Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) : No. 225, April 2009

Objective

This document summarizes the limited experience of SARS in pregnancy and suggests guidelines for management.

Outcomes

Cases reported from Asia suggest that maternal and fetal outcomes are worsened by SARS during pregnancy.

Evidence

Medline was searched for relevant articles published in English from 2000 to 2007. Case reports were reviewed and expert opinion sought.

Values

Recommendations were made according to the guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.     

Pregnancy outcomes in women with severe needle phobia

Objectives

Needle phobia in pregnancy poses a problem as women may refuse medical care because of their fear. The present study investigates the impact of needle phobia on the antenatal and intrapartum care of needle phobic women and reports on the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

Study design

A retrospective cohort of 112 cases, divided into severe and mild cases of needle phobia, was collected from the anaesthetic referral database. The data were collected manually as well as by using the computerised hospital database, and were analysed using SPSS version 19. Chi-square analysis and unpaired t-test were used to analyse categorical and continuous variables, respectively. The overall departmental statistics for 2009 and 2010 were used as a comparator.

Results

Women with severe needle phobia, compared to those with mild needle phobia, registered late with the antenatal services (17 weeks vs 14 weeks, p < 0.05), had a significant delay in obtaining their first antenatal blood tests (25 weeks vs 15 weeks, p < 0.0001), consented less often to the booking blood tests (62.8% vs 98.6%, p < 0.0001) and antenatal tests (30.2% vs 76.8%, p < 0.0001), had low use of pethidine (4.7% vs 24.6%, p < 0.01) and a higher demand for general anaesthesia (11.6% vs 0%, p < 0.01) and had an increased number of physiological deliveries of the placenta (37.2% vs 8.7%, p < 0.0001). The incidence of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in both groups was low.

Conclusion

Despite the differences in choice of analgesia and acceptance of routine blood tests, pregnancy outcomes in women with severe needle phobia were good. The study highlighted the importance of adequate risk assessment of all women disclosing their needle phobic status, and of provision of high-standard multidisciplinary care involving primary and secondary healthcare professionals.     

妊娠合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的诊治

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory dis-tress syndrome,ARDS)晚期多诱发或合并多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS),甚至多脏器功能衰竭(MOF),病死率高,预后差。而妊娠合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征更是孕产妇死亡的重要原因之一,本文重点介绍了妊娠合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的诊断和治疗。     

132例中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征妊娠结局分析

目的探讨中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征（ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome，OHSS）对患者妊娠结局有无影响。方法对于2004年至2005年在我院行体外受精-胚胎移植而发生中、重度OHSS的132例患者（妊娠患者72例）临床资料进行回顾性分析，并与同期未发生中、重度OHSS的妊娠患者861例就妊娠结局进行对比性分析。结果（1）132例中、重度OHSS患者，其中87例移植，临床妊娠率为82．8％（72／87），妊娠结局为：单胎分娩53．5％，双胎分娩25．4％，流产16．9％，胎死宫内1．4％，宫外孕1．4％，因胎儿畸形引产1．4％，其中出生缺陷共1．4％。同期非OHSS患者上述比率分别为：55．0％、19．5％、18．7％、0．6％、6．1％、0．1％，其中出生缺陷共2．4％。（2）OHSS患者与未发生OHSS的患者在单胎与双胎分娩比率，妊娠丢失（流产＋死胎）与分娩（早产＋足月产）比率上均无显著性差异（P〉O．05）；但OHSS患者早期流产率（7．0％）低于晚期流产率（9．9％），而非OHSS患者早期流产率（13．3％）高于晚期流产率（5．4％）（P=0．075）。（3）OHSS患者与未发生OHSS的患者在早产与低体重儿比率，妊娠期并发症（妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病与前置胎盘等）比率上均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论OHSS的发生对妊娠结局未产生明显不良影响。     

Pregnancy planning in type 1 diabetic women improves glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes

Objective: Pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes is associated with increased risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy planning on outcomes of type 1 diabetic pregnancies.

Methods: We retrospectively assessed pregnancy outcomes of type 1 diabetic women who were patients of Diabetes Clinic of North Karelia hospital between 2000 and 2012. We evaluated the medical records of 73 women experiencing 145 pregnancies and data of their infants.

