阿司匹林微丸缓释片的制备及体外释放度考察

目的:制备阿司匹林微丸缓释片剂。方法:采用挤出滚圆装置制备阿司匹林微丸,并在此基础上进行肠溶材料雅克宜和缓释材料SURELEASES以5∶5混合包衣。用释放度测定法考察影响药物释放的各种因素,并对阿司匹林微丸缓释片体外释药机制进行研究。结果:体外释放度试验显示,制备的阿司匹林微丸缓释片2 h内能释药30%,剩余药物在随后的10 h内缓慢释放。Weibull模型拟合方程得出药物释放符合一级速率过程,释放曲线具有明显的缓释特征。结论:成功的制备了阿司匹林微丸缓释片。     

盐酸坦洛新肠溶缓释微丸的制备及其体内外评价

目的:制备盐酸坦洛新肠溶缓释微丸,并与参比制剂进行体内外一致性评价。方法:分别以乙基纤维素和羟丙甲纤维素为缓释包衣材料,以聚丙烯酸树脂为肠溶性包衣材料,采用流化床底喷包衣技术对载药微丸包衣,制备肠溶缓释微丸;考察释放度主要影响因素;采用多条释放曲线对比考察受试制剂与参比制剂体外一致性;双周期交叉试验设计,考察Beagle犬口服单剂量受试制剂与参比制剂后血浆中的药物浓度,评价受试制剂与参比制剂的体内一致性;考察受试制剂的体内外相关性。结果:确定了影响盐酸坦洛新释放的主要处方工艺因素;多条释放曲线测定结果表明,所制备的微丸与参比制剂体外一致性较好;Beagle犬体内药动学研究结果表明,受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效且体内外相关性良好。结论:成功制备了盐酸坦洛新肠溶缓释微丸,且与参比制剂体内外一致性良好。     

萘普生肠溶微丸的制备及其体外特性研究

目的:研制萘普生肠溶微丸,评价其体外释药特性.方法:采用丸芯上药法制备萘普生含药微丸,以丙烯酸II号树脂为衣材进行包衣,采用释放度试验考察萘普生肠溶微丸的体外释药特性,并进行了稳定性试验.结果:本品在pH1.2盐酸溶液中2 h的溶出量低于10%,在pH6.8磷酸缓冲液中可迅速释放药物,45 min累积溶出量可达80%以上.结论:用丙烯酸Ⅱ号树脂为衣材制备萘普生肠溶微丸工艺可行,质量可靠.     

溴吡斯的明聚乳酸微球体外释放行为

目的:研究溴吡斯的明聚乳酸微球(PB-PLA-MS)在不同释放介质中的体外释药规律。方法:采用动态透析技术研究PB-PLA-MS在不同释放介质中的体外释药特性,二阶导数光谱法测定药物释放度,并对其释放模型进行拟合,计算不同释药曲线间的相似因子。结果:PB-PLA-MS在pH 7.4的PBS溶液、pH 6.8的PBS溶液、0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液中的释药符合Retrer-Peppas模型,在0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液(前2 h)和pH 6.8的PBS溶液(2 h后)中的释药符合Weibull模型。PB-PLA-MS之间在各种释放介质中的释放曲线间的相似因子均大于50,但其与PB在各种释放介质中的释放曲线间的相似因子均小于50。结论:PB-PLA-MS在不同释放介质中的释放行为相似,差异无显著性。与PB相比,PB-PLA-MS在各种释放介质中的释放行为差异存在显著性,PB-PLA-MS改善了PB的溶出行为,具有良好的缓释效果。     

泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸型片剂的制备

研究泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸型片剂制备方法。采用流化床包衣法制备泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸, 将肠溶微丸与适合的辅料混合采用直接压片法制备泮托拉唑钠微丸型片剂。用体外释放度法及扫描电镜法观察压片前后药物的体外累计释放量及微丸形态。结果表明, 优化处方: 衣膜增重55%, 增塑剂含量20%, Eudragit L30D-55/ NE30D为8∶2, 肠溶微丸/辅料 (MCC/PPVP/PEG 6000, 2∶1∶1) 为5∶5时, 肠溶片在0.1 mol·L⁻¹盐酸中2 h累积释放百分数<10%, pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中1 h累积释放百分数>85%。制备的泮托拉唑钠肠溶微丸片的释药行为较好, 有望应用于工业生产。     

盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片的制备及体外释放研究

目的制备盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片,并对其体外释放度进行考察。方法采用HPMC K100LV和HPMC K4M作为骨架材料,以水乳糖为填充剂制备盐酸帕罗西汀缓释片芯,再使用Eudragit L30D-55包肠溶衣,制成盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片,并采用f_2相似因子法评价自制制剂和参比制剂在释放介质中的体外释放行为。结果体外释放度实验显示,自制制剂和参比制剂的f_2相似因子值大于50。结论制备的盐酸帕罗西汀肠溶缓释片的释药行为与参比制剂的体外释放行为相似。     

盐酸度洛西汀肠溶微丸的制备及体外释放度考察

摘 要 目的:制备盐酸度洛西汀肠溶微丸,并对其体外释放度进行考察。方法: 采用流化床包衣法制备盐酸度洛西汀载药微丸,再用HPMC包隔离层衣,最后使用Eudragit L30D-55包肠溶衣,制成盐酸度洛西汀肠溶微丸,并采用f₂相似因子法评价自制制剂和参比制剂在释放介质中的体外释放行为。结果:体外释放度试验显示,自制制剂和参比制剂f₂相似因子值大于50,说明两种制剂体外释放行为相似。结论: 制备的盐酸度洛西汀肠溶微丸的释药行为较好,有望应用于工业生产。     

羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸的制备及体外释放度考察

目的:制备羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸,并考察其在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法:以羧甲基玉米朊为肠溶材料,与阿司匹林按2∶1混合,加入乙醇作为黏合剂,采用挤压滚圆法制备羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸。以阿司匹林微丸作为参比制剂,考察受试制剂羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸灌胃给予15 mg/kg后在大鼠体内48 h内的药动学特征和4 h(前2 h在人工胃液中,后2 h在人工肠液中)内的体外释放度(n=5)。结果:所制羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸粒径为1 mm,规格为每丸3 mg。受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学特征均符合二室模型,主要药动学参数分别为t1/2β:(12.63±0.60)、(2.42±0.61)h,tmax:(11.07±1.10)、(3.41±0.84)h,cmax:(34.45±5.33)、(45.78±3.30)μg/ml,AUC0-∞:(613.52±41.14)、(550.69±34.44)μg·h/ml;与参比制剂比较,受试制剂的t1/2β、tmax、AUC0-∞均明显增加,cmax明显减小(P<0.05)。参比制剂2 h的累积释放度为87%,受试制剂2 h的累积释放度为1.7%、3 h的累积释放度达100%。结论:成功制得体外释放符合肠溶制剂要求的羧甲基玉米朊阿司匹林肠溶微丸。     

右旋雷贝拉唑钠肠溶微丸的制备及体外释放度考察

目的:制备右旋雷贝拉唑钠肠溶微丸,并考察其体外释放度。方法:采用流化床底喷包衣技术制备右旋雷贝拉唑钠上药微丸,再用HPMC E5包隔离衣,最后使用丙烯酸树脂L30D-55包肠溶衣,制成右旋雷贝拉唑钠肠溶微丸。并比较自研制剂与参比制剂体外释放度的相似性。结果:右旋雷贝拉唑钠肠溶微丸包衣处方为:HPMC E5隔离衣层增重为12.0%,丙烯酸树脂L30D-55肠溶衣层增重为45.0%,增塑剂用量为聚合物重量的8.0%。体外释放度结果显示,自研制剂和参比制剂f₂相似因子大于50,说明两种制剂体外释放行为相似。结论:制备的右旋雷贝拉唑钠肠溶微丸的释药行为较好,有望应用于工业生产。     

