎爆裂型骨折合并枕颈不稳6例。采用Apofix联合Magerl技术治疗AndersonⅡ型28例,Apofix治疗Ⅲ型和寰枢横韧带断裂9例,Axis或VertexC1, 2侧块固定AndersonⅡ型和Ⅲ型骨折15例,Axis枕颈固定26例。结果　本组患者术后随访6 ~40个月,植骨全部融合,无一例假关节形成。术后并发感染3例,经清创后愈合,无一例因感染而取除内固定器。1例术中损伤硬脊膜,术后经保守治疗而愈合。1例术后伴枕颈部麻木, 3个月后缓解。椎动脉损伤1例,术中采用填塞止血,术后无脑缺血等症状。1例采用Apofix固定者3个月后出现内固定松动而采取了二次手术。所有患者无脊髓损伤、舌下神经麻痹或内固定断裂。有2例患者主诉旋转活动部分受限(约42°),为正常的70%,主要为陈旧性骨折没能完全复位所致。结论　对于寰枢椎不稳的后路手术治疗,应根据不同的骨折和不稳类型采取不     

Bilateral atlas laminar hook combined with transarticular screw fixation for an unstable bursting atlantal fracture

Introduction  The unstable atlas burst fracture (“Jefferson fracture”) is a fracture of the anterior and posterior atlantal arch with rupture of the transverse atlantal ligament and an incongruence of the atlanto-occipital and the atlanto-axial joint facets. The posterior atlantoaxial fusion is frequently used to reconstruct the stability of atlantoaxial joint. Conventional posterior atlantoaxial fixations are associated with high rates of pseudoarthrosis and chronic atlantoaxial instability. As a modified three-point fixation the bilateral C1-2 transarticular screws combined with C1 laminar hook and bone grafts can provide best biomechanical stability, but no standard protocol has been reported for the use of this fusion technique. A retrospective review of clinical series should be conducted to evaluate the clinical outcome of bilateral atlas laminar hook combined with transarticular screw fixation for unstable bursting atlantal fracture. Materials and methods  From March 2002 to March 2006, there were total 12 cases of unstable atlantal bursting fractures, 10 males and 2 females, age ranging 18–54, with mean of 36 years old. All patients were operated on posterior atlantoaxial fusion using bilateral atlas laminar hook combined with transarticular screw fixation after atlantoaxial joint were reduced and followed up for 12–24 months. The medical records and radiographs of the 12 patients were reviewed. Each patient underwent a complete cervical radiograph series including lateral flexion-extension view and a computed topographic scan. The Frankel grades and ASIA scores were applied to assess the neurologic status. Results  In all patients, a good bony fusion of the atlanto-axial segment was achieved. All patients showed significant improvement of the neurologic defect and no instability on their follow-up plain radiographs and computerized tomography in follow-up interval. Conclusions  For the patients who suffer from the unstable bursting atlantal fracture, the nonoperative methods could carry some clinical complications including infection, nerve injury, etc. and is frequently failure, Posterior atlantoaxial fusion using bilateral atlas laminar hook combined with transarticular screw fixation is an effective treatment. Xiang Guo and Bin Ni contributed equally to the article.     

Atlantoaxial Screw Fixation for the Treatment of Isolated and Combined Unstable Jefferson Fractures – Experiences with 8 Patients

Summary.  The unstable atlas burst fracture (“Jefferson fracture”) is a fracture of the anterior and posterior atlantal arch with rupture of the transverse atlantal ligament and an incongruence of the atlanto-occipital and the atlanto-axial joint facets. The question whether it has to be treated surgically or nonsurgically is still discussed and remains controversial. During the last decade 8 patients with unstable atlas burst fractures were examined and treated in our department. Five of the eight patients were first treated conservatively by external immobilization. Because of continuing instability due to insufficient bony fusion of the atlantal fracture all five patients underwent atlanto-axial transarticular screw fixation and fusion – as described by Magerl – with good results. In all 8 patients a good bony fusion of the atlanto-axial segment was achieved. None of the patients exhibited neurological deficits after surgical treatment.  Although immobilization with a halo vest is recommended by most authors, from our view primary transarticular C1–C2 screw fixation has to be discussed as an alternative for unstable atlas burst fractures. Nonsurgical treatment with halo extension always bears the risk of insufficient healing with further instability and a fixated incongruence of the atlanto-occipital and the atlanto-axial joints, leading to arthrosis, immobility and increasing neck pain. After 10 weeks of insufficient immobilization secondary pre- and intra-operative reposition manoeuvres and surgical fixation hardly can reverse this fixated incongruence. Moreover, halo-extension needs an immobilization of the cervical spine for about 10 weeks and more, which is very uncomfortable and leads to further complications especially in elderly patients. Published online October 31, 2002 Correspondence: Dr. med. Christian Hein, M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Deggendorf, Perlasbergerstr. 41, D-94469 Deggendorf, Germany.     

创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂

目的：探讨创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂的诊断和治疗。方法：回顾性分析２３例创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂,其中急性损伤９例,陈旧性损伤１４例。所有患者均有颈部症状。１７例有神经损害。Ｘ线检查显示寰齿间距（ＡＤＩ）为６￣１４ｍｍ。本组有５例行非手术治疗,其余１８例行枕颈融合术或寰枢椎融合术。结果：随访１￣１７年（平均７年）,５例接受保守治疗患者中有４例出现寰枢椎不稳及迟发性脊髓损害,１８例手术治疗患者中４例完全恢复正     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the transverse atlantal ligament for the evaluation of atlantoaxial instability