Results: Altogether 96 (66.2%) pregnancies were planned. HbA1c levels were significantly lower before and during the whole pregnancy when pregnancy was planned than if it was not planned (all p <0.001). Planned pregnancies resulted in significantly fewer congenital anomalies (p <0.001). Pregnancy planning reduced the age-adjusted risk of Cesarean sections (OR 0.25, p = 0.021). Pregnancy planning was associated with a reduced risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (including miscarriages and congenital anomalies). This association was independent of age, HbA1c before pregnancy, smoking, hypertension, microvascular complications, and thyroid disease (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.09, 0.76).

Conclusions: Pregnancy planning is beneficial for glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes of type 1 diabetic women. The benefit of pregnancy planning was independent of other risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

Pregnancy and perinatal outcome in women with hyperthyroidism

Objective

To investigate pregnancy outcome for patients with treated hyperthyroidism.

Methods

A population-based study was performed comparing all singleton pregnancies of women with and women without hyperthyroidism at the Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er-Sheva, Israel, between January 1988 and January 2007. Stratified analysis, using a multiple logistic regression model, was performed to control for confounders.

Results

During the study period, there were 185 636 singleton deliveries in the medical center. Of these, 189 (0.1%) were from women with hyperthyroidism. Using multivariate analysis with backward elimination, the following risk factors were significantly associated with hyperthyroidism: placental abruption; cesarean delivery; and advanced maternal age. No significant differences regarding perinatal outcome were noted between the groups. Women with hyperthyroidism had significantly higher rates of cesarean delivery than did women without hyperthyroidism (20.1% vs 13.1%; P < 0.004), even after controlling for confounders.

Conclusions

Treated hyperthyroidism was not associated with adverse perinatal outcome. However, hyperthyroidism was found to be an independent risk factor for cesarean delivery.     

Comparisons of maternal and perinatal outcomes in Taiwanese women with complete and partial HELLP syndrome and women with severe pre-eclampsia without HELLP

AIM: To analyze the variations between maternal complications and perinatal outcome among women with complete hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, partial HELLP syndrome, and women with severe pre-eclampsia and normal laboratory tests. We also examine the effect of corticosteroid therapy for treatment of HELLP. METHODS: In this retrospective study, six patients with complete HELLP syndrome and 46 with partial HELLP syndrome, were compared and contrasted with 212 patients with severe pre-eclampsia but without HELLP syndrome. RESULTS: In Protocol 1, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was the strongest morbidity factor associated with patients among complete HELLP, partial HELLP, and severe pre-eclampsia. After post-hoc analysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was the significant outcome variable between complete and partial HELLP. In Protocol 2, after adjustment, we found that MODS (adjusted OR, 15.2, 95% CI, 6.18-35.53; P < 0.001); Apgar score less than 5 at 1 minute (adjusted OR, 2.17, 95% CI, 0.94-5.01; P = 0.069) and DIC (adjusted OR, 9.51, 95% CI, 1.68-53.7, P = 0.011) remained significantly associated with HELLP syndrome. There was a favorable outcome found in the complete HELLP group. Neither the dexamethasone group nor the aggressive therapy group could benefit from the treatment protocol. CONCLUSION: The different categories of HELLP syndrome, the protocol 1 and protocol 2 have been noted as differential effects on pregnancy outcome. MODS and DIC would be two significant outcome variables and corticosteroid therapy may not benefit HELLP patients.     

Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcomes in an Asian population

Objective

To investigate (1) whether there is an increasing trend in the mean maternal age at the birth of the first child and in the group of women giving birth at age 35 or older, and (2) the association between advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcomes in an Asian population.

Study design

We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 39,763 Taiwanese women who delivered after 24 weeks of gestation between July 1990 and December 2003. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounding variables.

Results

During the study period, the mean maternal age at the birth of the first child increased from 28.0 to 29.7 years, and the proportion of women giving birth at age 35 or older increased from 11.4% to 19.1%. Compared to women aged 20–34 years, women giving birth at age 35 or older carried a nearly 1.5-fold increased risk for pregnancy complications and a 1.6–2.6-fold increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes. After adjusting for the confounding effects of maternal characteristics and coexisting pregnancy complications, women aged 35–39 years were at increased risk for operative vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–1.7) and cesarean delivery (adjusted OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5–1.7), while women aged 40 years and older were at increased risk for preterm delivery (before 37 weeks of gestation) (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.2), operative vaginal delivery (adjusted OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.0–4.6), and cesarean delivery (adjusted OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.2–3.1). In those women who had a completely uncomplicated pregnancy and a normal vaginal delivery, advanced maternal age was still significantly associated with early preterm delivery (before 34 weeks of gestation), a birth weight <1500 g, low Apgar scores, fetal demise, and neonatal death.