替硝唑葡萄糖注射液的紫外分光光度测定

为了减小双氯灭痛对胃肠道刺激，减少服药次数，开发新的给药剂型，本研究分别以Ⅱ号丙烯酸树脂和Ⅳ号丙烯酸树脂为包衣材料，将其制成肠溶型级释微丸。体外溶出测定结果表明，该肠溶型缓释微丸在以人工胃液为溶出介质中，12h内无药物释放；在以人工肠液为溶出介质中，12h内最大释药百分率为84．5％，释药75％的时间为6h，达到缓释效果。     

新药研发中的me-too, me-better, me-new

文中根据作者对我国新药研发的认识和理解,提出了新药研发过程中me-too,me-better和me-new类新药的概念,并对新药研发过程中的这3类创新活动之间的关系、新药研发的创新程度与经济效益的关系,以及目前我国新药研发的途径选择做了简要的论述。     

Design of anti-bacterial drug and anti-mycobacterial drug for drug delivery system

Liposome-encapsulated drugs often exhibit reduced toxicity and have also been shown to enhance retention of drugs in the tissues. Thus, encapsulation of drugs in liposomes has often resulted in an improved overall therapeutic efficacy. The results of efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ciplofloxacin or azithromycin for therapy of intracellular M. avium infection show enhanced cellular delivery of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics and suggest that efficiency of intracellular targeting is sufficient to mediate enhanced antimycobacterial effects. The antitubercular drugs encapsulated in lung specific stealth liposomes have enhanced efficacies against tuberculosis infection in mice. These results from stealth liposome study indicate that antitubercular drugs encapsulated in liposome may provide therapeutic advantages over the existing chemotherapeutic regimen for tuberculosis. Liposomes with encapsulated amikacin are able to protect collagen almost completely from adherence of bacterial cells of all strains examined and prevent from invading of bacteria.     

Increased drug sensitivity in the drug discrimination procedure afforded by drug versus drug training

Rats were trained to discriminate norfenfluramine (NF) 1.4 mg/kg from its vehicle or amphetamine (AMPH) 0.8 mg/kg or pentobarbital (PB) 6.0 mg/kg in order to determine the role that drug combination training plays in the rate of learning and sensitivity to lower drug doses. The results suggest that drug versus drug training can increase the rate of drug discrimination learning for some drugs that are learned slowly when trained in a drug versus vehicle training procedure, whereas drug versus drug training does not increase the rate of learning for other drugs that are learned rapidly. Drug versus drug training does, however, appear to increase the level of stimulus control of the training drug for all drugs examined in this study.     

Compliance spectrum as a drug fingerprint of drug intake and drug disposition

Since drug related variability arises from different origins, particularly driven by the behaviour or physiology of the patient, the problems of drug intake and drug disposition are separately presented in general. To overcome the potential drawbacks of this artificial split, we propose in this paper a combined illustrative approach, named compliance spectrum, such that these two subprocesses can be equitably studied and visualized. We construct the compliance spectrum based on the Bayesian decision method we previously developed for the inverse problem of patient compliance within the framework of Population-PK. This spectrum provides an intuitive and interactive way to evaluate the relationship between drug intake and drug disposition along with their consequences on PK profile. As well, it opens a new direction for model quality diagnostic.     

Evaluation of drug–drug interactions with fesoterodine

Purpose  To assess drug–drug interactions of fesoterodine with cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor (ketoconazole), inducer (rifampicin), and substrates (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel). Methods  Effects of ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily and rifampicin 600 mg twice daily on fesoterodine 8 mg once daily were investigated in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) based on 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (5-HMT) pharmacokinetics (principal active fesoterodine metabolite and CYP3A4 substrate). Effects of fesoterodine 8 mg versus placebo once daily on ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel were investigated based on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and on pharmacodynamic effects on progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol plasma levels. Results  Compared with fesoterodine alone, coadministration of fesoterodine with ketoconazole resulted in increases in mean 5-HMT maximum concentration in plasma (C_max; from 3.0 to 6.0 ng/mL in EMs and from 6.4 to 13.4 ng/mL in PMs) and mean area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC; from 38.2 to 88.3 ng h/mL in EMs and 88.3 to 217.2 ng h/mL in PMs). Coadministration of festerodine with rifampicin resulted in decreases in mean 5-HMT C_max (from 5.2 to 1.5 ng/mL in EMs and from 6.8 to 1.9 ng/mL in PMs) and mean AUC (from 62.4 to 14.4 ng h/mL in EMs and from 87.8 to 19.6 ng h/mL in PMs). Fesoterodine did not affect oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics or the suppression of ovulation. Conclusions  Fesoterodine dosage should not exceed 4 mg once daily when taken concomitantly with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with fesoterodine may produce subtherapeutic 5-HMT exposures. No dose adjustment is necessary for concomitant use of fesoterodine with oral contraceptives. Funding for this study was provided by Schwarz Biosciences GmbH, and Pfizer Inc.     

Drug discrimination procedures: Differential characteristics of the drug A vs drug B and the drug A vs drug B vs no drug cases

Two groups of pigeons with a history of two choice operant drug discrimination tasks (3.0 mg/kg morphine versus 5.6 mg/kg cocaine, and 3.0 mg/kg morphine versus 3.0 mg/kg cocaine, respectively; Swedberg and Järbe 1985) were subjected to three choice tasks in which responses on a third manipulandum were reinforced in the no drug condition. Training drugs generalization gradients in both groups were similar to those normally obtained in two choice drug versus no drug tasks. The salience differences between the training stimuli within the groups observed in the previous two choice task did not differentially affect the three choice discrimination gradients. Tests with novel drugs after the introduction of the no drug condition yielded increased responding to the no drug condition with the exception of the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Results are discussed in terms of a discrimination learning model specifying principles of relative discriminative stimulus control in various discrimination cases.Portions of these data were presented at the International Union of Pharmacology, IUPHAR, 9th International Congress of Pharmacology Satellite Meeting: European Study Group for Internal Stimulus Control by Electrical Stimulation, Drugs and Other Means, ESISC, London, July 29–August 3, 1984 (Swedberg and Järbe 1984). An earlier version of this work appears in the doctoral thesis by the first author (Swedberg 1985).     

抗心律失常药物不良反应分析

目的：探讨抗心律失常药物所致不良反应(ADR)的发生情况,为临床安全、合理用药提供参考。方法130例抗心律失常药物所致不良反应报告,对患者的年龄、性别、基础疾病、用药途径、用药剂量、不良反应史、所用药物、不良反应的临床表现等进行统计分析。结果上报的抗心律失常药物所致不良反应发生在21~97岁;不良反应主要包括致心律失常作用及其他系统损害。结论医疗机构应重视抗心律失常药物引起的不良反应,加强抗心律失常药物的合理应用。     

Therapeutic drug monitoring in drug overdose

The treatment of poisoned patients is still largely defined by history, clinical assessment and interpretation of ancillary investigations. Measurement of drug concentrations is clinically important for relatively few compounds. Most measurements form an adjunct to and should not be considered a substitute for clinical assessment. Drug concentrations are particularly important for those compounds where the concentration is predictive of serious toxicity in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.     

Therapeutic drug monitoring in drug overdose

The treatment of poisoned patients is still largely defined by history, clinical assessment and interpretation of ancillary investigations. Measurement of drug concentrations is clinically important for relatively few compounds. Most measurements form an adjunct to and should not be considered a substitute for clinical assessment. Drug concentrations are particularly important for those compounds where the concentration is predictive of serious toxicity in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.