橡胶女工自然流产、死产的调查

为研究橡胶厂接触化学物质与女工生殖功能的关系,对316名橡胶女工及非接触组490名女工的自然流产,总异常生育(自然流产、死产、子女畸形)做了调查,获得自然流产率接触组为15.8％,而非接触组为7.4％,总异常生育率接触组为18.2％,而非接触组为7.5％,控制胎次,工龄做分层分析求得Mantel-Haenszel X~3值(前者9.02,后者14.85)p均小于0.01,说明接触组的自然流产率,总异常生育率显著高于非接触组。     

铅对女工自然流产及子女出生体重的影响

对沈阳市某蓄电池厂的４３５名从事铅作业的已婚女工及本市某精密仪器厂的５８１名不接触铅的已婚女工做了生育及流产状况的调查，接触组的厂房空气中铅浓度为０．００１９－０．８５５ｍｇ／ｍ６３。调查结果表明：接触组的自然流产率，总异常生育率明显高于非接触组，子女出生第一胎的女孩的平均体重明显低于非接触组。     

用分层法控制率间比较的混杂因素

在医疗卫生工作中治愈率、发病率、流产率等往往与年龄、病情、胎次等因素有关 ,这些混杂因素影响总率的水平 ,因而导致判断的偏差。率的标准化法一般消除某一种因素的影响 ,而分层法可以排除两种混杂因素的影响。以女工接触某有害物质对其自然流产是否有影响为例加以说明。例　某医生调查接触组女工 3 16人 ,3 80孕次 ,自然流产60次 ,流产率 15 8% ;非接触组女工 490人 ,5 3 1孕次 ,自然流产 3 9次 ,流产率 7 4%。判断两组女工自然流产率是否有显著意义 ,分析结果见表 1、2、3。表 1　女工不同胎次、工龄的自然流产率 ( % )胎次工龄≤ 5妊…     

印刷行业铅接触女工自然流产分析

陈跃成等(广西玉林地区卫生防疫站)报道通过对印刷行业从事铅作业1年以上、有生育史的378名女工(接触组)和非铅作业而其它条件相同的42名女工作自然流产对比分析。结果接触组女工妊娠次数698次,自然流产31次,流产率为4.44％;对照组女     

石油化工生产环境对女工自然流产影响的调查

对1808名石油化工女工和1262名非石油化工女工做了自然流产率调查。结果表明,接触石油化工者自然流产率为9.81％,明显高于非石油化工接触者(2.46％)。目前生产车间石油化工毒物浓度不高,对自然流产的影响可能是毒物综合作用的结果。进食优质蛋白、蔬菜和适当体力活动,可减少流产发生。     

有机磷农药对作业女工健康的影响

对 2 2 2名接触有机磷农药的作业女工和 132名非接触职业性有害因素的女工进行了流行病学调查 ,结果 :接触组头痛头晕、睡眠障碍、记忆力减退、心悸、视力模糊、月经异常、自然流产、不孕及ChE活性 <70 %和Hb降低者与对照组比较 ,差异有显著性     

二硫化碳对接触女工生殖功能的影响

本文对某化纤厂二硫化碳接触者513例,以同一地区非接触者207例为对照,进行月经史、生育史和性功能等方面的调查。结果表明,接触组月经异常率比对照组高2.32倍,且工龄越长其发病率越高;单纯女工接触和女工及其配偶均接触二硫化碳组早产率和自然流产率都比对照组高,以后者更为明显。结果还表明,二硫化碳对男女性功能亦有一定影响。     

接触苯、汽油女工自然流产、死产的调查

从事橡胶、制鞋等许多作业的女工 ,在生产过程中接触苯、汽油等化学物质。苯在血液中有明显的富集〔1〕,苯对女工月经机能有影响 ,月经周期和月经量均有改变 ,与对照组相比有显著性差异 ,接苯女工的后代先天畸形率有明显增加〔2〕。为进一步研究苯、汽油对女工生育的影响 ,我们对接苯、汽油女工自然流产、死产进行了调查研究。资料来源及调查方法　以沈阳市橡胶厂、化工厂、皮鞋厂等企业中直接触苯、汽油的女工为接触组 ,以橡胶机械厂等工厂中不接触化学物质的女工为非接触组。对接触组 45 0名女工及非接触组 490名有生育能力女工的妊娠、生…     

