甲状腺癌术后低钙血症126例临床分析

【目的】探讨甲状腺癌术后低钙血症发生的原因。【方法】监测2007年1月至2010年6月本院收治的200例甲状腺癌手术患者血钙水平,分析其与临床病理因素间的关系。【结果】甲状腺癌术后发生低钙血症126例（63．0％）,其中无症状低钙血症86例（68．3％）,有低钙血症症状体征者40例（31．7％）,分别于术后d1（12例）、d2（23例）和d3（5例）出现,表现为口周和指（趾）尖麻木或针刺感（30例,75．0％）,手足抽搐（10例,25．0％）。低钙血症的发生与性别、年龄和病理类型无关（P〉0．05）。甲状腺全切术及有淋巴结清扫时低钙血症发生率显著高于次全切除术及无淋巴结清扫（P〈0．05）。【结论】甲状腺癌术后低钙血症主要发生于甲状腺癌手术后d2,甲状腺全切术或淋巴结清扫时其发生率显著增加。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术42例临床分析

【目的】探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术在胃癌治疗中的临床疗效。【方法】回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年12月在本院接受腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治性切除术的42例临床资料。【结果】42例患者在腹腔镜下完成胃切除和D2淋巴结清扫，其中腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除37例，全胃切除5例。手术时间为（201．5±72）min，术中失血（134．5±79）mL，患者术后排气时间（2．8±1．0）d，术后住院时间为（10．5±4）d。1例（2．4％）患者出现胃瘫，经非手术治疗后痊愈。手术平均清扫淋巴结（21．5±7．6）枚。术后随访3～12个月，均无肿瘤复发和远处转移。【结论】腹腔镜胃癌根治术是治疗胃癌安全、可行、微创、有效的手术方法。     

右美托咪定对食管癌全麻术中单肺通气患者手术后认知功能障碍的影响

【目的】探讨食管癌全身麻醉术中单肺通气（OLV）患者应用右美托咪定（Dex）对手术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的影响。【方法】本院诊治的食管癌根治术患者74例,将患者随机分为观察组（ n ＝40）和对照组（ n ＝34）,观察组麻醉诱导后静脉注射Dex ,对照组麻醉诱导后注射等量生理盐水。比较两组手术情况,简易智力状态检查表（MMSE）评分、POCD发生情况等。【结果】两组OLV时间、出血量等相比较差异均无显著性（ P ＞00．5）;观察组术后与术前MMSE评分比较差异无显著性（ P ＞00．5）,对照组术后1 d、3 d MMSE评分较术前明显降低（P ＜00．5）;观察组术后1d、3d患者MMSE评分分别为（264．0±21．6）分和（267．2±20．1）分,明显高于对照组,且差异有显著性（ P ＜00．5）;观察组术后1 d、3 d患者POCD发生率分别为125．0％,25．0％,均明显低于对照组的323．5％和205．9％,且差异有显著性（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】Dex 能有效降低食管癌全身麻醉术中 OLV 患者POCD的发生,值的在临床推广。     

控制性肺膨胀改善食管癌术后低氧血症病人氧合的疗效探讨

目的观察控制性肺膨胀在食管癌术后防治低氧血症的疗效。方法随机对照设立应用控制性肺膨胀组26例,对照组26例,观察呼吸频率,心率,血氧饱和度和氧分压等氧合指标变化。结果30min后．SaO2从0．90±0．025升高到0．95±0．028,1h后Pa02从10．0±1．66kPa升高到12．1±2．27kPa。24-72h的持续监测SaO2和PaO2亦保持在0．97～0．98和13．1～13．2kPa。与对照组相比,控制性肺膨胀治疗后SaO2和PaO2提高速度快,且能较长时间维持在稳定水平。结论应用控制性肺膨胀能有效防治食管癌术后早期低氧血症病人急性呼吸衰竭的发生。     

板层角膜切除辅助PHACO联合PKP治疗中央角膜白斑合并白内障的临床研究

【目的】评价板层角膜切除辅助超声乳化（PHACO）联合全层角膜移植术（PKP）的疗效和安全性。【方法】对16侧（16眼）中央性角膜白斑合并白内障患者,在切除1／2～2／3的角膜基质层后,在小切口、维持眼球灌注压条件下,完成规范的PHACO及人工晶体（IOL）植入术,最后将植床剩余病变角膜钻透剪下,将相应大小供体角膜与植床缝合。随访时间3～12个月,观察术后视力、移植角膜情况。【结果】术后3个月,16眼角膜植片全为透明,术后视力0．1～0．2者6例,0．3～0．4者9例,0．5者1例,所有病例眼压正常。术后12个月,角膜植片完全透明15例,植片呈半透明1例,所有病例眼压正常,有轻度后发性白内障l例,未作处理,术后发生免疫排斥反应1例。【结论】板层角膜切除辅助PHACO联合PKP治疗中央角膜白斑合并白内障安全、有效,值得临床推广应用。     