Conclusion

In this population of Taiwanese women, there is an increasing trend in the mean maternal age at the birth of the first child. Furthermore, advanced maternal age is independently associated with specific adverse perinatal outcomes.     

Pregnancy rate and outcome in Swedish women with Turner syndrome

Pregnancies occurred in 57 (12%) of 482 Swedish women with Turner syndrome with a liveborn rate of 54% in 124 pregnancies. Spontaneous pregnancies occurred in 40%, mainly in women with 45,X/46,XX mosaicism, and oocyte donation in 53% where miscarriages were less frequent, odds ratio = 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.17-1.04).     

131例双胎妊娠并发重度子痫前期的妊娠结局

目的 探讨双胎妊娠并发重度子痫前期孕产妇的临床特点及其妊娠结局.方法 研究对象为2007年6月至2011年6月期间,四川大学华西第二医院收治的703例重度子痫前期病例,其中双胎妊娠131例,单胎妊娠572例.采用回顾性分析的方法,比较双胎组和单胎组孕妇的年龄、规律产检次数、发病孕周、分娩孕周、平均延长孕龄、血压值及实验室检测结果等临床指标,比较胎盘早剥、产后出血、子宫胎盘卒中、子痫、HELLP综合征(hemolysis,elevated liver enzymes,and low platelets syndrome)等产科并发症,以及心功能衰竭、肺水肿、低蛋白血症、视网膜病变、颅内出血和肾功能不全等并发症发生情况.比较双胎组和单胎组围产儿的结局,包括早产率、围产儿死亡率、新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)转入率,以及胎儿窘迫、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(hypoxie ischemic encephalopathy,HIE)、新生儿窒息、肺炎、高胆红素血症和低血糖等疾病的发生率.采用t检验、x2检验、校正四格表的x2检验或Fisher精确概率法进行统计学分析.结果 双胎组重度子痫前期发病率高于单胎组[5.03％(131/2604)与1.94％(572/29 452),x2=106.40,P＜0.001].双胎组和单胎组的平均发病孕周分别为(33.6±1.8)周和(34.4±2.0)周,平均分娩孕周分别为(34.6±2.9)周和(35.6±3.2)周,平均延长孕龄分别为(6.4±0.3)d和(7.4±0.5)d,双胎组均早于单胎组(t=2.364、3.902和5.314,P均＜0.05).双胎组与单胎组胎盘早剥[9.9％(13/131)与4.2％(24/572)]、心功能衰竭[11.5％ (15/131)与3.2％ (18/572)]、肺水肿[4.6％(6/131)与0.9％(5/572)]、产后出血[16.0％(21/131)与7.0％ (40/572)]、子宫胎盘卒中[5.3％(4/131)与0.5％(3/572)]发生率比较,双胎组均高于单胎组(x2=7.013、16.430、9.505、10.990和17.650,P均＜0.01).双胎组与单胎组早产率[77.1％ (202/262)与29.9％(171/572)]、新生儿HIE发生率[8.4％(22/262)与4.7％(27/572)]、新生儿NICU转入率[76.2％(205/262)与58.4％(332/572)]比较,双胎组均高于单胎组(x2=162.000、4.392和31.980,P均＜0.05).结论 双胎妊娠较单胎妊娠更易发生重度子痫前期,且更易发生严重并发症,导致围产儿不良结局.临床应重视双胎妊娠的管理,一旦发生妊娠期高血压疾病应积极治疗并预防并发症,根据病情适时终止妊娠.     

