老年二尖瓣狭窄患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的探讨

目的探讨老年二尖瓣狭窄患者接受经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的疗效和安全性。方法观察同期行PBMV的65例(年龄≥60岁)老年二尖瓣狭窄患者(老年组)和516例青壮年二尖瓣狭窄患者(青壮年组)的疗效和安全性。结果老年二尖瓣狭窄患者与青壮年二尖瓣狭窄患者接受PBMV的疗效和安全性相当;老年患者PBMV后二尖瓣再狭窄发生率显著低于青壮年(P<0.05)。结论老年二尖瓣狭窄患者和青壮年二尖瓣狭窄患者一样接受PBMV治疗安全、有效,且不易发生二尖瓣再狭窄。     

闭式分离术后再狭窄的经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术

对闭式分离术后平均１３．９±６．５（４～２４）年的１６例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病人进行了经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗。男性５例，女性１１例。平均年龄４３±６（３２～５２）岁。结果：二尖瓣口面积由０．９８±０．２０ｃｍ２增加至１．９１±０．４９ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由１．５８±１．０８ｋＰａ（１２±８ｍｍＨｇ）降至０．５０±０．５０ｋＰａ（４±４ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。并发症：术后发生二尖瓣返流１例，返流加重１例；４例发生房间隔水平分流；３例扩张时球囊破裂。结果提示：对二尖瓣闭式分离术后再狭窄病人（１）行ＰＢＭＶ治疗是一种安全有效的方法；（２）二尖瓣超声记分对其病例选择及疗效判断有重要价值，记分≤１０者疗效最佳；（３）操作中房间隔穿刺及二尖瓣口扩张有时将面临困难，应慎重对待。     

老年风湿性心脏病患者经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术21例分析

目的评估经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗老年人风湿性心脏病的疗效。方法分析老年风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者行ＰＢＭＶ术前、术后超声心动图、血流动力学指标及心功能状况。结果２１例行ＰＢＭＶ，２０例成功，成功率９５．２％；未发生严重并发症，仅１例因瓣膜明显均质性致密增厚而扩张失效。平均随访９±３个月，ＰＢＭＶ术后二尖瓣口面积从１．１２±０．２５ｃｍ２增加至１．８９±０．２７ｃｍ２，左房平均压从３．４０±１．０８ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）降至１．７２±０．７５ｋＰａ，术后心功能改善１级者６例，改善２级及以上者１４例，手术失败１例心功能无改善。结论ＰＢＭＶ是老年风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者安全、有效的治疗措施之一。     

经皮球囊导管二尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性二尖瓣狭窄的长期随 …

目的 评价经皮球囊导管二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗风湿性二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）的远期疗效。方法 自１９８９年５月至１９９７年１２月对风湿性ＭＳ３３６例患者采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ法行ＰＢＭＶ,对成功的３３０例进行８年的随访,每年随访１次,根据临床症状,心尖部期杂音及第一心音的强度改变、心功能、二维及多普勒超声心动图检测的二尖瓣口面积判断远期疗效。随访时二尖瓣口面积经ＰＢＭＶ后增加的面积缩小５０％以上为再狭窄。结     

经皮二尖瓣扩张术治疗老年及老年前期患者二尖瓣狭窄

目的　探讨经皮经房间隔穿刺二尖瓣扩张治疗老年和老年前期患者二尖瓣狭窄的临床意义。方法　 86例患者采用一步法经皮经房间隔穿刺球囊扩张治疗二尖瓣狭窄。手术前后分别记录右心房压、左心房压、肺动脉压 ,二尖瓣口面积 ,并进行手术后随防。结果　 86例患者中 83例治疗成功 ,3例失败 ,其中 1例为术中急性心包填塞 ,2例术后出现中度二尖瓣反流。术后即刻 ,左心房压、肺动脉压下降 ,二尖瓣口面积增加 ,心功能改善。 4 2例患者随访(4 .4± 2 .1)年 ,1例出现再狭窄 ,1例原因不明猝死 ,1例因二尖瓣反流行瓣膜置换术 ,其余患者心功能和生活质量明显改善。结论　对年龄≥ 5 0岁伴轻度二尖瓣和 (或 )主动脉瓣反流 ,瓣膜钙化或瓣下结构病变的二尖瓣狭窄患者 ,可安全有效地施行球囊二尖瓣成形术。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术治疗老年人二尖瓣狭窄的临床观察