经尿道等离子前列腺剜除术治疗大体积良性前列腺增生

【目的】评价经尿道前列腺等离子腔内剜除（PKEP）治疗大体积良性前列腺增生（BPH）的疗效和安全性。【方法130例前列腺重量〉100g患者行PKEP治疗,对患者术前、术后的国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、最大尿流率（Omax）、剩余尿量（PVR）进行比较,分析手术时间、术中、术后血红蛋白和血清钠的变化、前列腺切除重量、膀胱冲洗时间、留置导尿管时间、住院天数及手术并发症。术后随访3个月。【结果】手术时间121～164min,平均132．3min,切除的标本组织重量96～128g,平均107．6g。术中视野清晰,出血极少,均无输血;整个手术经过平稳,无前列腺电切综合征和其它严重并发症发生。术后留置尿管3～5d,平均3．9d;术后膀胱冲洗时间2．9（1～4）d;术后住院3～8d,平均5．1d。术后随访3个月,排尿梗阻症状明显改善,IPSS由术前的22．3±3．4降至4．8±1．4（P〈0．01）。Omax由术前的（8．1±0．6）升至（24．5±4．8）mL／s（P〈0．01）。PVR由（46．1±9．70）mL降至（2．4±1．6）mL（P〈0．01）。【结论】PKEP治疗大体积前列腺增生高效、微创、安全、并发症少、住院时间短,是治疗大体积前列腺增生的一种安全而有效的方法。     

单侧入路PKP治疗老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折疗效观察

【目的】探讨单侧入路经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）治疗老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折的临床疗效。【方法12007年05月至2010年01月,使用单侧入路PKP技术治疗老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折2l例,并进行疗效观察。【结果】所有患者术后随访6～12个月（平均10．2个月）,手术前、手术后1d、手术后3月测量伤椎前缘平均高度分别为（13．9±4．8）mm、（20．6±3．8）mm、（19．2±4．3）mm;伤椎中线平均高度分别为（12．2±3．9）mm、（16．5±3．2）mm、（15．9±3．6）mm;伤椎Cobb角分别为25．3°±5．8°、15．2°±4．2°、16．8°±4．0°;患者VAS疼痛评分分别为7．7±1．6分、2．6±1．2分、2．4±1．0分,经统计分析得出伤椎前缘和中线高度、伤椎Cobb角和VAs疼痛评分在手术前与术后1d、手术前与术后3月之间有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术后1d和术后3个月之间无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。【结论】单侧入路PKP方法具有微创、安全、疗效确切的优点,是治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折的理想方法。     

人工关节置换术患者术后血氧饱和度的监测与护理干预

目的：探讨人工关节置换术后低氧血症的发生规律,提出护理对策。方法监测2013年1—4月行人工关节置换术患者100例的围术期指尖血氧饱和度（ SpO2）,进行曲线描记,对不同手术类型患者围术期SpO2变化进行对比研究。结果人工关节置换术患者围术期SpO2变化曲线几近一致, SpO2最低值主要集中在手术当日,术后第1～2天表现为明显的低氧血症,在第3～5天表现出平稳上升恢复的趋势;单侧膝关节置换术患者在手术当日及术后第1天SpO2检测值分别为（91．9±2．5）％和（92．9±2．0）％,均低于单侧髋关节置换术患者[（93．3±2．2）％、（93．7±2．0）％],差异有统计学意义（t值分别为－2．789,－2．231;P＜0．05）。结论人工关节置换术患者围术期SpO2的变化有一定的规律,术后1d容易发生无症状性低氧血症,尤以膝关节置换术为著,应加强护理干预,预防低氧血症的发生。     

甲状腺次全切除术中不同甲状腺动脉结扎方式对患者喉返神经和甲状旁腺功能的影响

【目的】探讨甲状腺次全切除术中甲状腺动脉的不同结扎方法对甲状旁腺及喉返神经功能的影响。【方法】选取100例行甲状腺次全切除术的甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）患者,依据术中对甲状腺动脉处理方法分为分支组和主干组,每组50例,比较两组甲状旁腺及喉返神经损伤及恢复情况。【结果】分支组术后即出现甲状旁腺损伤5例（10．00％）,主干组甲状旁腺损伤7例（14．00％）,两组均无永久性损伤;分支组术后出现暂时性喉返神经损伤6例（12．00％）及永久性喉返神经损伤2例（4．00％）,主干组分别是9例（18．00％）和4例（8．00％）;分支组术后甲状旁腺及喉返神经功能恢复情况均较主干组好（ P＜0．05）。【结论】甲状腺次全切除时分离并结扎甲状腺动脉分支比仅结扎主干有明显的优势,可有效减少对患者甲状旁腺及喉返神经的损伤。     

巨块型宫颈癌Ⅰb2～Ⅱb期术前全身新辅助化疗的疗效观察

【目的】探讨术前全身新辅助化疗（NAC）对巨块型宫颈癌的疗效。【方法】选择2000年12月至2005年12月邵阳市中心医院初治病理确诊宫颈癌患者35例,采用PVB（顺铂50mg／m^2 d1＋长春新碱1mg／m^2 d1＋博莱霉素20mg／m^2 d1～d3）静脉化疗1～3疗程并化疗后15～20d行子宫广泛切除＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术（观察组）。与同期单纯手术的病人39例为对照组在术后病理及生存率等方面进行分析对比。【结果】观察组患者化疗有效率为80．00％,所有病人阴道切缘均未见癌细胞,术后5年生存率为77．50％。而对照组患者阴道切缘有4例见癌细胞,5年生存率为52．49％,两者对比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。【结论】经术前全身辅助化疗配合妇科手术治疗宫颈癌可提高病人生存率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.