大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的入路和方法.方法经枕下入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤65例,其中锁孔手术10例.结果全切除58例,次全切除7例,无死亡,出现术后血肿1例.随访2个月～5年,均参加正常工作和学习,遗留永久性面瘫5例.结论枕下入路显微手术是大型听神经瘤的最佳入路和方法之一,能较好地保留听、面神经功能.锁孔手术完全可以达到切除大型听神经瘤要求.     

锁孔入路开颅手术(附106例报告)

目的：评价用锁孔入路开颅术显微切除垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤、脑胶质瘤、听神经瘤及直视下夹闭后交通动脉瘤、前交通动脉瘤的效果及安全性。方法：对垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、脑膜瘤、后交通动脉瘤及前交通动脉瘤于眶上外侧，右颞叶胶质瘤于右颞，听神经瘤于耳后，分别作一直径2．5cm骨瓣，显微镜下切除肿瘤或直视下夹闭动脉瘤。结果：垂体腺瘤77例中65例达到全切除，12例为次全切除；颅咽管瘤11例、鞍结节脑膜瘤6例、胶质瘤1例及听神经瘤7例，均予全切；4例颅内动脉瘤均夹闭成功。 所有患恢复良好，未发生与手术入路有关的并发症。结论：采用锁孔入路，能够安全切除直径在55mm 以下的大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤，以及30－70mm的颅咽管瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤、听神经瘤，并可直视下夹闭前、后交通动脉瘤。     

内镜辅助下经眶上锁孔入路手术切除大型垂体腺瘤

目的探讨内镜辅助下经眶上锁孔入路切除大型垂体腺瘤的方法和疗效。方法对25例成人头部固定标本及9具新鲜尸头进行眶上锁孔入路切除大型垂体腺瘤的解剖学观察。并对15例大型垂体腺瘤病人采用内镜辅助下经眶上锁孔入路手术切除肿瘤。结果垂体腺瘤手术中行经眶上锁孔入路可获得与传统显微镜下开颅手术相当的暴露,内镜可将传统开颅手术中显微镜下的非直视视野转变成直视视野。结论内镜辅助经眶上锁孔入路是大型垂体腺瘤的理想术式。     

面神经监测显微手术切除听神经瘤(附16例报告)

目的总结面神经监测下神经内镜辅助锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的临床经验.方法采用神经内镜辅助经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤16例,术中行面神经自发和诱发电位监测,指导手术切除.结果肿瘤全切除14例(87.5%),面神经解剖保留15例(93.8%),术后2周面神经功能保留13例(81.3%).结论面神经自发和诱发电位监测下行神经内镜辅助枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路显微手术,可以有效提高听神经瘤全切率,减少并发症.     

经眉弓眶上锁孔入路在垂体腺瘤切除术中的应用

目的总结经眉弓锁孔入路治疗的70例垂体腺瘤的方法、疗效及手术经验。方法回顾性分析2009-07—2011-07经眉弓锁孔入路手术切除垂体腺瘤70例患者的临床资料。结果术后3个月复查MRI确认,肿瘤全切56例,次全切除14例。52例功能性腺瘤中26例恢复正常水平,15例较术前下降,11例改变不明显,无死亡病例。结论眉弓锁孔入路是传统额下入路的微创化改进。不仅可达到相同的暴露和控制范围,而且切口小、美观、微创、恢复快、无需拆线。     

经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路治疗听神经瘤的临床体会

目的 总结经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的手术经验. 方法 采用经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路对38例听神经瘤进行切除手术.距乙状窦后缘内侧1.5 cm做一小直切口,形成直径2.5～3.0 cm大小骨窗,术毕骨瓣复位固定. 结果本组听神经瘤全切33例,次全切5例;35例面神经解剖保留,2例听力保留;无死亡病例,脑脊液漏1例,术中无一例输血,无皮下积液.结论 经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路可提供足够的手术空间进行听神经瘤切除,明显减少了医源性损伤,切口愈合好,具备微创性、安全性和有效性.     

经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路治疗听神经瘤的临床体会

目的 总结经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的手术经验. 方法 采用经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路对38例听神经瘤进行切除手术.距乙状窦后缘内侧1.5 cm做一小直切口,形成直径2.5～3.0 cm大小骨窗,术毕骨瓣复位固定. 结果本组听神经瘤全切33例,次全切5例;35例面神经解剖保留,2例听力保留;无死亡病例,脑脊液漏1例,术中无一例输血,无皮下积液.结论 经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路可提供足够的手术空间进行听神经瘤切除,明显减少了医源性损伤,切口愈合好,具备微创性、安全性和有效性.     

经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路治疗听神经瘤的临床体会

目的 总结经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的手术经验. 方法 采用经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路对38例听神经瘤进行切除手术.距乙状窦后缘内侧1.5 cm做一小直切口,形成直径2.5～3.0 cm大小骨窗,术毕骨瓣复位固定. 结果本组听神经瘤全切33例,次全切5例;35例面神经解剖保留,2例听力保留;无死亡病例,脑脊液漏1例,术中无一例输血,无皮下积液.结论 经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路可提供足够的手术空间进行听神经瘤切除,明显减少了医源性损伤,切口愈合好,具备微创性、安全性和有效性.     

经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路治疗听神经瘤的临床体会

目的 总结经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的手术经验. 方法 采用经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路对38例听神经瘤进行切除手术.距乙状窦后缘内侧1.5 cm做一小直切口,形成直径2.5～3.0 cm大小骨窗,术毕骨瓣复位固定. 结果本组听神经瘤全切33例,次全切5例;35例面神经解剖保留,2例听力保留;无死亡病例,脑脊液漏1例,术中无一例输血,无皮下积液.结论 经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路可提供足够的手术空间进行听神经瘤切除,明显减少了医源性损伤,切口愈合好,具备微创性、安全性和有效性.     

经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路治疗听神经瘤的临床体会

目的 总结经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的手术经验. 方法 采用经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路对38例听神经瘤进行切除手术.距乙状窦后缘内侧1.5 cm做一小直切口,形成直径2.5～3.0 cm大小骨窗,术毕骨瓣复位固定. 结果本组听神经瘤全切33例,次全切5例;35例面神经解剖保留,2例听力保留;无死亡病例,脑脊液漏1例,术中无一例输血,无皮下积液.结论 经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路可提供足够的手术空间进行听神经瘤切除,明显减少了医源性损伤,切口愈合好,具备微创性、安全性和有效性.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.