目的 探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV)治疗老年人二尖瓣狭窄的疗效、安全性及并发症的预防.方法 采用改良的房间隔定位法及运用跨二尖瓣技术对老年二尖瓣狭窄患者行逐步球囊扩张.手术前后分别记录即刻左心房压、肺动脉平均压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及二尖瓣口面积,并进行手术后随访.结果 PBMV有效扩大了二尖瓣口面积,与术前比较,术后左心房压下降[分别为(25.3±6.7)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)与(16.4±5.8)mm Hg]、二尖瓣跨瓣压下降[分别为(17.6±6.7)mm Hg与(6.8±2.9)mm Hg]、肺动脉压下降[分别为(38.6±12.1)mm Hg与(29.2±9.8)mm Hg],二尖瓣口面积增加[分别为(1.05±0.22)cm2与(1.61±0.38)cm2],心功能明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).随访结果表明,PBMV疗效稳定.结论 PBMV操作技术的改进能明显改善老年患者二尖瓣狭窄症状,显著降低手术的并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the improved percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) in elderly patients with mitral stenosis. Methods Elderly patients with severe mitral stenosis received an improved PBMV which included a modified way of atrial septal puncture and technique across the mitral valve. The left atrial pressrue (LAP), mean pulmonary pressure (MPA), mean gradient across the mitral value (MPG) and mitral valve area (MVA) were recorded and compared before and after the operation. Long term follow up were made. Results After operation, the LAP decreased [(25.3±6.7) mm Hg vs.(16.4±5.8) mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 Kpa], MPG decreased [(17.6±6.7) mm Hg vs.(6.8±2.9) mm Hg], MPA decreased [(38.6±12.1) mm Hg vs. (29.2±9.8) mm Hg], MVA increased [(1.05±0.22)cm2 vs.(1.61±0.38)cm2] and the New York heart association heart function classification improved. The follow-up result showed that the effect of PBMV was constant. Conclusions Improved PBMV may be an effective and safe measure for patients with mitral stenosis.     

经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术对二尖瓣狭窄患者血凝系统的影响

为探讨经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）对二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）血栓前状态（ＰＴＳ）的影响，检测２３例行ＰＢＭＶ病人术前和术后一周止血系统指标。根据术后二尖瓣口面积增加程度（ΔＭＶＡ）分为两个亚组：有效组（ΔＭＶＡ≤０．５ｃｍ２）８例、显效组（ΔＭＶＡ＞０．５ｃｍ２）１５例。发现术后血小板最大聚集率、血浆血栓素Ｂ２、全血粘度显著降低；抗凝血酶Ⅲ抗原和组织型纤溶酶原激活物显著升高；而血浆ＶｏｎＷｉｌｅｂｒａｎｄ因子抗原、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物、血浆粘度、红细胞比积无显著改变。在显效组，上述变化更为显著。提示ＰＢＭＶ可改善ＭＳ病人的ＰＴＳ，且与ＰＢＭＶ效果密切相关     

再次经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗成形术后再狭窄的疗效观察

目的　评价再次经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄PBMV术后再狭窄的临床疗效。方法　采用Inoue法对 2 9例PBMV术后再狭窄患者进行再次PBMV ,并与 2 5 8例首次接受PBMV的患者进行疗效比较。结果　再次PBMV后二尖瓣口面积由 ( 0 98± 0 13)cm2 增至 ( 1 6 5±0 2 4)cm2 (P <0 0 0 1) ,二尖瓣跨瓣压差由 ( 2 6 5± 1 44 )kPa( 1kPa =7 5mmHg)降至 ( 0 79± 0 2 3)kPa(P<0 0 0 1) ,左房平均压由 ( 3 37± 0 6 2 )kPa降至 ( 1 6 6± 0 93)kPa(P <0 0 0 1) ,左房内径由 ( 4 5 2± 0 5 7)cm降至 ( 4 17± 0 5 0 )cm(P <0 0 5 )。再次PBMV组二尖瓣口面积增加值与左房平均压下降值小于首次PBMV组 [分别为 ( 0 6 7± 0 11)cm2 vs( 0 88± 0 32 )cm2 (P <0 0 5 )与 ( 1 71± 0 88)kPavs( 1 94± 0 5 6 )kPa(P <0 0 5 ) ]。再次PBMV组无心包填塞、死亡发生 ,主要并发症为重度二尖瓣反流 2例。结论只要选择合适病例 ,再次PBMV术仍可取得显著的即刻血流动力学改善 ,是PBMV术后再狭窄患者的一种安全而有效的治疗方法。     

