螺旋CT三维重建在骨盆后环损伤的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建对骨盆后环骨折的诊断及治疗上的临床意义。方法2002年3月～2003年8月,对骨盆骨折且有完整X线平片和CT三维重建资料的19例患者进行回顾性分析,并对两种检查方法的结果进行比较。结果19例患者中,9例X线片漏诊或可疑,经三维CT检查后修正诊断。对于骶髂关节部分及前后分离、骶髂关节内碎骨、骶髂关节髂骨唇或骶骨唇骨折、骶骨骨折及复杂粉碎性的骨盆后环骨折,三维CT较X线片有明显的优势,能多层次清晰显示骨盆后环的骨折形态。结论三维CT检查对骨盆后环骨折的诊断、分类及指导治疗具有重要的意义和作用。     

应用入口位和出口位X线监视下经皮微创螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位

[目的]探讨利用入口位和出口位x线引导下经皮螺钉内固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的方法.[方法]选择旋转垂直不稳定的C型(Tile分型)骨盆骨折患者6例,术中利用入口位和出口位X线监视定位S1椎体的进针方向和位置,在X线监视下打入导针于合适位置,置入松质骨螺钉.[结果]6例骶髂关节骨折脱位均复位,术后X线及CT示螺钉固定位置良好.[结论]术中应用入口位和出口位投照即可准确地置入骶髂关节螺钉.该方法较传统方法减少了投照位置和投照次数,简化手术过程,为微创固定骶髂关节提供了新方法.     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者的诊断和治疗

目的探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其急诊处理、诊断和治疗方法选择。方法回顾性分析18例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，10例保守治疗，8例手术治疗。8例手术患者骨盆前环骨折均行切开复位内固定，2例耻骨上支骨折采用重建钢板固定，2例采用拉力螺钉固定，4例耻骨联合分离患者均采用双钢板固定；6例骨盆后环骨折患者采用切开复位双钢板固定，2例在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节松质骨拉力螺钉固定。结果18例患者全部恢复行走功能，所有保守治疗患者骨盆骨折均畸形愈合，遗留骶髂关节部位酸痛6例，遗留双小腿、双足麻木3例，行走跛行2例。8例手术治疗患者骨盆外形均恢复好，仅1例患者诉沿髂嵴切口有不适，2例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复，功能恢复快而满意。结论旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者保守治疗效果差，宜首选内固定手术治疗，宜同时固定骨盆前、后环或先行前环切开复位内固定，2～3d后再次在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉内固定。CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、固定牢靠，是固定骶髂关节骨折脱位的首选方法。     

切开复位内固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折

目的：总结不稳定骨盆骨折手术方法和疗效。方法：入路：前环采用横切口或髂腹股沟切门，后环用骶髂前入路或后入路。固定方法：对于髂骨骨折、耻骨联合分离或耻骨上支骨折，采用钢板固定于髂骨内板、耻骨联合上方或前方和耻骨支上方；对于髂骨后部骨折、骶髂关节分离或骶骨骨折采用前路钢板、后路骶骨棒和骶髂关节螺钉固定。结果：87例病人，随访3个月～5年，97％的病人满意。结论：切开复位内固定是不稳定骨盆骨折的可靠治疗方法，术前应特别重视纠正骨盆骨折内出血。     

闭合复位经皮AO空心钉治疗骶髂关节损伤

骨盆骨折的稳定性主要取决于骨盆后环的完整，骶髂关节损伤可致骨盆后环完整性破坏；骶髂关节前方分离，提示骶髂前韧带撕裂，半骨盆外旋不稳；当骶髂关节前后分离，说明骶髂前后韧带以及骶髂骨间韧带均撕裂，半骨盆向上向后移位，此系垂直不稳型损伤。因此，骶髂关节损伤的治疗对于不稳定骨盆骨折有重要意义。由于条件的限制，一般医院难以在术中作到CT或导航系统引导。     