重度子痫前期临床发病类型及特点与围产结局的关系

目的探讨重度子痫前期临床发病类型和特点与围产结局的关系;进一步研究早发型重度子痫前期的临床界定及保守治疗的临床意义.方法173例重度子痫前期患者以孕34周发病时间为界,分为早发和晚发两种类型;再根据病程进展缓急（起病至发展为重度子痫前期＞48 h）进一步将其分为突发和渐进两种类型.共分4组：即早发突发型组10例、早发渐进型组87例、晚发突发型组18例、晚发渐进型组58例.对4组患者的一般临床资料、并发症发生情况、临床监测指标及围产结局进行分析比较.结果（1）早发突发型组及晚发突发型组共28例（16.2%）患者突发起病,病情于48 h内发展成重度子痫前期;早发渐进型组及晚发渐进型组共145例患者（83.4%）缓慢发病,病情于48 h后逐渐发展成重度子痫前期.早发突发型组的发生率与晚发突发型组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;早发渐进型组的发生率与晚发渐进型组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.（2）早发突发型组严重并发症发生率为100.0%（10/10）,早发渐进型组为34.5%（30/87）,晚发突发型组为100.0%（18/18）,晚发渐进型组为29.3%（17/58）.早发突发型组严重并发症发生率与早发渐进型组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;晚发突发型组严重并发症发生率与晚发渐进型组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.（3）早发突发型组胎（婴）儿死亡率为72.7%（8/11）,早发渐进型组为24.3%（25/103）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.晚发突发型组胎（婴）儿死亡率为22.2%（4/18）,晚发渐进型组为4.9%（3/61）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（4）多因素回归分析显示,终止妊娠孕周是影响围产结局的主要因素;发病孕周以34孕周来界定早发和晚发类型时,发病孕周与围产结局无相关性（OR=0.426,95%CI：0.138～1.331）;以32孕周来界定早发和晚发类型时,则与围产结局相关（OR=0.177,95%CI：0.085～0.369）.结论重度子痫前期患者的临床发病类型较为复杂,早发突发型患者有临床上的不可预测性,其围产结局不良;晚发渐进型患者的围产结局较好.终止孕周是影响围产结局的主要因素,临床上以32孕周界定早发类型重度子痫前期更能准确反映发病孕周与围产结局的关系.     

重度子痫前期胎盘组织中NFAT5表达与围生儿结局的相关性研究

目的:探讨核转录因子5(NFAT5)在重度子痫前期(sPE)胎盘中的表达及其与围生儿结局的相关性。方法:收集2015年1月至2016年1月在郑州大学第三附属医院行剖宫产分娩的sPE孕妇(试验组)60例。选取同期非PE行剖宫产术的孕妇60例作为对照组。免疫组化法检测胎盘组织中NFAT5表达;RT-PCR法检测胎盘组织中NFAT5 mRNA表达。对胎盘中NFAT5 mRNA水平与围生儿结局进行相关分析。结果:sPE组的新生儿体重、胎盘重量、Apgar评分及分娩孕周均低于对照组(P均0.05)。两组胎盘中NFAT5蛋白多位于胎盘滋养细胞的胞核与胞质中,绒毛间质细胞内有少量表达。sPE组的NFAT5蛋白和mRNA表达水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-40.434,P=0.001;t=-6.696,P=0.001)。sPE组的NFAT5 mRNA相对表达量与新生儿出生体重、胎盘重量、分娩孕周均呈负相关(r分别为-0.554,-0.698,-0.612,P均0.05),与孕妇体重指数(BMI)呈正相关(r=0.630,P=0.012)。结论:sPE组胎盘组织中NFAT5表达水平升高,与围生儿不良结局有关。     

Pregnancy complications in women with inherited thrombophilia

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether women with inherited thrombophilia have an increased risk of developing pregnancy complications. Methods: All singleton pregnancies with known inherited thrombophilia were compared to those without inherited thrombophilia for deliveries during the years 2000–2002 in a tertiary medical center. Data regarding inherited thrombophilia (International Classification of Disease 9th revision, Clinical Modification code 286.3) were available from the perinatal database in our center. Women lacking prenatal care were excluded from the analysis. Stratified analysis, using a multiple logistic regression model, was performed to control for confounders. Results: Out of 32,763 singleton deliveries that occurred during the study period, 0.2% (n=57) of the women were diagnosed with inherited thrombophilia. Using a multivariate analysis, with backward elimination, the following conditions were significantly associated with inherited thrombophilia: previous fetal losses [odds ratio (OR)=5.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9–10.3; P<0.001], recurrent abortions (OR=9.5; 95% CI 5.5–16.3; P<0.001), fertility treatments (OR=3.7; 95% CI 1.3–10.6; P=0.014), and intrauterine growth restriction (OR=7.2; 95% CI 3.4–15; P<0.001). Perinatal mortality was significantly higher in women with inherited thrombophilia than in those without known thrombophilia 5.3% (3/57) versus 0.6% (477/32,763) P=0.017. However, inherited thrombophilia was not found to be an independent risk factor for perinatal mortality (OR=3.05; 95% CI 0.90–10.3; P<0.073) in a multivariate analysis with perinatal mortality as the outcome variable, controlling for recurrent abortions, IUGR, and gestational age. Conclusion: Inherited thrombophilia, associated with previous fetal losses, recurrent abortions, fertility treatments, and intrauterine growth restriction, was not an independent risk factor for perinatal mortality.     

重度子癎前期终末器官受累不平行性及其围产结局探讨

目的探讨重度子痴前期（severe preeclampsia，S-PE）终末靶器官（end target organ）受累特点，分析早发型和晚发型重度子痫前期各种终末器官受累类型与围产结局的关系。方法对191例重度子痢前期的前瞻性观察研究资料进行分析总结。将S-PE起病时间以34孕周为界分为早发型SPE（early-onset severe preeclampsia）和晚发型S-PE（1ate-onset severe preeelampsia）两组。根据器官受累情况分为单器官、两器官和多器官受累。分析比较两组一般临床资料、器官受累类型和并发症发生情况以及围产结局。结果191例S-PE中有71．70％为单器官受累，明显高于两器官和多器官受累（P〈0．05）。单器官受累患者中，早发型S-PE终末器官损害以胎盘（55．26％）和肝损害（15．79％）为主，而晚发型S-PE则以胎盘（18．42％）、心肺（10．53％）和脑损害（10．53％）为多。两组之间胎盘损害发生率在早发型组比晚发型组有显著增高（P〈0．05）。两器官受累患者中，早发型终末器官损害以胎盘并肝损害为主，晚发型以心肺并肾损害为多。多器官受累类型中，早发型和晚发型各终末器官累及情况无明显差异。伴有器官受累者的胎儿及新生儿死亡率与无器官受累者相比均明显升高（P〈0.05）。在伴有器官受累者中，早发型的胎儿及新生儿死亡率较晚发型明显升高（P〈0．05）；单器官受累的早发型较晚发型明显升高（P〈0．05）；两器官和多器官受累早发型与晚发型间无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。早发型中各器官累及类型间胎儿及新生儿死亡率没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）；晚发型中则差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），两器官和多器官受累较单器官受累明显升高。结论本研究显示重度子痢前期的终末器官受累存在着明显的不平行性。重度子痢前期发病时间、终止孕龄、疾病严重程度和器官受累等影响围产预后。个体的遗传异质性可能决定着不同的触发机制。     

Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes according to surgery to conception interval and gestational weight gain in women with previous gastric bypass

Objective: To compare perinatal and pregnancy outcomes including adherence to the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) recommendations for gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnant women with conception?<18 months (early group) compared to?≥18 months following gastric bypass (late group).

Methods: Retrospective cohort study comprising 71 women with gastric bypass and a singleton pregnancy presenting at Odense University Hospital, November 2007–October 2013. Data were extracted from medical records and laboratory systems. The primary outcomes were timing of pregnancy and adherence to the IOM’s recommendations for GWG. Secondary outcomes were birthweight, preterm delivery, cesarean section (CS), iron deficiency and post partum hemorrhage (PPH).

Results: Forty-three (61%) women conceived less than 18 months after gastric bypass surgery. Women in the late group had a significantly higher risk of requiring CS or receiving intravenous iron supplementation compared to the early group (57% versus 30%, p?=?0.03 and 29% versus 7%, p?=?0.02, respectively). Early conception was not significantly associated with insufficient GWG, preterm delivery or birthweight. Among 54 women with information on GWG, only 13 (24%) had an appropriate GWG.

Conclusion: The majority of pregnant women with gastric bypass did not fulfill guidelines for GWG; however, this study could not support the recommendation to postpone pregnancy.     

Maternal and perinatal outcomes during expectant management of 239 severe preeclamptic women between 24 and 33 weeks' gestation

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine maternal and perinatal outcomes after expectant management of severe preeclampsia between 24 and 33 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study of 239 women with severe preeclamptic and undelivered after antenatal steroid prophylaxis was performed. Pregnancy prolongation and maternal and perinatal morbidities were analyzed according to the gestational age at time of expectant management: 24 to 28, 29 to 31, and 32 to 33 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test and chi(2) test. RESULTS: The days of pregnancy prolongation were significantly higher among those managed at less than 29 weeks (6) compared with the other groups (4). There were 13 perinatal deaths: 12 in those managed at less than 29 weeks and 1 in those managed at 29 to 31 weeks. Neonatal morbidities were significantly higher among those managed at less than 29 weeks compared with the other groups. There were no instances of maternal death or eclampsia. Maternal morbidities were similar among the groups. CONCLUSION: Expectant management of severe preeclampsia at 24 to 33 weeks in a tertiary care center is associated with good perinatal outcome with a minimal risk for the mother.