足部微波治疗预防人工关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨足部微波治疗预防人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的效果。方法将95例人工关节置换术后患者分为对照组（48例）和观察组（47例）。对照组采用药物、物理及机械方法预防DVT。观察组采用足部微波治疗。结果观察组发生DVT2例（4．26％）,对照组为16例（33．33％）。两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论足部微波治疗预防人工关节置换术后DVT效果较好。     

人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞的防治

人工关节置换术(total ioint replacement,TJR)是治疗各种晚期关节炎的有效方法,可以去除疼痛,矫正关节畸形,重建无痛、稳定、有功能的关节,使关节炎患者提高生活质量。目前随着各种人工关节假体和配套器械的不断完善以及TJR技术的日益成熟和普及,我国TJR也获得了迅速的发展,数量呈直线上升。由于缺乏全国的统计数据,我们以北京大学人民医院关节病诊疗研究中心近十年来的膝关节置换数量变化为例,来反映我国人工关节事业迅速发展的现状(图1)。     

低分子量肝素防治人工关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的临床观察

目前人工髋关节置换术在我国的开展越来越广泛，但外科医生对术后深静脉血栓(DVT)的形成还认识不够。自1999年7月～2002年7月收治的62例全髋关节置换术后使用低分子量肝素(LMWH)的病例进行了统计分析，说明低分子量肝素能有效地防治全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的形成。报告如下。     

人工关节置换术与深静脉血栓形成

人工髋关节和膝关节置换术后的深静脉血栓形成(DVT)始发于术中,肺栓塞和DVT有一定的发病率和死亡率,因此,对下肢大关节置换手术应采取预防措施；即便如此,择期关节置换手术的血栓栓塞并发症仍有很高的风险。早期DVT监测以及系统性抗凝预防DVT非常重要,一些高危患者需要延长预防治疗。术后用超声常规监测DVT可能有一定的临床意义。早期联合低分子肝素和机械方式可能比单一方法有效。但是,对一些抗凝药物治疗的效果和安全性仍有争议,血肿形成的发生率和程度应该引起注意。DVT预防治疗的安全性和性价比仍有很多不确定性,所以,按循证医学的观点,要进行多中心的前瞻随机对照研究才能得出有价值的结论。     

人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成

了解人工关节置换术后深静脉血栓的发生情况。方法５１例未行预防性抗凝治疗的人工关节置换患者于术后３－１３天行双侧上行性静脉造影。分析调查术后深静脉血栓的发病情况。     

人工关节置换术后预防性抗凝治疗对下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的了解人工关节置换术后给予预防性抗凝治疗及未给予预防性抗凝治疗对下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响。方法90例人工关节置换术后病人行预防性抗凝治疗2周后行下肢上行性静脉造影,调查深静脉血栓形成影响,结果预防性抗凝治疗后下肢深静脉血栓形成的发生率为11.1%,未行预防性抗凝治疗的发生率为47.5%。结论给予预防性抗凝治疗后下肢深静脉血栓形成的发生率明显低于未给予预防性抗凝治疗。     

髋膝关节置换术后的深静脉血栓形成

髋膝关节置换术后的深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)是指在各种因素作用下导致纤维蛋白、红细胞以及不等量的血小板和白细胞在静脉内形成凝块的过程。是髋膝关节置换术后最常见的并发症。由于起病隐匿，常常难以诊断。血栓脱落引起肺栓塞(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)是DVT常见和严重的并发症，常可导致死亡。     

