急性视网膜坏死综合征的临床分析

目的 观察急性视网膜坏死综合征(ARN)的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析84例98只眼ARN患者的临床资料.患者进行了最佳矫正视力、眼压、B型超声检查、裂隙灯生物显微镜、前置镜、直接和(或)间接检眼镜结合三面镜检查,屈光间质清楚者行荧光素眼底血管造影.部分患者行聚合酶链反应(PCR)检查鉴定致病病毒种类,明确诊断ARN后抗病毒、选择性激光和玻璃体手术治疗.并对视力和眼底情况进行随访,平均随访时间24.1个月.结果 ANR患者平均发病年龄42.8岁,双眼发病率16.6%,视网膜脱离发生率57.1%.治疗后6个月和12个月以上视力高于0.02者分别为53.5%和35.5%.确诊时间在14 d内的ARN患眼以及双眼发病的继发眼预后较好.水痘-带状疱疹病毒是本组ARN的主要致病病毒,占62.5%;单纯疱疹病毒-1型ARN与脑炎等中枢神经系统疾病密切相关.结论 ARN急性起病,视网膜脱离发生率高,后期易出现严重视网膜血管病变,预后差.发病早期临床误诊多见,必要时可做PCR检查帮助明确诊断.     

急性视网膜坏死综合征的治疗

目的:探讨使用抗病毒药物、激光及手术治疗急性视网膜坏死综合征的临床经验。方法:确诊为急性视网膜坏死综合征的患者28例30眼,全身应用抗病毒药物,选择性使用激光治疗,其中15例16眼发生视网膜脱离的病例行玻璃体视网膜手术治疗。结果:患者28例经过治疗后炎症均得到控制、视力有所提高。全身应用抗病毒药物是经典的用药途径,选择性使用激光治疗可以减少和延缓视网膜脱离的发生,玻璃体视网膜手术有利于严重病例视功能的保存和提高。结论:急性视网膜坏死综合征的预后较差,及时准确的诊断及早期积极有效系统治疗可以改善预后。     

Acute retinal necrosis following contralateral herpes zoster ophthalmicus

BACKGROUND: A case report of contralateral acute retinal necrosis (ARN) following herpes zoster ophthalmicus. CASE: A 61-year-old male patient developed iridocyclitis and well-demarcated creamy-white retinal lesions at the nasal periphery in the right eye 1 month after herpes zoster ophthalmicus in the left eye. The patient had undergone surgery for primary lung cancer, and had subsequent intracranial metastasis of the tumor. OBSERVATIONS: The clinical diagnosis of ARN was supported by polymerase chain reaction investigation of the aqueous humor resulting in positive for varicella-zoster virus. Retinal lesions disappeared after systemic treatment with acyclovir, corticosteroids, and acetylsalicylate. No retinal detachment developed. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a careful ophthalmic follow-up for herpes zoster ophthalmicus patients because of the possibility of acute retinal necrosis developing in the contralateral eye.     

急性视网膜坏死31例临床分析

目的 :探讨提高ARN视力预后的有效方法。方法 :回顾性研究 3 1例 3 8只眼ARN患者的视力、眼部表现和治疗方针。结果 :治疗后 2 2只眼 (5 7 9% )视力提高 ;单纯药物治疗后 3只眼 (60 % )发生视网膜裂孔或脱离 ,明显高于预防性激光光凝治疗后 (15 3 8% ) ;玻璃体手术术后 15只眼视网膜平复 ,2只眼未愈。结论 :预防性激光光凝可减少ARN患者视网膜裂孔和脱离的发生率 ,预防性玻璃体切除术可稳定视网膜结构、保持并增进视力。     