Twenty normal human subjects and 14 patients with upper cervical spine pathology were studied with axial high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to examine the transverse atlantal ligament. Gradient-echo MR imaging pulse sequences provided reliable visualization of the transverse ligament, which exhibited low signal intensity and extended behind the dens between the medial portions of the lateral masses of C-1. The MR imaging characteristics of the transverse ligament were verified in clinical studies and in postmortem specimens. The clinical MR examinations defined 27 normal ligaments, three ligament disruptions, and four stretched rheumatoid ligaments. Atlantoaxial instability associated with transverse ligament rupture or ligamentous laxity required internal fixation. In contrast, fractures of C-1 or C-2 or atlantoaxial rotatory dislocations associated with an intact transverse ligament healed without instability or nonunion. The transverse ligament is the primary stabilizing component of C-1. The treatment of atlantoaxial instability has previously been based on criteria drawn from computerized tomography or plain radiographic studies, which only indirectly assess the probability of rupture of the transverse ligament. It is concluded that MR imaging accurately depicts the anatomical integrity of the transverse ligament. After transverse ligament failure, the remaining ligaments of the craniovertebral junction are inadequate to maintain stability. The presence of ligament disruption should be considered as a criterion for early fusion.     

后路融合术治疗不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折

目的 评价后路融合术(枕颈融合或寰枢椎融合术)治疗不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效.方法 从2005年10月～2008年10月,共收治不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折20例.所有患者均早期行后路融合术,回顾治疗过程,分析随访结果.结果 术后均随访24个月.13例临床症状完全消失;7例有神经损伤的患者获得明显改善.术后3个月颈椎X线片及CT三维重建片提示内固定位置良好,寰枢关节无不稳征象;18例在术后3个月内植骨块已完全融合,2例植骨块在术后6个月也获得完全融合.各个随访时间点未见并发症出现.患者术后3个月ASIA评分与人院时比较明显提高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 颈椎后路融合术是一种安全有效的治疗不稳定寰椎爆裂性骨折的方法.术式首选寰枢椎融合术,慎重选择枕颈融合术.     

Atlas fractures

Fractures of the atlas account for 1-2% of all vertebral fractures. We divide atlas fractures into 5 groups: isolated fractures of the anterior arch of the atlas, isolated fractures of the posterior arch, combined fractures of the anterior and posterior arch (so-called Jefferson fractures), isolated fractures of the lateral mass and fractures of the transverse process. Isolated fractures of the anterior or posterior arch are benign and are treated conservatively with a soft collar until the neck pain has disappeared. Jefferson fractures are divided into stable and unstable fracture depending on the integrity of the transverse ligament. Stable Jefferson fractures are treated conservatively with good outcome while unstable Jefferson fractures are probably best treated operatively with a posterior atlanto-axial or occipito-axial stabilization and fusion. The authors preferred treatment modality is the immediate open reduction of the dislocated lateral masses combined with a stabilization in the reduced position using a transarticular screw fixation C1/C2 according to Magerl. This has the advantage of saving the atlanto-occipital joints and offering an immediate stability which makes immobilization in an halo or Minerva cast superfluous. In late instabilities C1/2 with incongruency of the lateral masses occurring after primary conservative treatment, an occipito-cervical fusion is indicated. Isolated fractures of the lateral masses are very rare and may, if the lateral mass is totally destroyed, be a reason for an occipito-cervical fusion. Fractures of the transverse processes may be the cause for a thrombosis of the vertebral artery. No treatment is necessary for the fracture itself.     

Unilateral avulsion fracture of the transverse atlantal ligament: successful treatment in a rigid cervical collar

A 34-year-old male sustained a unilateral avulsion fracture through the origin of the transverse atlantal ligament following a road traffic accident. This was successfully treated in a rigid neck collar for 8 weeks. Injuries to the transverse atlantal ligament are often associated with significant bony injury and atlanto-axial instability. Isolated injuries to the transverse ligament are extremely rare and the present case suggests that a trial of conservative management may be worth pursuing.     

Self-designed posterior atlas polyaxial lateral mass screw-plate fixation for unstable atlas fracture

Background contextMost atlas fractures can be effectively treated nonoperatively with external immobilization unless there is an injury to the transverse atlantal ligament. Surgical stabilization is most commonly achieved using a posterior approach with fixation of C1–C2 or C0–C2, but these treatments usually result in loss of the normal motion of the C1–C2 and C0–C1 joints.PurposeTo clinically validate feasibility, safety, and value of open reduction and fixation using an atlas polyaxial lateral mass screw-plate construct in unstable atlas fractures.Study designRetrospective review of patients who sustained unstable atlas fractures treated with polyaxial lateral mass screw-plate construct.Patient sampleTwenty-two patients with unstable atlas fractures who underwent posterior atlas polyaxial lateral mass screw-plate fixation were analyzed.Outcome measuresVisual analog scale, neurologic status, and radiographs for fusion.MethodsFrom January 2011 to September 2012, 22 patients with unstable atlas fractures were treated with this technique. Patients' charts and radiographs were reviewed. Bone fusion, internal fixation placement, and integrity of spinal cord and vertebral arteries were assessed via intraoperative and follow-up imaging. Neurologic function, range of motion, and pain levels were assessed clinically on follow-up.ResultsAll patients were followed up from 12 to 32 months, with an average of 22.5±18.0 months. A total of 22 plates were placed, and all 44 screws were inserted into the atlas lateral masses. The mean duration of the procedure was 86 minutes, and the average estimated blood loss was 120 mL. Computed tomography scans 9 months after surgery confirmed that fusion was achieved in all cases. There was no screw or plate loosening or breakage in any patient. All patients had well-preserved range of motion. No vascular or neurologic complication was noted, and all patients had a good clinical outcome.ConclusionsAn open reduction and posterior internal fixation with atlas polyaxial lateral mass screw-plate is a safe and effective surgical option in the treatment of unstable atlas fractures. This technique can provide immediate reduction and preserve C1–C2 motion.