二尖瓣形态对经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术近远期疗效的影响

目的 观察不同瓣膜形态的二尖瓣狭窄患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的近远期疗效.方法 根据Wilkins超声二尖瓣形态学积分,将385例二尖瓣狭窄患者分为＞8分组(125例)和≤8分组(260例).均采用改良Inoue法对患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术.术后进行随访,并比较两组患者的临床疗效.结果 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功370例,＞8分组经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的成功率低于≤8分组(92.8％比97.7％,P＜0.05).术后6个月,两组患者各项超声心动图检查指标均较术前显著改善(均P＜0.05);与≤8分组(254例)比较,＞8分组(116例)经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术后左心房平均压、肺动脉收缩压、跨瓣压差及二尖瓣瓣口面积的改变值均较小[分别为(14.22±5.02)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)比(15.44±5.19) mm Hg、(26.13±9.27) mm Hg比(31.93±9.98)mm Hg、(9.21±4.11)mm Hg比(10.16 ±4.21)mm Hg和(1.02±0.15)cm2比(1.20±0.22)cm2,均P＜0.05].经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功且完成远期随访[(78±20)个月]的患者共353例,两组患者各项超声心动图检查指标均较术前显著改善(均P＜0.05);与≤8分组(245例)比较,＞8分组(108例)左心房平均压、肺动脉收缩压、跨瓣压差及二尖瓣瓣口面积的改变值均较小[分别为(13.28±5.06) mm Hg比(14.77±5.17)mm Hg、(21.19±9.17) mm Hg比(28.92±9.91) mm Hg、(7.30±4.40)mm Hg比(9.16±4.28)mm Hg和(0.92±0.17)cm2比(1.07±0.20)cm2,均P＜0.05],且再狭窄发生率较高(20.4％比8.2％,P＜0.05).结论 二尖瓣瓣膜形态是决定经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术疗效的关键因素之一.对于超声二尖瓣形态学积分低的患者,经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功率较高,术后近期及远期随访疗效较好,再狭窄发生率较低,治疗方案可优先选择经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术.     

Long term outcome of percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy in patients aged 70 and over

OBJECTIVE—To assess the immediate haemodynamic improvement and long term symptomatic benefit of percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy in patients aged over 70 years.DESIGN—Pre- and postprocedure haemodynamic data and follow up for 1 to 10 years by clinic visit or telephone contact.SETTING—Tertiary referral centre in Scotland.SUBJECTS—80 patients age 70 and over who had mitral balloon dilatation: 55 were considered unsuitable for surgical treatment because of frailty or associated disease. In an additional four patients mitral dilatation was not achieved.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Increase in valve area after balloon dilatation and survival, freedom from valve replacement, and symptom class at follow up.RESULTS—Mean (SD) valve area increased by 89% from 0.84 (0.28) to 1.59 (0.67) cm². There was a low rate of serious complications, with only two patients having long term major sequelae. Of 55 patients unsuitable for surgical treatment, 28 (51%) were alive without valve replacement and with improvement by at least one symptom class at one year, and 14 (25%) at five years. In the 25 patients considered suitable for surgical treatment, 16 (64%) achieved this outcome at one year and nine (36%) at five years.CONCLUSIONS—Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy is a safe and useful palliative procedure in elderly patients who are unsuitable for surgery. Balloon dilatation should also be used for elderly patients whose valve appears suitable for improvement by commissurotomy, but echo score is an imperfect predictor of haemodynamic improvement.     

外科二尖瓣交界分离术后再狭窄二尖瓣球囊成形术

将６６例二尖瓣狭窄患者首次行ＰＢＭＶ和１８例外科分离术后再狭窄患者行ＰＢＭＶ进行比较，结果表明两者扩瓣治疗前、后的血流动力学指数有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．００１），但将两者术后相应的血流动力学指数进行比较差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明外科二狭分离术后再狭窄患者成功地进行ＰＢＭＶ可显著改善临床症状，仍是一种有效的方法。     

Treatment of severe mitral stenosis with percutaneous balloon valvotomy in pregnant patients

Background: Pregnancy can cause life-threatening complications in women with mitral stenosis. Frequently, there is an urgent need to increase the mitral valve area mechanically. In selected cases, percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) has emerged as a safe and effective alternative to surgical commissurotomy. Hypothesis: The study evaluates the effects of PMBV by the Inoue technique in nine pregnant patients with severe symptomatic mitral stenosis. Methods: The patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II to IV and had echocardiographic scores of ≤ 8. The mean gestational age was 24.8 ± 6.1 weeks. The patient's pelvic and abdominal regions were covered with a lead apron to protect the fetus from radiation. A stepwise dilatation technique was used. Fluoroscopy time was kept to 10 to 15 min. Results: One patient developed severe mitral regurgitation requiring emergency valve replacement. The remaining eight patients showed marked immediate symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement. After dilatation, the transmittal pressure gradient decreased from 20.8 ± 6.5 to 7.3 ± 1.4 mmHg (p = 0.001) and the calculated mitral valve area increased from 0.9 ± 0.1 to 1.8 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001). All patients had uneventful term deliveries of normal babies. On follow-up they were in NYHA functional class I. Conclusions: Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy is a safe and effective procedure for selected pregnant patients with severe mitral stenosis. The procedure is well tolerated by the fetus. Severe mitral regurgitation requiring immediate surgery may occur occasionally. The possible harmful effects to the fetus from its exposure to radiation during PMBV are unknown.     