日照市某皮鞋厂苯作业女工月经及其生育情况的调查

[目的]了解苯作业女工月经及生育情况的变化,分析其危害程度,为预防苯、甲苯的危害提供科学依据。[方法]调查苯作业女工月经情况、妊娠经过及婴儿出生情况。[结果]调查苯作业女工148人,月经异常88人,患病率59.46%,工龄和患病率呈直线正相关关系。观察组自然流产率18.42%(7/38),低体重儿率13.16%(5/38);对照组为2.94%(1/34)和0.00%(0/34),观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。[结论]苯、甲苯可导致月经异常改变,患病率和工龄呈正相关关系;观察组的自然流产率、低体重儿出生率均高于对照组,应加强对劳动女工的保护。     

二硫化碳对接触女工产育及性功能的影响

对某化纤厂作业女工367人,其中女方及其配偶接触者(混合组)236人,单纯女方接触者(单纯组)131人,非接触者(对照组)l50人,进行生育史,包括自然流产、早产、死胎、先天缺陷及性生活史等方面的调查,混合组和单纯组自然流产率、早产率均显著高于对照组,前者尤显:对性功能的影响,亦表现为接触两组性交次数减少及对性生活有厌恶感者明显高于对照组.表明二硫化碳不仅对接触组女工产育方面有一定的影响,其对性功能也有影响。     

甲醛接触工人肿瘤死亡流行病学

采用回顾性队列死亡率研究方法,凡1977年12月31日前在5家脲醛和/或酚醛树脂生产工厂工作满一年以上的工人进入队列,失访率低于5%。观察至1987年12月31日止接触组(1316人男性813人,人年19400)。男性接触组全肿瘤,肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、膀胱癌队列。具统计学意义的超额死亡,男性接触者为全肿瘤,脑瘤、肺癌、胃癌和膀胱癌,女性为全肿瘤,肺癌和肝癌。超额死亡危险随接触工龄延长而增加,三例鼻癌均发生于接触组,工龄在10以上。纠正了吸烟因素后,接触组死亡率高于对照组。     

Spontaneous abortions among women employed in the metal industry in Finland

Summary Spontaneous abortions were analyzed among Finnish metal workers between 1973 and 1976. The information on the workers (35,000 women) was obtained from the files of the Union of Metal Workers; information on the abortions was obtained from the Hospital discharge registry of the National Board of Health. Among metal workers 195 spontaneous abortions were recorded. The proportion of spontaneous abortions was 7.82% (spontaneous abortions/pregnancies, rate) and 13.79% (spontaneous abortions/ births, ratio) of which the latter figure was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the respective one among all Finnish women. Both the rate and the ratio were significantly increased upon joining the Union as analyzed from an agestandardized material. A particular risk industry appeared to be the production of radios, televisions, and their components. An exposure to solder fumes was suggested to explain the increased risk.     

Spontaneous abortions among female chemical workers in Finland

Summary Spontaneous abortions were analyzed among Finnish chemical workers in 1973–1976. The information on the workers (9000 women) was obtained from the files of the Union of Chemical Workers; information on the abortions was obtained from the Hospital Discharge Registry of the National Board of Health. Fifty-two spontaneous abortions were recorded among chemical workers. The proportion of spontaneous abortions was 8.54% (spontaneous abortions/pregnancies) and 15.57% (spontaneous abortions/ births), which were significantly higher than the respective proportions among all Finnish women. Risk branches included plastics, particularly styrene, viscose rayon, and pharmaceutical industry and laundries.     

Spontaneous abortions among women working in the pharmaceutical industry.

A register based study was conducted on the pregnancy outcome of female workers in eight Finnish pharmaceutical factories to determine whether they had a higher risk of spontaneous abortion than the general population or matched controls. Information about all female workers who had been employed in the factories during the years 1973 or 1975 (four factories) to 1980 was obtained from the employers. The workers' pregnancy data were collected from the nation wide hospital discharge register and polyclinic data of hospitals from 1973 to 1981. The total number of 1795 pregnancies included 1179 deliveries, 142 spontaneous abortions, and 474 induced abortions. The spontaneous abortion rate (the number of spontaneous abortions X 100, divided by the number of spontaneous abortions plus the number of births) during employment was 10.9% and before/after employment 10.6%. The rate for all the women in the corresponding central hospital districts was 11.3% [corrected] during the study period. A case-control study was also carried out in which the cases were 44 women who had a spontaneous abortion during employment in the pharmaceutical factory. Three age matched female pharmaceutical factory workers who had given birth to a child were chosen as controls for every case. The information about occupational exposures was collected from questionnaires completed by the occupational physician or nurse at the factory. The response rate was 93%. Exposure to chemicals was more common among the cases than among the controls. For methylene chloride, a solvent commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, the increase in odds ratio of borderline significance (odds ratio 2.3, p = 0.06). In a logistic regression model (which included oestrogen exposure, solvent exposure frequency of the usage, and heavy lifting) the odds ratio was increased for oestrogens (odds ratio 4.2, p = 0.05) and for continuous heavy lifting (odds ratio 5.7, p = 0.02). The odds ratio for spontaneous abortions was greater among those exposed to four or more solvents (odds ratio 3.5, p=0.05) than among those exposed to one to three solvents (odds ration 0.8, p=0.74).     

Abortion surveillance--United States, 1989.

Since 1980, the number of legal induced abortions reported to CDC has remained stable, varying each year by < 5%. In 1989, 1,396,658 abortions were reported--a 1.9% increase from 1988. The abortion ratio for 1989 was 346 legal induced abortions/1,000 live births, and the abortion rate was 24/1,000 women ages 15-44 years. The abortion ratio was highest for black women and women of other minority racial groups and for women < 15 years of age. Overall, women undergoing abortions tended to be young, white, and unmarried; to have had no previous live births; and to be having the procedure for the first time. Approximately half of all abortions were performed before the eighth week of gestation, and 87% were before the thirteenth week of gestation. Younger women tended to obtain abortions later in pregnancy than older women. This report also includes newly reported abortion-related deaths for 1986 and 1987, as well as an update on abortion-related deaths for the period 1978-1985. Ten deaths in 1986 and six deaths in 1987 were associated with legal induced abortion. The case-fatality rate in 1986 was 0.8 abortion-related deaths/100,000 legal induced abortions and 0.4/100,000 in 1987.     

Spontaneous abortions among women employed in the plastics industry

A matched case-control study was done to analyze whether certain occupational exposures in the plastics industry were related to the risk of spontaneous abortions. Information on spontaneous abortions (cases) and births (controls) was obtained from the hospital discharge register; data on occupational exposures were obtained from the occupational health services of the workplaces. No increased risk of spontaneous abortions was observed among workers processing polymerized plastics or heated plastics made of vinyl chloride or of styrene. Owing to the low statistical power of the study, only strong effects can be ruled out. The odds ratio for workers actually processing polyurethane was increased (1.9, not statistically significant), and that for all workers in polyurethane-processing factories was significantly increased (3.0, p = 0.02). The finding needs to be investigated further in future studies.     

Unsafe abortion

Annually, worldwide, there are approximately 150 million births and 50 million abortions. In Africa, more than 90% of abortions are unsafe, the highest rate in the world. One in 200 women in Africa who have abortions die as a result of the procedure. This mortality rate is the highest in the world, accounting for more than 30% of total maternal mortality in some countries. The latest UN report, published in February 1996, found Africa to claim 20% of the world's births and 40% of global maternal mortality. The best way to reduce abortion-related maternal mortality is to prevent unwanted pregnancy. The second-best defense against the mortality of unsafe abortion is the provision of safe abortion services. The appropriate management of the complications of unsafe abortion can also reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.     

Spontaneous abortions among women working in the pharmaceutical industry

A register based study was conducted on the pregnancy outcome of female workers in eight Finnish pharmaceutical factories to determine whether they had a higher risk of spontaneous abortion than the general population or matched controls. Information about all female workers who had been employed in the factories during the years 1973 or 1975 (four factories) to 1980 was obtained from the employers. The workers' pregnancy data were collected from the nation wide hospital discharge register and polyclinic data of hospitals from 1973 to 1981. The total number of 1795 pregnancies included 1179 deliveries, 142 spontaneous abortions, and 474 induced abortions. The spontaneous abortion rate (the number of spontaneous abortions X 100, divided by the number of spontaneous abortions plus the number of births) during employment was 10.9% and before/after employment 10.6%. The rate for all the women in the corresponding central hospital districts was 11.3% [corrected] during the study period. A case-control study was also carried out in which the cases were 44 women who had a spontaneous abortion during employment in the pharmaceutical factory. Three age matched female pharmaceutical factory workers who had given birth to a child were chosen as controls for every case. The information about occupational exposures was collected from questionnaires completed by the occupational physician or nurse at the factory. The response rate was 93%. Exposure to chemicals was more common among the cases than among the controls. For methylene chloride, a solvent commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, the increase in odds ratio of borderline significance (odds ratio 2.3, p = 0.06). In a logistic regression model (which included oestrogen exposure, solvent exposure frequency of the usage, and heavy lifting) the odds ratio was increased for oestrogens (odds ratio 4.2, p = 0.05) and for continuous heavy lifting (odds ratio 5.7, p = 0.02). The odds ratio for spontaneous abortions was greater among those exposed to four or more solvents (odds ratio 3.5, p=0.05) than among those exposed to one to three solvents (odds ration 0.8, p=0.74).     

Induced abortion and low birthweight in the following pregnancy

BACKGROUND: To examine whether induced abortion increases the risk of low birthweight in subsequent singleton live births. METHODS: Cohort study using the Danish Medical Birth Registry (MBR), the Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR), and the Induced Abortion Registry (IAR). All women who had their first pregnancy during 1980-1982 were identified in the MBR, the HDR, and the IAR. We included all 15,727 women whose pregnancy was terminated by a first trimester induced abortion in the induced abortion cohort and 46,026 women whose pregnancy was not terminated by an induced abortion were selected for the control cohort. All subsequent pregnancies until 1994 were identified by register record linkage. RESULTS: Low birthweight (<2500 g) in singleton term live births occurred more frequently in women with one, two, three or more previous induced abortions, compared with women without any previous induced abortion of similar gravidity, 2.2% versus 1.5%, 2.4% versus 1.7%, and 1.8% versus 1.6%, respectively. Adjusting for maternal age and residence at time of pregnancy, interpregnancy interval, gender of newborn, number of previous spontaneous abortions and number of previous low birthweight infants (control cohort only), the odds ratios (OR) of low birthweight in singleton term live births in women with one, two or more previous first trimester induced abortions were 1.9 (95% CI: 1.6, 2.3), and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3, 2.7), respectively, compared with the control cohort of similar gravidity. High risks were mainly seen in women with an interpregnancy interval of more than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a positive association between one or more first trimester induced abortions and the risk of low birthweight in subsequent singleton term live births when the interpregnancy interval is longer than 6 months. This result was unexpected and confounding cannot be ruled out.     

Abortion surveillance, 1986-1987

Since 1980, the number of legal abortions reported to CDC has remained fairly stable, varying each year by less than 3%. In 1986, 1,328,112 abortions were reported; in 1987, that number increased by approximately 2% to 1,353,671. The abortion ratio for 1986 was 354 legally induced abortions per 1,000 live births; the ratio for 1987 was 356 per 1,000. The national abortion rate was 23/1,000 females ages 15-44 years for 1986 and 24/1,000 females ages 15-44 years in 1987. Abortion ratios were higher among women of black and other minority races and among women less than 15 years of age. Women undergoing legally induced abortions tended 1) to be young, white, and unmarried, 2) to have had no previous live births, and 3) to be having the procedure for the first time. In 1987, approximately half of all abortions were performed before the eighth week of gestation, and greater than 85% were performed during the first trimester of pregnancy (less than 13 weeks of gestation).