体重指数及年龄对人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨体重指数及年龄对人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(deepveinthrombosis,DVT)的影响。方法采用病例对照研究,分析2004年4月～2004年8月符合纳入条件行髋、膝人工关节置换术的95例患者的临床资料。其中男27例,女68例。年龄23～78岁,平均60岁。体重指数(bodymassindex,BMI)14.34～40.39kg/m2,平均25.88kg/m2。人工髋关节置换43例48髋,人工膝关节置换52例80膝。患者按WHOBMI标准分层,即:非肥胖BMI≤25.00kg/m2、超重BMI25.01～27.00kg/m2、肥胖BMI27.01～30.00kg/m2、病理性肥胖BMI>30.00kg/m2,以及按年龄分为≤40岁、41～60岁、61～70岁、>70岁4层,研究其与关节置换术后DVT的相关性。患者术前及术后7～10d均行低分子肝素抗凝预防术后DVT,并于术后7～10d采用彩色多普勒检查双下肢深静脉血流通畅情况及DVT发生率。结果术后45例患者发生DVT,发生率为47.4%,近端DVT发生率为3.2%。DVT组BMI为27.50±3.18kg/m2,高于无DVT组(24.42±4.51kg/m2),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);分层后,BMI>25kg/m2的患者发生DVT的风险是BMI≤25kg/m2患者的2.24倍(P<0.05);BMI按WHO标准进行分层后,超重、肥胖及病理性肥胖的患者发生DVT的风险分别是非肥胖患者的7.04、4.80及9.60倍,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),肥胖患者发生DVT的风险比其他两层患者低,而病理性肥胖患者发生DVT的风险最高。DVT组年龄为65.24±6.98岁,高于无DVT组(54.84±15.11岁),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。41～60岁、61～70岁及>70岁组患者发生DVT的风险分别是年龄≤40岁患者的24.0、38.2及24.4倍,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肥胖(BMI>25kg/m2)及高龄(年龄>40岁)是影响人工关节置换术后DVT形成的高危因素,其中61～70岁的患者发生DVT的风险最高。肥胖、高龄患者行人工关节置换术时应予足够预防性抗凝治疗,术后严密观察双下肢情况,必要时行超声或静脉造影检查,防止发生致命性肺栓塞。     

优质护理预防髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果

目的探讨优质护理预防髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的效果。方法根据入院顺序将92例髋关节置换术患者分组,各46例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组在此基础上行优质护理干预。比较2组手术前后全血黏度水平,并统计下肢DVT发生率。结果术前2组全血黏度水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后观察组全血黏度水平明显低于对照组,下肢DVT发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对行髋关节置换术患者实施优质护理干预,可显著降低术后下肢DVT的发生率。     

髋关节置换术后预防深静脉血栓形成的临床观察

下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep-vein thrombosis，DVT)，可继发致命的肺栓塞及远期的深静脉功能不全。吕厚山等报道人工关节置换术后DVT的发生率为47．1％。本院1993年以来进行髋关节置换术140例，其中80例采用中药加推拿预防DVT的发生，疗效显著，报道如下。     

Preventing Deep Vein Thrombosis After Stroke: Strategies and Recommendations

The risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after stroke is increased in patients with restricted mobility, a previous history of DVT, dehydration, or comorbidities such as malignant diseases or clotting disorders. Patients with an increased risk of DVT should receive prophylactic treatment. To reduce the chance of DVT, patients should be mobilized as soon as possible and should be kept well hydrated. Anti-embolism stockings cannot be recommended, because they have been demonstrated not useful for preventing DVT or pulmonary embolism in patients with stroke, and they are associated with a significantly increased risk of skin breaks. The usefulness of intermittent pneumatic compression is currently under study in a randomized clinical trial. Treatment with subcutaneously administered low-dose unfractionated heparin is preferred to unfractionated heparin and may be considered in patients with ischemic stroke if the risk of DVT is estimated to be higher than the risk of hemorrhagic complications. Aspirin may also be effective for patients with ischemic stroke who have contraindications to anticoagulants, although direct comparisons with anticoagulants are not available. In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, low-dose subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin is probably safe after documentation of cessation of active bleeding, and may be considered on an individual basis after 3 to 4 days from stroke onset.     

抗凝并早期被动活动预防膝关节置换后深静脉血栓

目的：寻找人工膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（Deep Venous Thrombosis,DVT）的最佳预防方案,评价围手术期抗凝并早期持续被动活动（Continuous Passive Motion,CPM）对人工膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的预防作用。方法：2002年1月～2005年12月对接受人工膝关节置换术者280例（均为单侧关节置换）根据围手术期处理方法的不同,采用分层随机化的方法前瞻性地分成空白对照组（对照组,n=70）、单纯抗凝组（抗凝组,n=70）、单纯早期被动活动组（CPM组,n=70）和抗凝＋CPM锻炼治疗组（观察组,n=70）。手术后第4天观察各组患者下肢的肿胀情况,并行术侧下肢彩色多普勒血管检查,诊断DVT。统计各组中DVT的发生率,采用SPSS11．0统计分析软件进行统计学分析。结果：抗凝组术后DVT发生率25．7％,CPM组30．0％,观察组12．9％,对照组45．7％,经统计学检验,观察组术后DVT发生率明显低于其它各组（P〈0．05）。结论：围手术期抗凝并早期被动活动对人工膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成具有明显的预防作用。     