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy.

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) was introduced in 1984 by Inoue who developed the procedure as a logical extension of surgical closed commissurotomy. Since then, PMBV has emerged as the treatment of choice for severe pliable rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). With increasing experience and better selection of patient, the immediate results of the procedure have improved and the rate of complications declined. When the reported complications of PMBV are viewed in aggregate, complications occur at approximately the following rates: mortality (0-0.5%), cerebral accident (0.5-1%), mitral regurgitation (MR) requiring surgery (1.6-3%). These complication rates compare favorably to those reported after surgical commissurotomy. Several randomized trials reported similar hemodynamic results with PMBV and surgical commissurotomy. Restenosis after PMBV ranges from 4 to 70% depending on the patient selection, valve morphology, and duration of follow up. Restenosis was encountered in 21% of the author's series at mean follow-up 6 +/- 4.5 years and the 10 and 15 years restenosis-free survival rates were (70 +/- 3)% and (44 +/- 5)%, respectively, and were significantly higher for patients with favorable mitral morphology (85 +/- 3% and 65 +/- 6%), respectively (P < 0.0001). The 10 and 15 years event-free survival rates were (79 +/- 2)% and (43 +/- 9)% and were significantly higher for patients with favorable mitral morphology (88 +/- 2)% and (66 +/- 6)%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The effect of PMBV on severe pulmonary hypertension, concomitant severe tricuspid regurgitation, left ventricular function, left atrial size, and atrial fibrillation are addressed in this review. In addition, the application of PMBV in specific clinical situations such as in children, during pregnancy and for restenosis is discussed.     

Echocardiographic long-term evaluation of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy

Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy (BMV) is an alternative therapeutic method for patients with mitral stenosis. We studied 62 patients (56 females, mean age 36.4 years) who underwent balloon mitral valvotomy. Five patients were pregnant and in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV. Doppler echocardiographic studies were performed prior to the procedure, and at 7 days, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after the procedure. We studied the following parameters: echo-score by the sum of valvular mobility, thickening, and calcification, and subvalvular disease, graded from 1 to 4; and mitral valve area (MVA) and mitral pressure gradient (MPG) by Doppler echocardiography. The patients were separated into two groups: group I with an echo-score less than or equal to 8 (40 patients), and group II with an echo-score greater than or equal to 9 (22 patients). Mitral valve area and MPG were compared with hemodynamics through the correlation coefficient and linear regression. Comparison between groups I and II was performed using the unpaired Student's t-test. Follow-up of MVA and MPG was analyzed by analysis of variance. The Student's t-test did not show any significant difference between MVA and MPG before balloon mitral valvotomy. There was significant decrease of MVA in group II (P less than 0.01) in the last three studies. There was significant increase in MPG in group II (P less than 0.01) in every postvalvotomy study. The analysis of variance of group I showed statistical increase of the MVA, and significant decrease of the MPG after BMV. The analysis of variance of group II showed significant increase in MVA and significant decrease in MPG between the pre- and the first postvalvotomy study. There was significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in MVA, and increase in MPG in the three postvalvotomy studies. Complications included mitral regurgitation, residual interatrial communication, pericardial effusion due to an atrial wall perforation, and peripheral embolization. Atrial fibrillation did not significantly alter the results of BMV. Results were considered positive when MVA was greater than 1.5 cm 2 and area increase was greater than 25%. Patients with an echo-score less than or equal to 8 (group I) benefit from BMV, with a positive predictive value greater than 78%. In pregnant patients the symptomatology was alleviated by BMV, without any signs of fetal compromise.     

Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in rheumatic mitral stenosis: an experience of 50 patients in India

We attempted percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in 50 patients (27 female and 23 male, age 10-38 years) with rheumatic mitral stenosis. The procedure could be completed in 40 patients. The failures were caused by problems related to transseptal puncture in eight cases and inability to cross the mitral valve in two cases. Immediately after valvuloplasty there was a remarkable reduction in the mean pulmonary artery pressure, left atrial mean pressure, mean diastolic gradient across the mitral valve, and the calculated pulmonary vascular resistance. The calculated mitral valve area increased and the cardiac index increased marginally. Inadequate results with a post valvuloplasty mitral valve area of 0.9 cm2 were seen in only one patient. Repeat hemodynamic evaluation in 25 patients within two weeks of valvuloplasty showed persistent benefit in all except one patient, who showed partial restenosis. Follow-up cardiac catheterization at 3-6 months in 13 patients showed evidence of restenosis (mitral valve area less than 1.0 cm2 and mean diastolic gradient of greater than 10 mmHg) in one patient, while all others maintained hemodynamic benefit. Repeat hemodynamic evaluation at 9-18 months after valvuloplasty in eight patients showed evidence of restenosis in an additional two cases. The patients in our series are young (28 patients less than 20 years), small body surface area (1.35-0.2 m2), and have high left atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures.     

Subvalvular apparatus and adverse outcome of balloon valvotomy in rheumatic mitral stenosis

Background

Balloon mitral valvotomy (BMV) is a well-established therapeutic modality for rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS). However, there are chances of procedural failure and the more ominous post-procedural severe mitral regurgitation. There are only a few prospective studies, which have evaluated the pathogenic mechanisms for these major complications of BMV, especially in relation to the subvalvular apparatus (SVA) pathology.

Methods

All symptomatic patients of RMS suitable for BMV by echocardiographic criteria in a span of 1 year were selected. In addition to the standard echocardiographic assessment of RMS (Wilkins score and score by Padial et al.), a separate grading and scoring system was assigned to evaluate the severity of the SVA pathology. The SVA score was ‘I’, when none of the two SVAs had severe disease, ‘II’ when one of the two SVAs has severe disease, and ‘III’ when both SVAs had severe disease. With these scoring systems, the outcomes of BMV (successful procedure, failure, and post-procedural mitral regurgitation) were analyzed. Emergency valve replacement was performed depending on clinical situation, and in cases of replacement, the pathology of the excised mitral valves were compared with echocardiographic findings.

Results

Of the 356 BMVs performed in a year, 43 patients had adverse outcomes in the form of failed procedure (14 patients) and mitral regurgitation (29 patients). Forty-one among these had a SVA score of III. The sensitivity and specificity of the MR score was lesser than the SVA score (sensitivity 0.34 vs. 1.00, specificity 0.92 vs. 0.99, respectively). The mitral valvular morphology in 39 patients who underwent post-procedural valve replacements correlated well with echocardiography findings.

Conclusion

It is important to assess the degree of SVA pathology in the conventional echocardiographic assessment for RMS, as BMV would have adverse events when both SVAs were severely diseased.     

Long-term follow-up of cardiac rhythm after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Does atrial fibrillation persist?

AIMS: Little information is available about short-term and none about long-term follow-up of cardiac rhythm after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PTMV). METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the long-term course of the supraventricular rhythm in 137 consecutive patients with severe mitral stenosis, who underwent PTMV. The rhythm before PTMV was sinus rhythm (SR) in 55% and chronic AF in 45% of patients. The mean follow-up time was 3.7+/-2.5 years (n=126).In patients with SR before PTMV, SR persisted in 91% of patients at the end of follow-up. In patients with chronic AF before PTMV, 84% of these patients were still in chronic AF at the end of follow-up, spontaneous conversion to SR did not occur. In 12 of 14 patients (85%), selected for cardioversion, SR was achieved, by DC cardioversion (n=11) or by drugs alone (n=1). After 2 years this outcome persisted, but after 4 years only 38% remained in SR. CONCLUSION: Pre-procedural SR will persist following PTMV. However in patients with chronic AF PTMV is not associated with reversion to SR, suggesting that measures should be undertaken to restore sinus rhythm.     

Mechanics of percutaneous balloon valvotomy for mitral valvular stenosis

Summary The present study was performed to measure and calculate the mechanical force of percutaneous balloon valvotomy (PBV) for mitral valvular stenosis, using an equation pertaining to the mechanical force of the balloon needed to dilate the stenotic mitral valve. In case 1, the diameter of the mitral valve was enlarged by PBV from 1.43 cm to 2.40 cm and, in case 2, from 1.76 cm to 2.42 cm, with a mechanical force of 321 g and 436 g, respectively, following the equation.     

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy in a patient with coexistent mitral stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A patient with coexistent mitral stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is described, in whom symptoms related to impaired left ventricular diastolic filling improved after successful percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy.