妊娠期癫(癎)发作和抗癫(癎)药物对胎儿脑神经元突触素的影响

目的探索妊娠期癫发作和抗癫药对胎儿脑神经元突触素p38(synaptophysin)的影响,以加深对妊娠期癫发作危害胎儿脑发育的认识。方法6月龄引产胎儿分为3组:1组为妊母正常组(6例),2组为妊母应用抗癫药物控制发作组(6例),3组为妊母未应用抗癫药物控制发作组(6例)。运用免疫组化法检测突触素p38在各组胎儿脑部颞叶海马旁回的变化。结果1组免疫组化切片阳性表达产物光密度值(OD)为0.17±0.05,2组为0.16±0.08,3组为0.11±0.07,1、2组阳性表达产物无显著差异(P>0.05),而1、2组分别与3组比较,均有差异(P<0.05),p38在妊母未应用抗癫药物控制发作组胎儿海马旁回中的表达较妊母正常组及妊母应用抗癫药物控制发作组明显减少。结论研究结果表明妊期癫发作对胎儿脑发育的危害比抗癫药物对胎儿的毒性更大。     

丙戊酸治疗成人癫(癎)致血浆肉毒碱下降

目的观察丙戊酸(valproic acid,VPA)治疗成人癫患者后患者血浆游离肉毒碱改变规律,并探讨导致其改变的相关因素。方法VPA治疗组为41例成人癫患者,其中接受VPA单药治疗者33例,联合其他抗癫药物治疗者8例,30例非VPA治疗的成人癫患者作为癫对照组,包括其他抗癫药物治疗的患者14例,和未进行药物治疗的患者16例。33名同龄健康者作为正常对照,用酶循环法测定血浆游离肉毒碱浓度,3组间进行比较。结果VPA治疗组血浆游离肉毒碱浓度(31.43±11.75μmol/L)明显低于正常对照组(43.25±12.57μmol/L)和非VPA治疗的癫对照组(40.71±12.83μmol/L,P均<0.05)。血浆游离肉毒碱浓度与VPA剂量、VPA疗程、其他抗癫药物、年龄、性别、血ALT、AST无相关性。结论VPA治疗成人癫可能导致血浆游离肉毒碱水平下降,其下降程度和VPA无剂量和疗程依赖性,也不受患者的生理状态以及其他抗癫药物的影响。     

左乙拉西坦单药治疗80例成人癫癎的疗效及安全性

目的：评价左乙拉西坦单药治疗各种类型成人癫癎的疗效和安全性.方法：80例各类型新诊断的成人癫癎患者,口服左乙拉西坦治疗,随访1年,观察治疗后患者癫癎发作次数变化及不良反应发生率.结果：左乙拉西坦单药治疗成人癫癎的总有效率为75.0%;对部分性发作可能更为有效,有效率为77.08 %;不良反应发生率为16.3%.因疗效不佳退出为18.75%.结论：在单药治疗成人癫癎中,左乙拉西坦是一种安全有效的抗癫药物,且对部分性和全面性癫癎发作均有效.     

左乙拉西坦添加治疗对难治性部分性癫(癎)患者生活质量影响的研究

目的:评价新型抗癫药物左乙拉西坦(Lev)作为添加治疗对难治性部分性癫患者生活质量的影响。方法:43例确诊有癫部分性发作的成年患者随机分为两组:Lev治疗组与安慰剂组,Lev治疗16周后比较两组的有效率和不良反应,并用QOLIE-31量表对两组癫患者进行生活质量评定,所有患者在转入Lev开放性治疗6个月后再次进行QOLIE评估。结果:16周治疗期末Lev组癫部分性发作的治疗有效率明显高于安慰剂组,两组不良反应的发生率相当;Lev组生活质量明显高于安慰剂组,两组患者转入开放性治疗6个月后,生活质量均显著改善。结论:Lev作为添加用药治疗成人难治性部分性癫发作,显著减少发作频率、安全耐受性较好,能够提高癫患者的生活质量。     

抗癫药物对妊娠癫癎患者子代的致畸风险

目的:旨在评估抗癫癎药物(AEDs)对妊娠癫癎患者子代出现先天畸形的风险。方法:对妊娠癫癎患者采用登记和随访研究,分析其孕期AEDs用药情况、癫癎发作、妊娠结局及子代出现畸形的风险。结果:入选105例妊娠癫癎患者。服用AEDs患者79/105例(75.2%),未服用AEDs患者26/105例(24.8%)。单药治疗60/79例(75.9%),其中1/60例(1.7%)流产;患者子代中2/60例(3.3%)先天性畸形(1例服用卡马西平,出现先天性心脏动脉导管未闭;1例服用拉莫三嗪,出现无胚心)。联合用药19/79例(24.1%),子代无先天畸形出现。未服用AEDs患者中有2/26例(7.7%)流产,其余患者子代未出现先天畸形。结论:妊娠癫癎孕妇多数于孕期仍服用AEDs,且以单药治疗居多;使用AEDs(分别为卡马西平和拉莫三嗪)患者子代出现2例先天性畸形;丙戊酸钠易致畸但仍在妊娠癫癎中经常使用,本研究中服用丙戊酸钠孕妇未出现子代先天性畸形。     

影响新诊断癫(癎)患者初次药物治疗效果的因素

目的 探讨影响新诊断癫(癎)患者初次药物治疗效果的因素.方法 对155例年龄4～68岁新诊断的癫(癎)患者给予单药治疗,至少观察1年,以稳定期初次发作时间和早期治疗失败时间为终点事件,其中治疗失败的原因包括发作控制不佳和/或不能耐受药物不良反应.采用Cox回归分析判断癫(癎)患者临床特点及实验室检查结果对药物治疗效果的影响.结果 多因素Cox回归分析显示:癫(癎)家族史(HR=2.39,P<0.05)、EEG癫(癎)波(HR=2.05,P<0.005)、治疗前发作次数(HR=1.76,P<0.05)是影响稳定期初次发作时间的因素;女性患者(HR=4.25,P<0.001)、部分性发作(HR=2.54,P<0.05)、EEG癫(癎)波(HR=3.11,P<0.005)是影响早期治疗失败时间的因素.结论 EEG癫(癎)波、癫(癎)家族史、治疗前发作次数、发作类型(部分性发作)、女性患者是影响新诊断癫(癎)患者初次药物治疗效果的因素.     

脑外伤后癫(癎)的临床研究进展

外伤后癫(posttraumaticepilepsy,PTE)是脑外伤(traumaticbraininjury,TBI)后的常见并发症,PTE的发病率为4.4%～53.0%。PTE的危险因素包括TBI的严重程度、早发性癫发作、硬脑膜的完整性等。关于PTE的预防,目前认为TBI患者在脑损伤后1周内服用抗癫药物可预防早发性癫的出现。PTE的治疗包括药物治疗和手术治疗。     

抗精神病药所致癫癎

对我院住院患者中抗精神病药致癫疒间者进行分析。1一般资料为1991年至2005年在我院住院精神疾病患者1 523例,其中抗精神病药致癫疒间37例;男26例,女11例;年龄15~46岁,平均(25·0±7·4)岁;既住有癫疒间发作史2例,脑炎病史4例,颅脑外伤6例。服用氯氮平22例,平均剂量425 mg/d,平     

左乙拉西坦在儿童癫中的应用

左乙拉西坦是一种新型抗癫药物,由于其不良反应少、安全性高,已广泛应用于儿童局灶性及全面性癫的治疗。本文对左乙拉西坦在儿童癫及儿童癫综合征中单药及添加使用的疗效及安全性做一综述。     

癫(癎)与抑郁

癫患者在癫发作间期,抑郁症发作很常见。病因学主要归纳为强制正常化现象、抗癫药物、偏侧化假说和个人心理因素影响等4方面;癫合并抑郁与神经递质如5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素、γ-氨基丁酸和谷氨酸等有关;癫患者抑郁的检测。临床医生应重视抑郁症的治疗,并从抗癫药物和5-HT再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)等药物中归纳出一些主要药物的功效。本文主要针对癫合并抑郁的病因、发病机制、检测方法及治疗等研究进展作介绍。     

癫痫性精神障碍147例临床用药分析

目的了解癫痫性精神障碍患者临床药物使用情况.方法对我院147例癫痫性精神障碍患者临床使用抗癫痫药和精神药物的分布、频度及副反应进行分析.结果在癫痫性精神障碍治疗中,抗癫痫药以卡马西平使用频率最高占64.1%.本组资料中,药物副作用发生率48.3%,以锥体外系副反应居首位.结论卡马西平是治病癫痫性精神障碍最常用的药物,在癫痫性精神障碍治疗中,须注意药物副作用的发生.     

66例癫痫性精神障碍的临床分析

目的:探讨癫痫性精神障碍的临床表现及治疗。方法:对66例癫痫性精神障碍患者临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果:癫痫性精神障碍症状以类精神分裂症为主,经卡马西平合并氟哌啶醇治疗痊愈59.10%,显著24.24%,好转13.63%,无效3.03%。结论:癫痫性精神障碍时癫痫发作减少,规范治疗癫痫性精神障碍效果显著。     

Psychotropic drug use in older people with mental illness with particular reference to antipsychotics: a systematic study of tolerability and use in different diagnostic groups

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to provide observational clinical data on psychotropic drugs used in older people with mental illness. METHODS: This was an observational, single-centre, one-week prevalence study of psychiatric symptoms, disorders and psychotropic drug use in older with mental illness cared for by the South West people Yorkshire Mental Health NHS Trust (Wakefield Locality), UK. The clinical assessment included completion of the Psychosis Evaluation Tool for Common use by Caregivers. RESULTS: A total of 593/660 older patients with mental illness (mean +/- SD age, 76 +/- 8.1 years were assessed. 44.5% had dementia (excluding vascular dementia) and 33.7% had a mood disorder. Of the total, 20.4% did not receive CNS active medication. Of those receiving CNS active medication approximately half (51.3%) took antipsychotics and 46.2% antidepressants. Of 304 patients taking antipsychotics, 87% took only one medication. However, patients with schizophrenia and related disorders were significantly more likely to be prescribed two or more antipsychotics (p < 0.001). Risperidone was the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic (n = 136, 44.7%). Risperidone doses were significantly lower for patients with dementia and mood disorders than with schizophrenia (p < 0.002). Side-effects from antipsychotics were significantly greater in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting a dose-related effect. Risperidone appeared to be well tolerated in all patients with no evidence of cerebrovascular side-effects in patients taking it. CONCLUSIONS: Psychotropic drugs were commonly used by older people in contact with mental health services. The doses of antipsychotics used in dementia and affective disorders were significantly lower than in schizophrenia. Risperidone was the most commonly used drug in all diagnostic groups including dementia. Despite a relatively large numbers of patients receiving risperidone in this naturalistic study, no serious side-effects were reported or identified. In this paper we focus our findings on antipsychotics in the light of recent advice from the Committee on Safety of Medicines (UK).     

Treating aggression in the psychiatric emergency service

Reports indicate that the severely mentally ill, those patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, are at increased risk of being violent to others. They are also at increased risk of being victims of violence or homicide. This article discusses the state of knowledge concerning the 3 most common classes of drugs used to decrease agitation in the psychiatric emergency service setting: benzodiazepines, conventional antipsychotics, and atypical antipsychotics. The decision whether to use benzodiazepines alone versus benzodiazepines combined with an antipsychotic, and whether that antipsychotic should be a conventional or atypical antipsychotic, hinges on considerations of mental health history, need for synergistic sedating effects, and the side effect profiles of the various medications.     

Melatonin in wake-sleep disorders in children, adolescents and young adults with mental retardation with or without epilepsy: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial

The aim of the present study was to verify the clinical efficacy of melatonin (MLT) in children, adolescents and young adults with wake-sleep disorder and mental retardation, most of them on chronic anticonvulsant therapy for epileptic seizures, by means of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Twenty-five patients (16 males, nine females), aged from 3.6 to 26 years (mean 10.5 years), all affected with mental retardation mostly with epileptic seizures, were randomized to oral synthetic fast-release MLT or placebo. Melatonin was initiated at the daily dose of 3 mg, at nocturnal bedtime. In case of inefficacy, MLT dose could be titrated up to 9 mg the following 2 weeks at increments of 3 mg/week, unless the patient was unable to tolerate it. The analysis of all the sleep logs disclosed a significant treatment effect of melatonin on sleep latency (P = 0.019). Melatonin was well tolerated in all patients and no side effects were reported. In conclusion, our study supports the efficacy of MLT in young patients with mental disabilities and epileptic seizures in improving the wake-sleep disorders such as time to fall asleep. Overall, MLT appeared to influence the seizure frequency poorly, though there may be occasional seizure worsening or improving. Such a dual effect requires further studies in young epileptic patients.     

典型和非典型抗精神病药合并碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的对照研究

目的探讨典型和非典型抗精神病药物合并碳酸锂治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者的疗效。方法将94例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者分为典型抗精神病药物组（43例）和非典型抗精神病药物组（51例）,进行为期8周的疗效比较。采用Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）、临床大体印象量表（CGI）、副反应量表（TESS）以及药物依从性量表分别于入组前和入组第1、2、4、6和8周末时进行评定。结果治疗结束时,两组BRMS评分较入组时均显著减低（P〈0．01）;临床总有效率：典型抗精神病药物组83．7％,非典型抗精神病药物组82．3％;两组疗效差异无显著性。非典型药物组的不良反应较典型组少,药物依从性较典型组高。结论非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的疗效肯定,不良反应较少,安全性高,依从性好,适合临床应用。     

Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements, and psychopharmacology

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and the often associated periodic limb movement disorder in sleep (PLMD) frequently occur in the general population as a primary disorder. In addition to organic disease, secondary forms are caused by psychotropic medication. Several antidepressants, antipsychotics, lithium, and opioid withdrawal have been shown to induce or exacerbate RLS and PLMD, while several antiepileptics used as mood stabilizers and some benzodiazepines demonstrate therapeutic potential for treating RLS/PLMD. Systematic or controlled studies for evaluating these side effects still do not exist. Among the antidepressants at higher risk of inducing this disorder are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, venlafaxine, and some tetracyclic antidepressants. Under medication with some tricyclic substances, periodic limb movements were observed more often. For some antidepressants with differing transmitter profiles such as bupropion RLS/PLMD ameliorating effects or at least neutral effects (Trazodon, Nortriptylin) have been described in small studies. In case of continued of or newly occurring insomnia a thorough history should be taken to identify a possible RLS/PLMD as an intolerable side effect of treatment. A change in medications should be considered if clinically feasible. In case of RLS/PLMD occurring in psychotic patients switching the antipsychotic and additionally using a second line medication such as antiepileptics or a benzodiazepine should be considered.     

Treatment of non-schizophrenic disorders: focus on atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are commonly used for conditions other than schizophrenia, yet support for such use in the literature is unclear. This article reviews the literature on the pharmacologic treatment of specific types of non-schizophrenic disorders: those associated with psychotic depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, bipolar disorder, and dementia. It focuses on the evidence for using antipsychotics in these conditions, placing emphasis on atypical antipsychotics. Medline/HealthStar and PsycInfo databases were used to identify published trials and reports of antipsychotics used specifically for non-schizophrenic disorders. Numerous studies were found supporting the use of atypical antipsychotics for non-schizophrenic disorders; however, with the exception of dementia, few randomized, double-blind controlled trials have been published examining the efficacy and safety of these agents in non-schizophrenic disorders. In general, most trials were restricted to short-term use as adjunctive therapy. The literature reviewed was primarily comprised of small open-label trials, thus making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Despite the limitations of the trials reviewed, atypical antipsychotics represent a promising treatment modality when considering their improved side effect profile compared to conventional agents. Appropriate dosing and the use of antipsychotics in combination with psychosocial treatments are important treatment considerations. Due to the frequent clinical use of atypical antipsychotics as adjunctive therapy, well-designed trials of these agents in non-schizophrenic disorders are necessary.