磺达肝癸钠预防髋膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨磺达肝癸钠预防髋、膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的有效性和安全性。方法：选择89例连续的行人工髋、膝关节置换手术患者,随机分为对照组45例：给予肢体气压泵预防深静脉血栓;磺达肝癸钠组44例：给予磺达肝癸钠联合肢体气压泵预防。术后观察比较血小板、凝血功能指标变化情况及深静脉血栓形成。结果：两组患者总失血量、血小板、凝血酶原时间及活动度与活化部分凝血酶时间变化比较均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;磺达肝癸钠组无1例发生深静脉血栓,对照组16例深静脉血栓形成（χ2=19.073,P＜0.01）。结论：使用磺达肝癸钠预防髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成对凝血功能、血小板无明显影响,是安全有效的。     

Incidence and Risk Factors of Deep Vein Thrombosis After Liver Transplantation

BackgroundDeep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurs in 0.1% of persons per year, affecting 15%–40% of general surgical procedures without prophylaxis. Thromboembolic prophylaxis is not commonly used after orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) owing to the risks of bleeding and coagulopathy. Cirrhosis and the association with the coagulation cascade, before and after transplantation, are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of DVT and its risk factors after LT.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed LTs performed at our center from 2005 to 2012. We identified patients with Doppler examinations showing DVT after LT, platelet count, and international normalized ratio (INR) at time of DVT, associated symptoms, DVT prophylaxis, and perioperative risk factors. We determined the incidence of DVT, the odds ratio of each preoperative risk factor, the difference in platelet count and INR between those with and without a DVT, and the weighted risk of each factor in the development of DVT with the use of logistic regression modeling.ResultsOf 314 patients, the incidence of DVT was 8.6% (27/314). Between those with and without DVT there was no significant difference in age, sex, platelet count, INR, infection, hepatocellular cancer, use of venous bypass, and prior surgery. There was a significant difference in mobility, 67% vs 20% (P < .0001), and the use of factor VII, 11% vs 2% (P < .05). The estimated risk for of developing DVT for patients with neither of these factors was 4%; with factor VII the risk rose to 17%; with mobility difficulty the risk rose to 23%; and with both the risk was 62%. In our entire population, there were no cases of pulmonary embolism.ConclusionsThe risk of developing a DVT after LT is ≥9% even with mechanical DVT prophylaxis. Consideration should be given to using both mechanical and chemical prophylaxis after LT.     

Inflammatory Pseudotumor Causing Deep Vein Thrombosis After Metal-On-Metal Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty

Metal-on-metal hip resurfacings have recently been associated with a variety of complications resulting from adverse reaction to metal debris. We report a case of extensive soft tissue necrosis associated with a huge pelvic mass causing extensive deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb secondary to mechanical compression of the iliac vein. This is a rare and unusual cause of deep vein thrombosis after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty.     

Portal Vein Thrombosis After Hepatectomy

Background

Although various complications after hepatectomy have been reported, there have been no large studies on postoperative portal vein thrombosis (PVT) as a complication. This study evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of PVT after hepatectomy.

Methods

The preoperative and postoperative clinical characteristics of patients who underwent hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

A total of 208 patients were reviewed. The incidence of PVT after hepatectomy was 9.1 % (n = 19), including main portal vein (MPV) thrombosis (n = 7) and peripheral portal vein (PPV) thrombosis (n = 12). Patients with MPV thrombosis had a significantly higher incidence of right hepatectomy (p < 0.001), larger resection volume (p = 0.003), and longer operation time (p = 0.021) than patients without PVT (n = 189). Multivariate analysis identified right hepatectomy as a significant independent risk factor for MPV thrombosis (odds ratio 108.9; p < 0.001). Patients with PPV thrombosis had a significantly longer duration of Pringle maneuver than patients without PVT (p = 0.002). Among patients who underwent right hepatectomy, those with PVT (n = 6) had a significantly lower early liver regeneration rate than those without PVT (n = 13; p = 0.040), and those with PVT had deterioration of liver function on postoperative day 7. In all patients with MPV thrombosis who received anticoagulation therapy, PVT subsequently resolved.

Conclusions

Postoperative PVT after hepatectomy is not rare. It is closely related to delayed recovery of liver function and delayed liver regeneration.