骨盆前环后环骨折与骨盆动脉损伤的相关性研究

目的探讨骨盆骨折X线表现与骨盆动脉损伤的关系及诊断、治疗方法。方法自1999年1月~2003年10月,收治55例骨盆骨折合并血管损伤,入院时均处于休克状态,收缩压小于90mmHg,脉率大于120次/min。输血量400~10800ml,平均2886ml。入院后常规摄骨盆后前位、出口位及入口位X线片,经输血和抗休克治疗后,血压不升或升后又下降,排除其他部位出血后即行髂动脉造影,并行动脉栓塞。患者ISS评分平均39±16。根据X线表现分为后环骨折21例,前环骨折12例,髋臼骨折6例,混合骨折16例。结果55例髂内动脉造影患者,50例为髂内动脉及其分支损伤出血,行血管栓塞,4例髂外动脉损伤,3例血栓形成,1例破裂;1例髂总动脉血栓形成。3例死亡,成功率94.55%。损伤最多的血管是臀上动脉(32.56%),其次是骶外侧动脉及髂腰动脉。后环骨盆骨折损伤血管64支,主要臀上动脉、骶外侧动脉及髂腰动脉,前环骨折损伤血管17支,主要为闭孔动脉。混合骨折平均输血3876ml±1068ml。结论根据骨盆骨折X线表现可预测血管损伤类型,后环骨折容易引起臀上动脉、骶外侧动脉及髂腰动脉损伤,前环骨折易损伤闭孔动脉,其中最易损伤的是臀上动脉。髂内动脉造影及动脉栓塞是较好的诊断及治疗方法。     

骨盆骨折CT扫描的临床价值

目的 探讨骨盆骨折ＣＴ扫描的临床价值。方法 分析１４例骨盆骨折ＣＴ扫描资料。结果 发现骶髂关节部分分离４例,完全分离３例,骶髂关节内碎骨２例,骶髂关节髂骨唇骨折２例,骶骨唇骨折３例,北骶孔骨折１例,髋臼内壁方形区骨折１例,髋臼后壁骨折并关节内碎骨１例。结论 骨盆骨折ＣＴ扫描可揭示Ｘ线平片不能确定的损伤,为临床精确诊断和正确处理提供重要依据。     

骶髂关节脱位的切开复位内固定术治疗骨盆环前后联合损伤

骨盆环前环耻坐骨骨折或耻骨联合分离与后环骶髂关节脱位或关节附近骶骨、髂骨骨折的同时发生,使骨盆变形,很不稳定,我们通过切开复位内固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位,来稳定骨盆,获得了保守治疗不能达到的效果。1990     

骨盆骨折微创手术治疗的可行性研究

目的：探讨应用微创手术治疗骨盆骨折的可行性。方法：微创手术治疗26例骨盆骨折患者，男15例，女11例；年龄20—62岁，平均40岁。均为闭合性骨折，单侧骨盆环破坏17例，双侧骨盆环破坏9例。骨盆后环损伤类型：骶髂关节脱位8例，骶骨外侧纵形骨折12例；骨盆前环损伤类型：单侧耻骨坐骨支骨折9例，双侧耻骨坐骨支骨折7例，耻骨联合分离6例；合并休克6例。前环应用经皮耻骨上支拉力螺钉固定术，耻骨联合拉力螺钉固定术；后环采用经皮骶髂关节拉力螺钉固定术或骶骨棒固定术。术前摄骨盆CR片，骨盆螺旋CT检查，了解骨折表面及内部的细节，明确骨折情况。采用体表定位结合C形臂引导手术。结果：术中失血10-50ml，平均30ml；手术时间30-50min。CR观察骨折愈合时间8-12周，平均11周。无伤口感染、骨折不愈合、神经损伤等。结论：在掌握好手术适应证的前提下，微创手术具有创伤小、手术时间短、效果好、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

骨盆韧带损伤对骶髂关节稳定性影响的生物力学研究

目的 探讨骨盆韧带损伤对骶髂关节稳定性的影响,为骨盆骨折的临床治疗提供理论依据. 方法取骨盆标本10具,完整保留关节及韧带结构,左侧组逐级离断耻骨联合、骶棘韧带、骶结节韧带、骶髂前韧带及骶髂前关节囊、骶髂骨间韧带,右侧组逐级离断耻骨联合、骶髂后长、后短韧带、髂腰韧带、骶髂骨间韧带,模拟人体单足站立位,力学机上给予轴向加载,测量并记录骶骨相对于髂骨的垂直位移及矢状面骶骨旋转角度(角移位). 结果左侧力学试验中,仅切断耻骨联合周围韧带、骶结节韧带,骶骨垂直位移、骶骨角位移,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).逐步切断骶髂前韧带、骶髂骨间韧带,骶骨的垂直位移数值由完整骨盆测量的(4.144±0.538)mm增至(5.853±0.368)mm;骶骨的旋转角度由骨盆完整时的0.226°±0.061°增至0.616°±0.086°,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).右侧力学试验中,逐次切断骶髂关节后部韧带,骶骨的垂直位移数值由完整骨盆测量的(3.610±0.696)mm增至(6.825±0.565)mm;骶骨的旋转角度由骨盆完整时的0.271°±0.094°增至0.746°±0.192°,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 耻骨联合及其周围韧带的损伤对骶髂关节的稳定性无显著性影响;骶结节韧带、骶棘韧带对限制骶骨的角位移有很大作用;骨间韧带对骶髂关节稳定性的作用较大;骶髂后韧带与骨间韧带共同组成了骶髂关节后部韧带复合体,是骶髂关节周围韧带中的重要部分.     

Variations in sacral morphology and implications for iliosacral screw fixation

Posterior pelvic percutaneous fixation following either closed or open reduction is a popular procedure. Knowledge of the posterior pelvic anatomy, its variations, and related imaging is critical to performing reproducibly safe surgery. The dysmorphic sacrum has several key characteristics. The upper portion of the sacrum is relatively colinear with the iliac crests on the outlet radiographic view. Other characteristics include the presence of mammillary bodies (ie, underdeveloped transverse processes) at the sacral mid-alar area, anterior upper sacral foramina that are not circular, residual upper sacral disks, an acute alar slope oriented from cranial-posterior-central to caudal-anterior-lateral on the outlet and lateral views of the sacrum, a tongue-in-groove sacroiliac joint surface visualized on CT, and cortical indentation of the anterior ala on the inlet radiographic view. The surgeon must be knowledgeable about individual patient anatomy to ensure safe iliosacral screw placement.     

Vertically unstable pelvic fractures fixed with percutaneous iliosacral screws: does posterior injury pattern predict fixation failure?

OBJECTIVE: To measure the failure rate of percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation of vertically unstable pelvic fractures and particularly to test the hypothesis that fixations in which the posterior injury is a vertical fracture of the sacrum are more likely to fail than fixations with dislocations or fracture-dislocations of the sacroiliac joint. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. METHODS: All patients with pelvic fractures admitted between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 1998, were identified from the trauma registry. Hospital records were used to identify patients treated with iliosacral screws. Radiologic studies were examined to identify patients who had unequivocally vertically unstable pelvic fractures. Immediate postoperative and follow-up anteroposterior, inlet, and outlet radiographs from a minimum of 12 months postinjury were examined. Position, length, and numbers of iliosacral screws and any evidence of screw failure (eg, bending or breakage) were recorded. Residual postoperative displacement and late displacement of the posterior pelvis were measured. The main outcome measure was failure, defined as at least 1cm of combined vertical displacement of the posterior pelvis compared with immediate postoperative position. The main analysis was for association between fracture pattern and failure. Patient demographic data, iliosacral screw position, and anterior pelvic fixation method also were studied. RESULTS: The study group comprised 62 patients with unequivocally vertically unstable pelvic fractures in whom the posterior injury was treated with closed reduction and percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation. Of patients, 32 had dislocations or fracture-dislocations of the sacroiliac joint, and 30 had vertical fractures of the sacrum. Fixation failed in four patients, all with vertical sacral fractures and all within the first 3 weeks after surgery. These four patients required revision fixation. In two further cases with vertical sacral fractures, there was evidence that the fracture had only barely been held by the fixation, but these fractures healed, and follow-up radiographs did not meet the displacement criteria for failure. A vertical sacral fracture pattern was associated significantly with failure (Fisher exact test, P = 0.04); the excess risk of failure compared with sacroiliac joint injury was 13% (95% confidence interval 1% to 25%). There was no significant association between failure and anterior fixation method, iliosacral screw arrangement or length, or any demographic or injury variable. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation is a useful technique in the management of vertically unstable pelvic fractures, but a vertical sacral fracture should make the surgeon more wary of fixation failure and loss of reduction.     

隐匿性骨盆后环损伤的影像学表现及临床意义

目的：探讨临床容易忽视的隐匿性骨盆后环损伤的影像学表现及其临床意义。方法：调阅2003年1月至2008年1月我院影像学资料完整的178例骨盆创伤病历，发现21例骨盆CR正位片显示后环正常或疑似损伤，调阅其骨盆螺旋CT发现其中17例均有骨盆后环损伤，其中男11例，女6例；年龄19-71岁，平均34．7岁。螺旋CT检查方法：平描层厚3mm，同时做冠状面、矢状面及骶骨曲面重建。对CR片及CT图像进行横向对照，结合患者临床情况进行分析研究。结果：17例中CR正位片显示骨盆前环耻、坐骨支骨折或耻骨联合损伤。CT多维重建显示后环骶骨骨折DenisⅠ型5例、Ⅱ型5例、Ⅲ型2例，骶髂关节分离移位1例，骶骨合并髂骨后部骨折4例。按受伤机制分析，17例漏诊患者中15例属于侧方挤压暴力导致的内旋损伤，2例属于前后挤压暴力导致的外旋损伤，按Young—Burgess分型：LCⅠ型11例、Ⅱ型4例和APCⅠ型2例；按Tlie和AO分型均为B型旋转不稳定。资料CR正位片骨盆后环骨折确诊率为89％。螺旋CT横断面、冠状面、矢状面和骶骨曲面4个面的重建同时应用，对微细骨折检出率为100％。结论：螺旋CT4个面的重建同时应用是确诊骨盆后环骨折的“金标准”，为更精确的诊断提供科学依据，降低并发症，减少漏诊率。     

The role of CT in diagnosis and therapy of fractures of the pelvic girdle]

The conventional pelvic overview and special projections of the pelvic ring are often not conclusive for the diagnosis of pelvic ring fractures. The superimposition of multiple bony and soft tissue structures interfere with correct three-dimensional orientation of the bony lesions in spite of special projections. CT offers the possibility of identifying pelvic fractures that are not visible in conventional radiographs. Dislocated fractures can especially be appreciated. With CT, it was possible for the first time to classify lesions of the sacroiliac joint: (I) distortion (vacuum phenomena), (II) rupture of the ventral sacroiliac ligaments (open book), (III) lesions of the ventral and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments, and (IV) luxation of the os sacrum. Lesions of the sacrum can also be classified into four groups: (I) diastasis of the sacroiliac joint, (II) sacral lip fractures, (III) vertical fractures and compression fractures, (IV) comminuted fractures. Above all, the CT scan facilitates an accurate examination of the dorsal pelvic ring. Furthermore, better appreciation of intrapelvic soft tissue lesions is possible. In a retrospective study on 53 patients, in 88.7% we had quite helpful and extremely helpful CT examinations, and 90% higher precision in comparison to conventional radiographs.     

Percutaneous stabilization of U-shaped sacral fractures using iliosacral screws: technique and early results

PURPOSE: To present the technique and early results of percutaneous stabilization of U-shaped sacral fractures with attention to neurologic recovery and maintenance of fracture reduction of the sacrum. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: During a thirty-eight-month period, 442 patients with pelvic ring disruptions were treated at a Level I trauma center. Thirteen (2.9 percent) of these patients had displaced U-shaped sacral fractures treated with percutaneous stabilization. INTERVENTION: Fracture stabilization was accomplished using fluoroscopically guided iliosacral screws inserted percutaneously with the patient positioned supine. Neurodiagnostic monitoring was not used during screw insertions. This technique was limited to patients with sacral kyphotic deformities, which allowed in situ fixation. Sacral neurologic decompression was not performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Fracture healing and the stability of fixation were assessed on inlet and outlet radiographs and a lateral sacral view. Detailed neurologic examinations were performed at injury and at follow-up. RESULTS: The sacral fractures were classified based on plain pelvic radiographs and computed tomography scans and included one Type 1, eight Type 2, and four Type 3 fracture patterns. Twenty-five fully threaded cancellous 7.0-millimeter cannulated screws were used. Eleven patients had bilateral screw fixations; one patient had unilateral double screw fixation; and one patient had unilateral single screw fixation. Operative time for screw insertion averaged forty-eight minutes, with 2.1 minutes of fluoroscopy per screw. Accurate screw insertions without neuroforaminal or sacral spinal canal violations were confirmed in all patients with postoperative pelvic plain radiographs and computed tomography scans. A paradoxical inlet view of the upper sacral segments on the injury anteroposterior pelvis was seen in twelve of thirteen patients (92.3 percent), and the diagnosis was confirmed with the lateral sacral view in all thirteen (100 percent) patients. Preoperatively, sacral kyphosis averaged 29 degrees, whereas postoperative sacral kyphosis averaged 28 degrees. Screw disengagement occurred without a change in position of the sacral fracture in the only patient treated with a single unilateral screw. All fractures healed clinically and radiographically. Of the nine patients with preoperative neurologic abnormalities, two (22 percent) patients had residual neurologic deficits. Both patients had associated multiple level lumbar burst fractures, which required decompression and instrumented stabilization. CONCLUSIONS: These sacral fractures are rare and occur after significant spinal axial loading. A paradoxic inlet view of the upper sacrum on the anteroposterior plain pelvic radiograph heralds the diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis is avoided by a high clinical suspicion, early lateral sacral radiographs, and pelvic computed tomography scans. Surgical stabilization may assist in early mobilization of the patient from recumbency and prevents progressive deformity with associated nerve root injury. Percutaneous fixation diminishes potential blood loss and operative times, yet still allows subsequent sacral decompression of the local neural elements using open techniques when necessary. Early percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation is effective treatment for these injuries.     