Akute Retinanekrose

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARN) is a rare retinitis caused by the herpes virus family, including herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus. ARN most commonly occurs in otherwise healthy patients of either sex at any age. It is characterized by an initial onset of episcleritis or scleritis, periorbital pain, and a frequently granulomatous anterior uveitis. The key criterion is a necrotizing retinitis starting in the periphery and spreading towards the posterior pole, associated with vitreous opacification. Optic neuropathy may also occur. A total of 75% of untreated eyes develop retinal detachment within the first two months after onset of the disease. Two out of three ARN cases show involvement of the fellow eye. Early intravenous antiviral therapy is mandatory to stop ARN progression. Peripheral retinal breaks can be treated by laser photocoagulation, thereby reducing the risk of retinal detachment. Vitreoretinal surgery is often required, and silicon oil is the tamponade of choice in ARN, resulting in good reattachment rates (90%). Visual prognosis, however, is guarded.     

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare syndrome with characteristic fundal appearances which can have devastating effects on vision. We present six cases (nine eyes) seen in the Medical Eye Unit of St Thomas's Hospital over the past six years and discuss the clinical features, aetiology, and management. Our findings support the present consensus that the condition is caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV). One of our patients, who was atypical in having common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia, had suffered a widespread zosteriform rash immediately prior to the onset of ARN, while another had suffered a herpes simplex uveomeningoencephalitis. All cases had characteristic confluent peripheral retinal necrosis, and three of the nine eyes developed retinal detachment. Retinal arteritis was a prominent and helpful diagnostic feature in one case. From combining all reports to date of this rare condition it is possible to conclude that ARN is unilateral in 65% of cases.     

玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死所致视网膜脱离

目的:观察玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死所致视网膜脱离的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2003-01/2008-01期间在我院行玻璃体切除术的急性视网膜坏死所致视网膜脱离患者15例(15眼),分析其视网膜脱离的特点,观察其临床治疗效果。结果:所有患者均行玻璃体切除术,联合行巩膜外环扎术10例,术中均行硅油填充术,术中视网膜出血2眼,术后并发性白内障4眼,高眼压1眼,低眼压1眼,取硅油后视网膜脱离复发1眼。术后6mo患眼最佳矫正视力除1眼放弃治疗外其余14眼均有不同程度地提高。结论:玻璃体切除术是治疗急性视网膜坏死综合征所致视网膜脱离的最佳治疗方法,对于部分病例,需联合行巩膜外环扎术。     

急性视网膜坏死综合征的玻璃体手术治疗

目的 研究急性视网膜坏死的玻璃体手术治疗的时机和疗效.方法 对13例(14只眼)伴有或将会发生视网膜脱离的ARN患者行玻璃体手术治疗.其中5只眼加行巩膜外加压或环扎术,3只眼行晶状体切除,4只眼行30～360度视网膜切开,10只眼注入硅油,2只眼注入C3F8.结果 随访3月至3年,术后有2只眼复发视网膜脱离,其中1只眼发生黄斑前膜、牵拉性视网膜脱离;另1只眼为取出硅油后出现视网膜裂孔、视网膜脱离.术后视网膜复位率为85.7%(12/14).术后6只眼(42.9%)视力有提高.结论 对于并发视网膜脱离或具有视网膜脱离危险因素的ARN患者行玻璃体手术疗效肯定,可保存和提高视功能.     

Argon laser photocoagulation to prevent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients with acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome

Background: ARN syndrome follows severe intraocular infection by herpes viruses and primarily affects the peripheral retina. Following scar formation, despite antiviral treatment, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs very often. Prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation has therefore been proposed. We report our experience. Patients: We treated five patients presenting clinically with advanced unilateral ARN with acyclovir. All eyes received a prophylactic confluent double row of argon laser treatment (500 μm, 0.2 s, gray-white lesions) central to the affected area as soon as was possible, depending on the vitreous clouding. Four patients were treated with Aspirin. Results: One of the five patients had a peripheral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that was limited by the argon laser row. Another patient had a tractional detachment needing vitreoretinal surgery. Two eyes developed vitreal hemorrhage of unknown origin. Conclusion: A lower rate of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments than expected occurred post-laser treatment. Vitreal hemorrhage was more frequent than previously reported. The bleeding probably originated from anterior retinal neovascularization and may have been enhanced by Aspirin treatment. We recommend early prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation in all ARN patients in agreement with the results of previous studies.      

Akute retinale Nekrose

Varicella zoster virus is the most frequent cause of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) followed by herpes simplex virus. Retinal ischemia and optic nerve atrophy are the main causes of the frequently poor final visual outcome in severe cases of ARN. The clinical diagnosis of ARN should be made as early as possible. Acyclovir should be administered intravenously due to its unreliable oral bioavailability. Systemic corticosteroids should be applied to suppress tissue damage caused by the host’s inflammatory response. Severe cases of ARN should be treated by early vitrectomy with diagnostic vitreous biopsy, intravitreal aciclovir lavage, intraoperative laser retinopexy and silicone oil tamponade. The role of prophylactic laser retinopexy for prevention of secondary retinal detachment remains to be determined. The cause of different degrees of severity of ARN is unknown. The degree of severity of ARN is probably an independent predictor of the functional outcome.     

Efficacy and necessity of prophylactic vitrectomy for acute retinal necrosis syndrome

AIM

To compare the efficacy of prophylactic vitrectomy for acute retinal necrosis syndrome(ARN) with routine treatment in Chinese patients, thereby investigate the necessity of prophylactic vitrectomy for ARN.

METHODS

Thirty patients (37 eyes) were retrospectively included in this study. The eyes were divided into 2 groups by treatment, including routine treatment, which consisted of antiviral medication and vitrectomy after retinal detachment (RD) (n=21), and prophylactic vitrectomy, which consisted of antiviral medication and vitrectomy for the prevention of RD performed during the active inflammatory phase (n=16). The extent of necrosis was determined by fundus photographs at the time of presentation (for eyes with mild vitreous opacity) or the drawings in the operation records. Necrosis of the 37 eyes was divided into 3 grades, including peripheral, middle-peripheral and extensive. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 57 months. Differences in visual acuity and necrosis between groups were identified using independent samples t-test.

RESULTS

Necrosis was more extensive in the routine treatment group than in the prophylactic vitrectomy group (P<0.05). In the routine treatment group, conservative treatment improved necrosis and prevented RD in 6 eyes (29%). Seven eyes (33%) obtained anatomical success, but retinal redetachment occurred in 8 eyes (57%). There were also 5 eyes (24%) developed ocular hypotony or atrophy. Ten eyes (48%) achieved equal or increased visual acuity. In the prophylactic vitrectomy group, RD occurred in 2 eyes (13%). Twelve eyes (75%) were completely anatomically successful, and 10 eyes underwent silicone oil removal. Only one eye (6%) became ocular hypotony. Fourteen eyes (88%) achieved equal or increased visual acuity. The prophylactic vitrectomy group achieved better vision trends than the routine treatment group (P<0.05). Eyes with peripheral necrosis had better visual outcomes than those with mid-peripheral (P<0.05) or extensive (P<0.05) necrosis. However, there was no significant difference between eyes with mid-peripheral and extensive necrosis (P=0.3008)

CONCLUSION

Prophylactic vitrectomy can prevent RD and improve the prognosis of ARN, making it an option for cases with rapidly progressing necrosis despite antiviral treatment and cases with moderate to extensive necrosis and severe vitreous opacity.     

Diagnosis and management of the acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome

The acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome represents a specific pattern of clinical presentation for certain herpes virus infections in the posterior segment of the eye. The classically described triad of the ARN syndrome consists of (1) an arteritis and phlebitis of the retinal and choroidal vasculature, (2) a confluent, necrotizing retinitis that preferentially affects the peripheral retina, and (3) a moderate to severe vitritis. Anterior segment inflammation, optic neuritis, and late retinal detachment are also common features of this disorder. Definitive evidence now implicates at least two members of the herpes virus family; varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus as causative agents. This paper summarizes the clinical presentation, as well as the currently recommended treatment regimen for the ARN syndrome, highlighting recent advances that have resulted in a significant improvement in the visual prognosis for affected patients.     

Acute retinal necrosis results in low vision in a young patient with a history of herpes simplex virus encephalitis

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), secondary to herpes simplex encephalitis, is a rare syndrome that can present in healthy individuals, as well as immuno‐compromised patients. Most cases are caused by a secondary infection from the herpes virus family, with varicella zoster virus being the leading cause of this syndrome. Potential symptoms include blurry vision, floaters, ocular pain and photophobia. Ocular findings may consist of severe uveitis, retinal vasculitis, retinal necrosis, papillitis and retinal detachment. Clinical manifestations of this disease may include increased intraocular pressure, optic disc oedema, optic neuropathy and sheathed retinal arterioles. A complete work up is essential to rule out cytomegalovirus retinitis, herpes simplex encephalitis, herpes virus, syphilis, posterior uveitis and other conditions. Depending on the severity of the disease, the treatment options consist of anticoagulation therapy, cycloplegia, intravenous acyclovir, systemic steroids, prophylactic laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy with silicon oil for retinal detachment. An extensive history and clinical examination is crucial in making the correct diagnosis. Also, it is very important to be aware of low vision needs and refer the patients, if expressing any sort of functional issues with completing daily living skills, especially reading. In this article, we report one case of unilateral ARN 20 years after herpetic encephalitis.     

急性视网膜坏死的中西医结合治疗(附16例报告)

目的探讨急性视网膜坏死的治疗方法。方法应用抗病毒药物、中药及手术方法对16例患者(24只眼)进行治疗观察。结果经过8个月至6年的随访，12只眼的视力得到提高。结论视网膜脱离是急性视网膜坏死的严重并发症，适当的抗病毒药物结合中医药的使用，以及玻璃体视网膜手术可以显著改善其预后。     

Photocoagulation to prevent retinal detachment in acute retinal necrosis

Retinal detachment (RD) occurs in more than 50% of eyes with acute retinal necrosis (ARN) and is the leading cause of visual loss in this syndrome. In order to decrease the incidence of RD in ARN, the authors treated 12 eyes of 10 patients with prophylactic laser photocoagulation. Retinal detachment occurred in two eyes (17%). Over the same time period, seven eyes with ARN did not receive prophylactic laser treatment, most often because of dense vitreous debris, with a 67% rate of RD. Prophylactic photocoagulation treatment should be considered in the management of patients with ARN.     

Correlation of Clinical Outcomes with Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Copy Number in Patients with Acute Retinal Necrosis

Purpose: To correlate visual acuity outcomes and clinical features with quantitative PCR DNA copy number in patients with acute retinal necrosis (ARN).

Methods: Retrospective, consecutive case series.

Results: In total, 14 eyes of 13 patients were diagnosed with ARN, based on the American Uveitis Society criteria, and were followed for a mean of 324.5 days (median 250.5 days, SD ± 214 days). Anterior chamber fluid analyzed by quantitative PCR identified viral DNA in 11 of 14 eyes (78.5%). Varicella zoster virus (VZV) was identified in seven eyes (50%) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in four eyes (28.5%). Mean DNA copy number was 7.9 × 10⁶/mL (median 2.10 × 10⁶/mL, range: 0–5.60 × 10⁷/mL). Eyes with quantitative PCR DNA copy number of ≥5.0 × 10⁶/mL (n = 6 eyes) had worse baseline visual acuity (logMAR 1.48 ± 0.71 vs 0.94 ± 0.76, p = 0.196) and final visual acuity (logMAR 2.10 ± 0.60 vs 0.82 ± 0.81, p = 0.007) compared with patients with a DNA copy number <5.0 × 10⁶/mL (n = 8 eyes). Patients with a DNA copy number of ≥5.0 × 10⁶/mL were more likely to have at least 5 clock hours of retinitis on funduscopic exam (p = 0.03) and developed retinal detachment more frequently (p = 0.08).

Conclusions: Quantitative DNA copy number of ≥5.0 × 10⁶/mL is associated with more extensive retinitis, worse visual acuity, and development of retinal detachment in patients with acute retinal necrosis.     

Clinical features of acute retinal necrosis at Hokkaido University Hospital

PURPOSE: To study clinical features of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) at Hokkaido University Hospital. METHODS: Twenty-one eyes of 19 patients with ARN (10 male and 9 female patients) who were treated at Hokkaido University Hospital between 1992 and 2006 were retrospectively examined from clinical records. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 53.4 years (range, 13 to 91 years). 17 cases were unilateral and 2 were bilateral. The pathogenic virus was herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in 2 patients, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in 17 patients. Clinical severity was assessed from spreading speed and area of the retinal exudation, and 5 eyes were judged as fulminant cases (4 VZV eyes, 1 HSV eye), 6 eyes as severe cases (6 VZV eyes), and 10 eyes as mild cases (9 VZV eyes, 1 HSV eye). The range of retinal exudation was 1 to 2 quadrants in 7 eyes, 3 to 4 quadrants in 3 eyes, and increased to all quadrants in 11 eyes. Retinal detachment (RD) was observed in 8 eyes (38%), and the final visual acuity was less than 0.1 in 9 eyes (43%). CONCLUSIONS: The leading cause of ARN at Hokkaido University Hospital was VZV, and no HSV-2 ARN was seen. Compared with other areas in Japan, ARN at Hokkaido University Hospital seems to show less frequent RD, but the same prognosis for final visual acuity.     

玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死的疗效分析

目的分析玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死的效果。方法急性视网膜坏死施行玻璃体切除术24例（24眼）。其中视网膜脱离者13例,未脱离者11例。均行常规玻璃体切除术,其中3例联合白内障手术,15例行玻璃体切除术＋硅油填充,4例单纯玻璃体切除术,2例联合巩膜外垫压。5例硅油取出后再次出现视网膜脱离,进行二次玻璃体切除＋硅油填充术。结果24例中7例术后视力较术前提高两行,8例视力无明显改善,9例术后视力继续下降。其中有5例硅油取出后出现视网膜脱离复发,再次玻璃体切除＋硅油填充术,术后视力未见明显改善。结论玻璃体切除术在治疗急性视网膜坏死长期效果差,我们期待高效抗病毒药物及有效抑制眼内免疫反应的药物能够早日在临床上应用。     

Evaluation of potential visual acuity in eyes with macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion

Purpose:  To evaluate the potential visual acuity (VA) of eyes with macular oedema (MO) associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO).
Methods:  Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients with MO associated with RVO were examined and then treated with an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Of these 31 eyes, 22 showed complete resolution of the MO at 1 month after treatment, at which time potential VA was determined; 12 eyes had good function and 10 had poor function at this time. Optical coherence tomography was used to detect the junctions between inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors (IS/OS) as a hallmark of integrity of the outer photoreceptor layer.
Results:  In the poor function group, pretreatment VA was significantly worse ( P  = 0.0106) and pretreatment central macular thickness was significantly greater ( P  = 0.0121). Preservation of the foveal photoreceptor layer before treatment was associated closely with good visual function after resolution of MO, and IS/OS line beneath the fovea was detected more frequently before treatment in eyes with good function ( P  = 0.0053).
Conclusions:  In eyes with MO associated with RVO, when the IS/OS line was detected beneath the fovea, they would be expected to have good vision after resolution of the MO.     

Chickenpox-associated acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome usually occurs as the result of secondary reactivation of latent, previously acquired, varicella-zoster or herpes simplex virus. The authors report four patients who developed a mild form of ARN within 1 month (5 to 28 days) after the onset of chickenpox. In contrast to typical cases of ARN, these cases were less severe, with retinitis limited to two quadrants or less (three patients), no retinal detachment (four patients), minimal vitreitis (four patients), and no loss of visual acuity (four patients). Thus, ARN may occur during the course of primary varicella-zoster infection.