Simple mathematical model of sacroiliac screws safe‐zone—Easy to implement by pelvic inlet and outlet views

Percutaneous sacral screw fixation is the mainstay of posterior pelvic ring fixation. This study quantifies the accuracy of fluoroscopic screw placement using post‐operative CT scans and redefines the fluoroscopic safe zone using a mathematical calculation obtained from Inlet and outlet images. The authors hypothesized that a mathematical calculation of screw placement within the ala will improve accuracy of screw placement. A retrospective review of consecutive patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center with pelvic fractures fixed with iliosacral screws from January 2011 to December 2014 was performed. Accuracy of screw placement was determined by comparing fluoroscopy to post‐operative CT scans. A mathematical calculation of screw position within the sacral ala was applied to determine assess screw position and compared to CT findings. Ninety‐four patients with 156 screws met inclusion criteria, of which 50 (32.0%) had a cortical breech on CT. The sensitivity and specificity of the inlet–outlet safe zone using mathematical calculation were 97.1% and 84.0%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 92.7% and 93.3%, respectively. Overall accuracies of the radiographic inlet–outlet and lateral safe zones were 92.9% and 70.0%, respectively (p‐value = 0.004). Sacral dysmorphism was not found to be associated with sacral cortical breech. A Simple mathematical calculation (screw position relative to percentage of bone width) on the inlet–outlet provides an accurate way to predict the accuracy of sacroiliac screws. The method is easy to implement, part of the surgery work‐flow, and provides higher accuracy than relying on subjective interpretation of inlet, outlet, and lateral images. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1478–1484, 2017.

     

S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板间螺钉治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位

目的 探索S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板问螺钉治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的临床疗效，评价两者结合对骶髂关节骨折脱位的治疗价值。方法 对11例骶髂关节骨折脱位患者用脊柱内固定系统(TSRH)之S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板间螺钉进行固定，该组患者涉及骶髂关节的垂直移位及旋转的骨盆环变形，归于Tile分型的B类或C类骨盆损伤。11例患者均伴有前环损伤，其中9例予以加压钢板(smith nephew)内固定，余2例患者单纯采用后路手术内固定。结果 7例患者垂直移位完全复位，9例旋转畸形纠正，未发现感染及神经损伤等并发症。结论 S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板问螺钉固定技术治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位，可获得即刻稳定性并良好地维持了复位的效果．这一混合技术对于涉及垂直及旋转损伤的骨盆环损伤有稳定的作用。     

The role of standard roentgenograms in the evaluation of instability of pelvic ring disruption

Anteroposterior pelvic roentgenograms of 154 patients with pelvic ring disruptions were evaluated to assess their value in the determination of pelvic instability. Three different categories of stability were roentgenographically recognizable: (1) stable, characterized by impacted vertical fracture of the sacrum, nondisplaced fracture of the posterior sacroiliac complex, and/or subtle fractures of the upper sacrum evidenced by asymmetry of the sacral arcuate lines; (2) unstable, characterized by hemipelvic cephalad displacement exceeding 0.5 cm, sacroiliac joint diastasis exceeding 1 cm and/or sacral or iliac diastatic fracture exceeding 0.5 cm; and (3) indeterminate (that is, suspicious but not diagnostic of pelvic instability), characterized by cephalad hemipelvic displacement of less than 0.5 cm, sacroiliac joint diastasis less than 1 cm, and/or diastatic fracture of the sacrum or ilium of less than 0.5 cm. Correlation of the standard roentgenographic, computed tomographic, and clinical orthopedic examinations revealed that pelvic stability was accurately evaluated on the standard pelvic roentgenograms in 88% of cases. Disruptions were stable in 70%, unstable in 18%, and suspect in 12% of patients, for whom adjunct roentgenographic and clinical examinations were required. Determination of pelvic stability in the manner described allows immediate identification of patients with a stable or unstable pelvic injury, as well as identification of those with indeterminate stability requiring further clinical or roentgenologic evaluation. Immediate recognition of pelvic instability on standard pelvic roentgenograms obviates the need for additional diagnostic studies that unnecessarily delay the institution of emergency therapeutic measures designed to control associated hemorrhage.